α‘L—C2S中可能的一种双晶畴结构

根据晶畴结构的群论原理,对Ca_2SiO_4的α′_H→α′_L相变所导致的畴结构类型进行了推导。通过把α′_H-C_2S的空间群Pcmn相对于α′_L-C_2S的空间群Pnm2_1的陪集展开可以得知,α′_H→α′_L相变导致在α′_L-C_2S中形成倒反双晶畴结构,且双晶畴与α′_H-C_2S母相的结晶学取向关系为a′_(a_L)∥b′_(a_H),b′_(a_H)∥c′_(a_H),c_(a_L)∥a′_(a_H)。     

钠辉石的出溶机理

对于具有限混溶或原子有序分布的简单二元固溶体来说,已结合其自由能曲线来预测一种体系的相关系和出溶机理。有序过程的特征影响着出溶机理的适用性.如果有序化作用是二步(较高)有序时,则整个过程以连续机理占优势,而所描述的一种“条件旋节分解”(“Conditional spinodal”)(Allen 和 Cahni 1976)只有对序与无序端员组分之间起着决定作用.对于一步有序来说,有序相仅能经成核与生长来沉淀无序相.用透射电子显微镜所观察到的绿辉石徼细结构包括出溶页片和反相晶畴,并且在所选择的样品中它们之间的关系已用于解释地质条件下起控制作用的出溶机理。绝大多数绿辉石几乎都经历了阳离子的有序过程,然后保持均一体,或通过旋节分解作用出溶一种无序辉石。连续出溶机理占优势已用来说明 C2/c→P2/n 转换可以是二步(较高)有序的.现已提供了一种硬玉——普通辉石的可能相图,它是以这种理论为基础的,即在低温下无序端员组分之间应该是有限混溶的,而中间成分(绿辉石)的阳离子是有序的,两者迭加在一条溶相线上。这就完全解释了观察到的许多微细结构,并与在含杂质硬玉和绿辉石之间、绿辉石和钠辉石之间存在宽阔二相区的岩相学证据相符合。加入锥辉石所产生的影响类似于增温效应,所以,也就能够预测硬玉——锥辉石——普通辉石的相关系。     

大别山双河地区超高压变质岩矿物超微构造的HRTEM研究

报道了大别山双河地区超高压榴辉岩和硬玉石英岩矿物超微构造及缺陷结构的高分辨透射电镜研究结果。在天然变形绿辉石晶内的自由位错、位错倾斜壁、位错环、位错网、亚晶界、堆垛层错等亚构造中 ,发现了纳米级水分子团 ,这种球形状水分子团包体的存在是导致绿辉石晶体水解弱化和塑性变形的重要因素。在榴辉岩矿物中广泛发育的层错、(10 0 )变形双晶、晶畴结构、界面与晶面的交叉滑移、晶格畸变等变形构造及缺陷结构 ,指示超高压岩石经历了快速折返。在硬玉单晶大约 5 0 0nm的微晶畴内 ,发现了C2 /c和P2 1/n两种结构 ,C2 /c结构的晶体学参数对应于硬玉 ,而P2 1/n结构的晶体学参数对应于绿辉石 ,纳米级P2 1/n出溶结构的存在 ,表明在退变质过程中 ,硬玉在纳米尺度上部分转变为绿辉石 ,并且未能达到平衡。也说明在主体岩石的抬升过程中 ,硬玉晶体伴随有复杂的非平衡退变质作用。对于大别山超高压变质岩的p T轨迹描述及其构造解释具有重要意义。     

硅酸盐辉石的晶体化学(上)

导论辉石的一般结构早在1928年就已经知道了,那时Warren和Bragg指出C2/c空间群的透辉石结构是以在平行(100)的层中存在的四面体单链为特征的。几年以后,Warren和Modell(1930)分析出了斜方晶系Pbca空间群的紫苏辉石结构,这是由于注意到它的晶胞参数与透辉石的晶胞参数除了a轴加倍外非常一致之故。单斜P2_1/c型结构曾在1950年由Ito预测过,他假定Pbca斜方辉石是一种单斜辉石的“空间群双晶”,认为斜方辉石结构是由单斜辉石的单位晶胞通过平行于(100)的b滑移面的作用有规律地、双晶式地重复而产生的。     

辉石相变的矿物物理特征及滑石瓷老化机理的探讨

本文采用X射线衍射物相定量分析,透射电子显微镜及X射线电子能谱分析研究了原顽辉石→斜顽辉石的相变特征,提出了滑石瓷老化的实质是当原顽辉石Pbcn相向斜顽辉石P2_1/c相转变时,由于体积缩小和钡玻璃相拉应力的减少,导致滑石瓷表面产生微裂缝,从而加剧老化的过程。     

