柴达木盆地北缘西端埃达克质花岗岩的发现及地质意义

盐场北山英云闪长岩位于柴达木盆地北缘西端青海冷湖地区。岩体Si2O56%(62.86%~64.83%),A12O315%,MgO3%(含量为1.73%~1.96%),Mg#=33.4~37.0,小于50。Sr400×10-6(平均为409×10-6),Y18×10-6(Y=3.09×10-6~6.6×10-6),Yb1.9×10-6(Yb=0.4×10-6~0.58×10-6),具有埃达克岩地球化学特征;Na2O/K2O=2.39~2.73,富Na贫K,Eu、Sr正异常(δEu=1.22~1.44),属O型埃达克岩。岩体富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Sr、Ba),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P),具火山弧型花岗岩特征。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,岩体形成于263±2 Ma。结合区域地质背景和岩石地球化学特征,认为柴达木盆地北缘西端埃达克质花岗岩可能产于与俯冲有关的活动大陆边缘火山弧环境,是俯冲板片直接熔融的产物。进而揭示中二叠世末柴达木盆地北缘地区处于洋陆俯冲的构造演化阶段。     

内蒙古西乌旗晚石炭世马尼塔埃达克岩的发现及其对古亚洲洋东段洋内俯冲的约束

在内蒙古西乌旗迪彦庙SSZ型蛇绿岩北部新发现一套晚石炭世马尼塔埃达克岩。该埃达克岩位于兴蒙造山带东段贺根山缝合带内岩性为花岗闪长岩和斜长花岗岩。马尼塔埃达克岩SiO2含量为61.91%-75.16%,Al2O3含量为13.54%~17.42%MgO含量为0.33%~2.49%,富钠贫钾(Na2O=4.58%~5.48%,K2O=0.40%~2.08%,Na2O/K2O=2.35~12.96)属于低钾拉斑系列和钙碱性系列岩石;富Sr贫Y(Sr=309.55×10^-6~433.99×10^-6,Y=3.74×10^-6~14.66×10^-6)相对富集大离子亲石元素(LILE) K、Rb、Sr等,亏损高场强元素(HFSE) Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti、P等;稀土元素总量偏低(35.79×10^-6~70.10×10^-6),轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,(La/Yb)N值为1.59~10.11,无明显Eu异常(δEu=0.91~1.51),Yb含量为0.60×10^-6~1.86×10^-6,符合典型埃达克岩的地球化学特征。新获得的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为315.76±0.94 Ma表明马尼塔埃达克岩的形成时代为晚石炭世。马尼塔埃达克岩与迪彦庙SSZ型蛇绿岩、前弧玄武岩、白音呼舒奥长花岗岩等组成洋内俯冲岩石组合,表明古亚洲洋东段在晚石炭世并未关闭,处于洋内俯冲消减过程。     

贺兰山大战场印支期埃达克型花岗岩及地质意义

大战场花岗岩岩体位于贺兰山中南段,属钙碱性系列,具岛弧花岗岩特征.岩石地球化学分析结果表明,这些岩石富Na2O、贫K2O、Na2O/K2O比值为0.73~1.41,SiO2含量大于56%,Al2O3含量为15.32%~17.23%,多数大于15%,MgO含量均小于3%,低Y和Yb,Sr的含量高,Sr/Y 25.98~97.15,大于20~40.稀土元素含量较低,为47.58×10-6~70.29×10-6,轻重稀土分馏不明显,呈弱的Eu正异常,大离子亲石元素(Rb,Ba,Th,Sr)相对富集,高场强元素(Nb,Ta,Hf)相对亏损.在岩石地球化学特征上,大战场花岗岩类似于C型埃达克质岩石,岩浆产生于增厚地壳物质的部分熔融,表明该花岗岩类可能属埃达克质岩.该套埃达克岩的厘定,对研究贺兰山构造带中生代构造演化、地球动力学特征具重要意义.     

