碱性花岗岩中稀土矿物微观地质异常及其意义

四川冕西霓石碱性花岗岩中的稀土矿物主要为钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物系列，通过选区电子衍射（SAED）和高分辨透射电子显微术（HRTEM）研究发现该系列矿物晶体结构中广泛发育复杂多样的微观地质异常现象，其主要类型有：（1）由该系列两个端员矿物氟碳铈矿结构层（B）与直氟碳钙铈矿结构层（S）以不同比例沿C轴方向有序堆垛形成的BmSn型规则混层结构；（2）无序堆垛形成的有序一无序结构晶畴；（3）由堆垛层错形成的无序混层结构，氟碳钙铈矿中不同多型体间的共格连生结构和相转变等；（4）氟碳铈矿结构中的平行于[001]方向的平移畴及一维无公度调制结构，该类调制结构可能是由于矿物中原子占位有序度的变化而形成的无序结构状态。     

有序绿辉石空间群类型的群论研究

本文根据畴结构的群论原理,对有序绿辉石的空间群归属问题(P2还是P2/n)进行了讨论。通过把无序绿辉石的空间群C2/c分别相对于P2和P2/n的陪集展开可以得知,C2/c→P2相变将产生■的反相畴及■(001/2)和(■1/2 1/2 1/2)两种倒反孪晶,而C2/c→P2/n相变则仅产生■/2的反相畴,显然后者与有序绿辉石畴结构的透射电境观察结果一致。因此可以断定,有序绿辉石的空间群为P2/n,而非P2。     

氟碳钙铈矿结构中晶体缺陷的高分辨电镜研究

用高分辨电子显微术（ＨＲＥＭ）研究了氟碳钙铈矿（ＢＳ）晶体结构中的无序堆垛和体衍交生现象，结果表明该矿物的衍生多晶体是由钙－铈氟碳酸盐矿物中不同组分的氟碳铈矿（Ｂ）和直氟碳钙铈矿（Ｓ）结构单元层沿ｃ方向无序堆垛而成。高分辨结构象揭示出氟碳钙铈矿衍生多晶体的微结构特征。讨论了氟碳钙铈矿结构中的堆垛层错等晶体缺陷现象。     

青金石中有序结构畴与无序结构畴交生的畴结构新类型

在黝方石、蓝方石的青金石等富含（ＳＯ４）＾２－的方钠石族矿物的有序结构中,常见有沿着一个或几个方向的结构调制,并还常伴随出现反相畴、双晶畴等畴结构。通过透射电镜研究,作者在产于俄罗斯南贝加尔的青金石中,观察了到了一种由尺度都很小（长径约在１０ｎｍ以内）的有序结构畴与无序结构畴相互交生的畴结构新类型。其畴界弈曲而不规则,但相邻畴的晶格都是相互连续而完全共格的。这种畴结构是由无序青金石在其有序化过程的     

磁铁矿中出溶与缺陷结构的高分辨电镜研究

利用高分辨电镜对四川攀枝花富含钒、钛的磁铁矿的精细结构进行了研究，[110]方向的高分辨像清楚地显示了磁铁矿与钒磁铁矿沿[110]方向的波状紧密连生，在两相界面处和钒磁铁矿中观察到了反相畴结构及与元素间化学比有关的各种层措，并对其成因进行了讨论。     

新的规则间层矿物—绿泥间蜡石

绿泥间蜡石产于浙江青田某叶蜡石矿床的刚玉球空隙中,属火山热液成因,与刚玉、硬水铝石、叶蜡石、绿泥石、埃洛石等共生。集合体呈放射状,直径0.8—2.0mm,晶体0.4—1.2mm;二轴晶(-),具有波状消光。衍射只出现00l线;l=1—18;c_V=0.313。平均层厚23.397。晶体存在微分凝的锂绿泥石。探针下未发现分凝边界。探针、原子吸收及热分析仪的分析结果:Na_2O 0.063,K_2O 0.012,Li_2O 1.57,Fe_2O_3 0.60,Al_2O_3 44.80,SiO_2 41.61,H_2O~+11.296,总计99.951,该值含分凝的锂绿泥石。00l条纹间距为23.4,与之平行的锂绿泥石间距为14.2;此外,还对该矿物作了红外吸收和差热分析。     

承德黑山绿泥石的透射电镜研究

作者利用透射电镜技术,对河北承德黑山绿泥石化阳起石中的绿泥石小晶体进行了研究。除一般的±b/3堆垛无序的绿泥石外,还发现了局部区域中12层重复的绿泥石多型。导致此种结构的原因是绿泥石的结构单元层之间不仅发生±b/3的位移,同时还发生±a/3位移的规则堆垛。它应是阳起石蚀变过程中的中间产物,最终将转变为1层的绿泥石多型     