华中东部榴辉岩中绿辉石的反相畴、出溶及其成因意义

反相畴及出溶片晶是华中东部高压变质带中绿辉石的主要超微结构，出港片晶的大小受扩散速率和时间的控制，而反相畴的大小可作为变质温度和年龄的标志。通过对Alps、Cali-fornia等高压变质带中绿辉石的反相畴的统计计算，修正了Carpenter所得出的统计公式：δ8=8×（6×1027）e－Ｑ/RT·t。根据作者的成果，绿辉石反相略大小与变质温度及地质年代按如下规律变化：δ9＝9×（6×1026）e－Ｑ／RT·t。由此得出所研究地区曾发生两次地质热事件，其地质年代分别为700Ma（晚元古）及200Ma（印支期）。以上得出的函数关系适用于高压变质带中不同地区的相对地质年代的推算及绝对地质年代的半定量估算。     

平均成分为Ca_(0.43)Mn_(0.69)Mg_(0.82)Si_2O_6单斜辉石的出溶关系 X—射线衍射和电子探针分析

一种取自纽约州 Balmat 的辉石,其平均成分是 Ca_(0.43),Mn_(0.69),Mg_(0.82),Si_2O_6;被解释为 p2_1/c 和 c2/c 两种相共存。如晶胞参数 M_1和—O 与 M_2-0键长的平均值与成分所绘制的关系图那样,其精测结构是部分通过研究各个单相的成分获得的。占位情况表明,这两种相是锰透辉石和锰易变辉石(kanoite)。透射电子显微照片揭示,这些相是呈页片状的,共(001),并以此为相间边界,页片宽为2000(?)。单个页片的 x—射线能散分析表明,C2/c 相的平均成分为 Ca_(0.68),Mn_(0.44),Mg_(0.88),Si_2O_6;P_(21)/c 相的平均成分为 Ca_(0.12),Mn_(1.02),Mg_(0.86),Si_2O_6。暗场照片揭示,在 p2_1/c 相中有反相晶畴边界的存在,表明在 Ca—Mn—Mg 辉石体系中,其贫 Ca 相存在着一个 C2/c—P2_1/c相的转变。原地加热实验得到 C2/c—P2_1/c 相的转换温度为330±20℃。通过加热,根据在转换温度前后的反相边界(APB—antiphaseboundary 的编写—编者注)位置的观测,得知 APB 位置基本上不改变,表明 APB′S 的稳定是通过 Ca 的富集或 APB′S 的某些晶体缺陷来实现的。横切页片边界(001)的晶格条纹照片表明,其界面是半连贯或完全连贯的。由于旋节分解或成核作用以及后期缓慢冷却,使得这一作为区域变质相的结构特征与原始的出溶结构相一致。     

辉石的结构和化学变化

在最近15年内,对于地球、月球和陨石中的辉石,发表了近80个高质量的三维精细修正结构,大多数精细哆正结构都属于C2/c单斜辉石和Pbca斜方辉石,但也较好地提供了P2_1/c结构的资料,能用于第四种主要结构类型Pbcn辉石的资料是很少的。这四种空间群的结构拓朴学可以用平行于[100]的、由四面体——八面体—四面体“工字梁形”结构单元组成的理想化模型来描述。不同对称是相邻层中的八面体和(或)对称上不同的四面体链按不同堆积顺序所引起的。在所精细修正的全部辉石中,M1阳离子位置由六个氧配位,六个氧排列成一种规则的假八面体形状,M2阳离子位置由六、七或八个氧呈不规则的多面体配位;M2配位取决于占据该位置的离子半径大小,半径较大的阳离子,配位数通常较高。在几种Pbca结构中,BN面体链的03—03—03角≈136°,这种四面体链与伸直状态(03—03—03=180°)偏离程度最大。     

绿辉石流变学研究的某些进展

简要概述了绿辉石的晶体结构、反相畴、显微构造及其变形机制等方面的研究现状与进展。结合大别山榴辉岩中的最新研究成果，着重讨论了其构造物理学研究意义，认为绿辉石晶体结构的有序化不仅是温度和化学成分的函数，而且是晶内应变程度的函数。     

大别山绿辉石晶体结构的再研究—兼与谢窦克等同志商榷

谢窦克等曾测定了大别山一个绿辉石的晶体结构，认为它具Ｐ２／ｃ空间群；四面体链分别呈ＳＡ和ＯＢ扭转；Ｍ阳离子日位全部为６次配位的八面体：Ａｌ在所有这四种晶位另均有相当多的占有率，为绿辉石的新型结构。本文对该资料再研究后确认其真实空间群为Ｐ２／ｎ；结构中仅有一种Ｏ旋转的四面体链；Ｍ２和Ｍ２晶位为８次配位；Ａｌ全部进入Ｍ１（１）晶位，Ａｌ－Ｍｇ呈完全有序分布，属典型的Ｐ２／ｎ有序绿辉石。本文给出了重新计     