河南省商城埃达克质花岗岩地球化学特征及成因

河南信阳商城花岗岩体属于高钾钙碱性系列,具有岛弧花岗岩特征,其岩石地球化学具有与adakite岩相似的特征。这些岩石的SiO2含量均56%(67.32%~69.38%),Al2O3的含量除一个样品为14.92%外,其余均15%(15.03%~15.47%)、富含Na2O(3.5%~4.75%)、Na2OK2O,Na2O/K2O比值在1.1~1.4之间,具低MgO(1.10%~2.05%),低Cr(4.8×10-6~22×10-6)、Ni(1.7×10-6~5.6×10-6),具有高Sr(475.3×10-6~896.7×10-6,平均均400×10-6,平均为785.14×10-6),低Y(7.53×10-6~15.5×10-6,平均10.3×10-6,18×10-6),Sr/Y值40(平均84.4)、低Yb(0.58×10-6~1.55×10-6,平均0.87×10-6,1.8×10-6)。该花岗岩体在稀土元素配分曲线图上具有弱Eu负异常,稀土元素分异强烈,属轻稀土富集重稀土亏损;在微量元素蛛网图上具Ba、Sr正异常,而Nb、Ta的负异常较为明显。岩石类型为石英二长岩,花岗闪长岩、花岗岩。矿物成分以更长石、正长石、镁质黑云母、石英为主,副矿物为磁铁矿+榍石-锆石+磷灰石组合,富含暗色闪长质包体,属I型花岗岩类。表明商城埃达克质花岗岩形成可能与增厚下地壳熔融有关。     

内蒙古乌兰沟埃达克岩锆石U-Pb年龄及构造环境

内蒙古中部贺根山缝合带的梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩中,新发现乌兰沟埃达克岩,岩性为花岗闪长岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb测年结果表明,乌兰沟埃达克岩的侵位年龄为279.3±1.4Ma,其形成时代为早二叠世。乌兰沟埃达克岩SiO_2含量为65.92%~69.65%,MgO为1.34%~2.16%,Al_2O_3为15.30%~17.33%,Na_2O/K_2O值为3.95~14.09,Sr=359.60×10~(-6)~734.00×10~(-6),Yb=0.83×10~(-6)~2.02×10~(-6),Y=6.65×10~(-6)~12.84×10~(-6);富集K、Rb、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素;稀土元素总量为32.18×10~(-6)~65.41×10~(-6),明显较低,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,(La/Yb)N值为2.84~7.56,无明显Eu异常,显示出高硅埃达克岩(HSA)的地球化学特征。该埃达克岩具有岛弧型岩浆岩特征,形成于俯冲带岛弧环境,可能为洋内俯冲洋壳+俯冲深积物部分熔融并与上覆地幔楔橄榄岩反应成因。根据乌兰沟埃达克岩与梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩的时空分布与演化特征,贺根山缝合带在早二叠世可能存在洋内俯冲作用。     

大兴安岭扎兰屯地区晚古生代格根敖包组埃达克岩的发现及地质意义

大兴安岭中段扎兰屯地区晚古生代埃达克岩主要岩石类型为安山岩、粗面安山岩、英安岩和粗面英安岩,取得一个安山岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(316.9±2.4)Ma,代表火山岩喷发的年龄.岩石具有较高Si(Si O2=54.97%~63.80%),富碱并相对略富Na(Na2O/K2O1),富Al(Al_2O_3=14.97%~17.69%),高Sr(715.98×10~(-6)~2100×10~(-6)),低Y(12×10~(-6)~18.41×10~(-6))和Yb(1.02×10~(-6)~1.91×10~(-6))的特点.在原始地幔标准化蛛网图中,富集LREE,亏损HREE,Eu呈微弱正异常(δEu=0.97~1.30).同时Mg值介于0.35~0.57,平均0.46.总体特征属于高钾钙碱性埃达克岩(为C型埃达克岩的一种),来源于增厚的玄武质下地壳的部分熔融.扎兰屯地区晚古生代高钾钙碱性埃达克岩的发现,为兴安地块与松嫩地块的拼贴作用提供了新的线索,对正确认识区域地壳演化有着重要的构造意义,为本区寻找与埃达克岩有关的矿产提供了线索.     