山东平邑盆地古近系湖相核形石的沉积环境分析

山东省平邑盆地古近系官庄组湖相碳酸盐岩露头发育有大量的核形石。为分析其沉积环境,采用野外观测、地球化学测试、偏光显微镜和扫描电镜观察等方法,研究其岩性背景、伴生的生物、沉积构造以及元素地球化学特征。研究表明,核形石主要发育于浅水、中等偏低能量的环境。有少量陆源碎屑物的环境有利于核形石生长;但较多的陆源碎屑物则对其不利。将核形石分为3类:规则泥晶纹层核形石(简称A类核形石),具有大颗粒、多层的规则纹层、复合核心等特点,可以指示浅水、中能、低陆源环境;规则微亮晶纹层核形石(B类),以色浅、粒径小、分选好、微亮晶纹层为特点,可指示浅水、较高能环境;不规则泥晶纹层核形石(C类),以色深、外形不规整、凝块状不规则纹层为特征,指示较深水、低能环境。发育A类和C类核形石的岩石,孔隙发育较差;发育B类核形石的岩石,孔隙发育较好,表现出相对较好的储层潜力。     

Mg—Al水滑石纳米晶热分解行为的TG—MS研究

利用热重-质谱联用仪(TG-MS)和多晶XRD对水热法制备的Mg-Al水滑石纳米晶的热分解行为进行表征研究表明:Mg-Al水滑石的热性能与其晶体化学特征有密切的关系。Mg-Al水滑石的热分解过程可分为4个阶段:①T≤280℃时,失层间H2O;②T=280℃~380℃时,失层板中[Mg—OH—Al]结构单元OH-;③T=380℃~580℃时,失层板中[Mg—OH—Mg]结构单元的OH-;④T=395℃~580℃时,层间CO32-逸出。后两个阶段有较大重叠性。[Mg—OH—Mg]中OH-和CO32-最大逸出量对应的温度明显不一致。[Mg—OH—Mg]中OH-的逸出是导致层状结构破坏的诱因,热分解的阶段性随升温速率提高而表现得明显。Mg-Al水滑石的热分解行为受扩散控制。     

微生物铁还原作用对蒙脱石保存有机物的影响:以硫酸盐还原菌为例

本文研究了微生物的铁还原作用对黏土矿物有机质保存的影响。将一种有机化合物(十二氨基十二酸)插层到一种富铁的蒙脱石(绿脱石)中,利用硫酸盐还原菌(Desulfovibrio vulgaris)分别对插层前后的绿脱石进行作用,以研究该菌对绿脱石结构中Fe3+的还原作用以及层间有机物的影响。结果发现,1Desulfovibrio vulgaris能够还原这2种绿脱石结构中的Fe3+,且电子穿梭体AQDS(蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸)能够增强还原速率和程度;2硫酸盐的存在能够增加还原速率和程度,表明还原过程中生成的硫化物与绿脱石结构中的Fe3+发生了化学还原作用;3通过X射线衍射、红外光谱、总有机碳分析表明,还原后的绿脱石,其结构层内仍有大量有机物,具有一定的稳定性和保存层间有机质的能力。     

Geochemical chaos: Periodic and nonperiodic growth of mixed-layer phyllosilicates

Interstratification—periodic or nonperiodic stacking of two different silicate layers along a c^∗-axis—is common in phyllosilicates. Published evidence indicates that some interstratified minerals precipitate directly from aqueous solutions. In this paper, we have demonstrated, based on chaos theory, that both periodic and nonperiodic interstratification can autonomously arise from simple kinetics of mineral growth from a solution. Growth of a mixed-layer mineral is assumed to proceed layer by layer, and each layer starts with the formation of a base (Si, Al)-O tetrahedral sheet, whose structural configuration in a-b dimensions determines the type of new layer that forms. The sequence of layer stacking can be described by a one-dimensional map (i.e., a difference equation), which accounts for two competing factors: (1) the affinity of each end-member structural component for attaching to the surface of the preceding layer, and (2) the strain energy created by stacking next to each other two silicate layers with different structural configurations. Chaotic (or nonperiodic) interstratification emerges when the contacting solution becomes slightly supersaturated with respect to both structural components. The transition from one interstratification pattern to another reflects a change in chemical environment during mineral crystallization. Our model can successfully predict the occurrence of mixed-layer phyllosilicates and the associated layer stacking sequences observed in both hydrothermal alteration and sediment diagenesis. The model suggests that the diagenetic transition of smectite → nonperiodic illite/smectite → ordered illite/smectite → illite may reflect relative changes in the saturation degree of pore water with respect to two end-member phases as a result of increasing burial temperatures.     