西准噶尔托里县都伦河东岩体埃达克岩特征及其地质意义

都伦河东岩体位于西准噶尔达尔布特断裂西南端,岩性主要为石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩,岩体内接触带有较强硅化、黄铁矿化等矿化特征显示。岩石富w(Na2O)(3.63%~4.70%),贫w(K2O)(0.56%~2.91%),Na2O/K2O比值为1.33~6.75,w(SiO2)多56%(54.57%~69.67%),w(A12O3)多15%(14.53%~18.03%),w(MgO)多3%,个别高于6%,Mg#值51.62~66.60,低Y18×10~(-6)(仅1样19.88×10~(-6))和Yb1.9×10~(-6)(仅1样2.05×10~(-6)),Sr均400×10~(-6)(466×10~(-6)~1066×10~(-6)),Sr/Y均20(23.43~83.74);富集LREE而亏损HREE,Eu多具正异常,少数弱负异常(δEu=0.81~1.24),大离子亲石元素Rb,Ba,Sr和Th相对富集,高场强元素Nb,Ta,Ti,Zr相对亏损,因而显示典型的埃达克质岩属性,近同于包古图一带含矿小斑岩体地球化学特征,显示良好的与埃达克岩相关的找矿信息,为区域晚古生代埃达克质岩浆活动和Cu,Au成矿作用研究提供新佐证。     

中祁连西段晚寒武世埃达克岩的发现及地质意义

乌尔格拉特岩体位于中祁连西段,由花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩组成。花岗闪长岩锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为490.5±1.4 Ma(MSWD=0.85),侵位时代为晚寒武世。岩石中Si O2含量为65.10%~71.21%,Al2O3含量为14.94%~16.82%,Mg O含量为0.23%~1.24%,A/NKC为0.9~1.0,Na2O/K2O为1.01~2.33,属准铝质花岗岩类;富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(Ba、U和Sr),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti和P)和重稀土元素,其中Sr含量为345×10-6~541×10-6(平均402×10-6),Yb为0.72×10-6~1.19×10-6(平均0.97×10-6),Y为6.09×10-6~11.3×10-6(平均8.67×10-6),无铕异常(δEu=0.91~1.27),高Sr/Y值(32.6~74.3),具埃达克岩地球化学特征。结合区域地质背景,认为乌尔格拉特岩体形成于俯冲环境,为晚寒武世北祁连洋向中祁连地块俯冲的产物。     

嵩山地区新太古宙歪咀山岩体成因及其地质意义

高山是新太古宙TTG岩石出露的典型地区,新太古宙歪咀山片麻状奥长花岗岩分布于高山地区歪咀山一带,岩体呈灰白色,具中粒花岗结构,片麻状构造,局部发育条带状构造。富Na_2O(4.08%~5.30%)和SiO_2(平均65%),贫Fe、Mg,Na_2O/K_2O值较高(1.5~3.9),Al_2O_3含量为14.14%~17.44%,平均为15.33%,15%,显示为过铝质特征。∑REE为121×10~(-6)~267×10~(-6),重稀土亏损,轻重稀土强烈分异,Eu出现微弱负异常,具高的Sr含量,Cr、Yb、Y含量较低,与新生代高硅埃达克岩地球化学特征相似;岩石的Nb、Y、Rb、Th、La和Yb之间的关系特征和岛弧火山岩相似。地球化学特征表明歪咀山岩体是在高压下由俯冲的含水玄武质洋壳部分熔融形成。     

柴北缘早古生代埃达克质花岗岩锆石定年及其地质意义

铁石观岩体位于柴达木盆地北缘中偏西段,是该地区新发现的具埃达克岩特点的花岗岩。岩石化学分析结果表明,铁石观岩体SiO2含量变化于71.36%~73.70%,Al2O3含量介于14.48%~15.64%之间,MgO含量为0.44%~0.71%,w(Sr)一般350×10-6,w(Yb)变化于0.67×10-6~1.58×10-6,w(Y)介于6.74×10-6~18.02×10-6,w(Sr)/w(Y)=21.32~72.49,富集LREE和大离子亲石元素,亏损HREE及高场强元素,与典型的埃达克岩相似。铁石观岩体锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为(422.0±6.4)Ma,代表了岩浆形成年龄。研究表明,铁石观岩体形成于大陆后碰撞造山阶段,为加厚陆壳重熔形成。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.