Illite-smectite Mixed-layer Minerals in the Alteration Volcanic Ashes under Submarine Environment

The clay mineralogy of the clay intervals interbedded with siliceous mudstones across the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) in Pengda, Guiyang, Guizhou province, was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The clay mineral assemblages of the sediments are mainly I/S clays and minor smectite, kaolinite, and illite as reveled by XRD analyses. The peak-shape parameters BB1 and BB2 of I/S clays of the representative clay bed PL-01 are 4.7° and 4.4°, and the peak position of the low angle reflection is at 6.8° 2θ (13.6 ), suggesting that the I/S clays has a IS type of ordering. However, the presence of multi-order reflections and their intensities are different from those of completely ordered 1∶1 mixed-layer I/S clay rectorite, indicating that I/S clays of the Pengda section have partially ordered IS structures. HRTEM observations show that most of the I/S clays exhibit an IS stacking ordering. However, in some areas within a IS particle, smectite layer is observed in doublets, triplets, and quartets, which are interstratified by various amounts of illite layers, suggesting the presence of other irregular stacking in addition to the major 1∶1 IS ordered stacking. Transformation of smectite layer into illite layers is also observed in the I/S clays, suggesting that the Pengda I/S clays are derived from smectite illitization, in good agreement with the clay mineral assemblage. The I/S clays of the Pengda section contain up to 45% to 95% smectite layer, the notably higher contents of smectite layer relative to those of other PTB stratigraphic sets in south China can be attributed to difference in alteration and smectite illitization processes due to different sedimentary environments.     

氟碳钙铈矿6R2新多型的高分辨电镜研究

用电子衍射和高分辨电子显微镜技术研究了钙稀土氟碳酸盐系列矿物中氟碳钙铈矿及其衍生体的微结构,发现了氟碳钙铈矿的６Ｒ２新多型体,确定了其亚结构晶胞呈六方（Ｈ）对称α＇＝０．４１２ｎｍ,ｃ＇＇＝０．４７１ｎｍ,超结构晶胞呈菱面体（Ｒ）对称,ａ＝０．７１４ｎｍ,ｃ＝８．４７８ｎｍ,可能的空间群为Ｒ３＾－ｃ和Ｒ３ｃ,［１２１０］取向的高分辨结构像显示出该多型体结构单元层沿ｃ轴的有序堆垛及重复周期。［０００     

久辉铜矿的透射电镜研究

根据TEM研究,发现产于江西东乡的“辉铜矿”内含有与之紧密共生的久辉铜矿。高分辨象揭示出久辉铜矿的晶体结构,相当于由似六方辉铜矿结构作较长周期的重复堆垛所构成的一种类似于类多型的结构,其中并存在堆垛层错缺陷。此外,作者还发现在久辉铜矿中有与之成拓扑衍生关系的另一种相畴,其b为久辉铜矿的1/4。作者认为该相可能是介于久辉铜矿与辉铜矿之间的亚稳态中间相,并称其为变久辉铜矿(metadjurleite)。     

PbO中层错及共生氧化物的电子显微术研究

在含于磁铁矿中的四方对称结构氧化铅中观察到柏格斯矢量为２／１１（３１０）的（１１）层错，这些层错平行排列并相互交截，穿插形成沿（１００）方向的调制结构，调制波的平均波长约为１００ｎｍ同时，由多相关性区域的选区电子衍射图测定了磁铁矿中四方和正交氧化铅及方铁矿的取向关系。     

The nature of ordering and ordering defects in dolomite

The apparent lack of transformation-induced domains and stacking disorder defects in natural dolomites is considered in light of the different types of order in the dolomite structure. Experimentally produced twin domain boundaries and basal stacking defects are documented in a dolomite using high-resolution electron microscopy and electron diffraction techniques. Results reveal that upon cation ordering to form the dolomite structure, a twin domain is favored over an antiphase domain. The twin domain boundaries closely resemble antiphase boundaries (APB's) and are in contrast for superlattice reflections. However, background contrast within domains is shown to be different when imaged using certain fundamental reflections. The results allow speculation about the nature of ordering at low temperatures. Observations of twin domain boundaries in samples annealed at different temperatures allow estimation of the critical ordering temperature at 1,100°–1,150° C in stoichiometric dolomite.     

金矿床轴向地球化学参数叠加结构的理想模式及其应用准则

在研究和总结金矿床轴向地球化学参数变化规律的特性和共性的基础上,用金矿具有多期多阶段叠加矿成晕观点,建立了不同叠加结构地化参数轴向变化的理想模式,确定了其用于盲矿预测的准则。