Kinetic control of ordering and exsolution in omphacite

Omphacites with a range of compositions from the blueschist rocks of Syros, Greece and from included blocks in serpentinite from the Motagua fault zone, Guatemala, have been examined by transmission electron microscopy. The complex microstructures observed are all on a fine scale and are composed of exsolution and antiphase features. At least three different assemblages have been identified: (a) a single ordered phase with antiphase domains, (b) two exsolved phases, one ordered and the other disordered and (c) two exsolved phases, both apparently ordered. Selected area electron diffraction patterns provide evidence for P2/n, P2/c, and P2 space groups in different parts of the ordered crystals.The microstructures cannot all be readily explained in terms of a simple equilibrium phase diagram and some are attributed to alternative and metastable transformations. It is suggested that under the low temperature conditions of blueschist metamorphism, omphacite crystallised metastably below its ordering temperature with imperfect cation order. Subsequent development by cation ordering and exsolution was controlled by kinetics, the fastest available transformation being used to give reductions in free energy. Ordering preceded exsolution and may have occurred in a series of steps as predicted by the Ostwald step rule. Slight differences in composition and initial state of order locally influenced which reaction pathway was embarked upon and many of the products may be metastable. Such behaviour is apparently sensitive to thermal history.     

Contrasting properties and behaviour of antiphase domains in pyroxenes

Antiphase domains in pigeonite arise from a displacive transformation whereas in omphacite they are due to cation ordering. Their properties and behaviour are quite distinct. Domains in pigeonite are elongate, coarsen by a homogeneous and rapid mechanism and have irregular boundaries which are susceptible to the segregation of cations. In omphacite they tend to be equiaxed with smoothly curving boundaries and they coarsen extremely slowly. A heterogeneous mode of coarsening has been postulated to explain some of the observed domain distributions. A brief review of antiphase textures in other minerals, in particular the type (b) and type (c) domains in calcic plagioclase, show many of these properties to be characteristic of the transformation by which they formed, i.e., displacive or order/disorder. It is suggested that displacive type antiphase boundaries have relatively low surface energies and that their migration requires only small atomic displacements locally. In contrast, the chemical interactions associated with mistakes in the cation ordering sequence at antiphase boundaries in an ordered phase give a relatively higher excess free energy. Furthermore their movement requires the exchange of cations between sites at the boundary and hence domain coarsening is slow. The factors which control the domain size in natural specimens have been evaluated qualitatively. For the purpose of comparing thermal histories only domains with a regular size distribution in homogeneous areas of crystal which are free of defects should be used.     

Cation ordering in omphacite and effect on deformation mechanism and lattice preferred orientation (LPO)

We present microstructural data and lattice preferred orientations (LPOs) of omphacites from a suite of eclogites, from the Adula/Cima Lunga nappe (Central Alps). Our work shows a surprisingly strong correlation between the measured LPO and the ordering state of cations in omphacite. Estimates of deformation temperature from metamorphic petrology, together with measured omphacite compositions and LPOs, determine the field (ordering state), on the omphacite phase diagram, into which each sample falls. LPOs dominated by L-type and S-type signatures are developed in samples that fall in the P2/n field (ordered structure) and C2/c field (disordered structure), respectively.Dislocations with b=1/2−110 or b=[001] are observed in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) in all samples. The former change from a perfect dislocation in the C2/c structure to a partial in P2/n. Any movement of a partial dislocation requires the formation or growth of a stacking fault. Furthermore, in order to pass an obstacle a partial dislocation has to constrict to a unit dislocation. The energy to form a constriction is high in omphacite due to the large separation width. Thus, the activity of the b=1/2−110 dislocation is hindered in the P2/n structure relative to the C2/c structure, which change the balance between the two and might give rise to the different LPOs.     

TEM and HRTEM Study of Microstructures in Omphacite from UHP Eclogites at Shima, Dabie Mountains, China

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) analyses have been performed on omphacite from ultra-high pressure (UHP) eclogites at the locality of Shima, Dabie Mountains, China. TEM reveals that the microstructures consist dominantly of dislocation substructures, including free dislocations, loops, tiltwalls, dislocation tangles and subboundaries. They were produced by high-temperature ductile deformation, of which the main mechanism was dislocation creep. Antiphase domain (APD) boundaries are common planar defects; an age of 470±6 Ma for UHP eclogite formation has been obtained from the equiaxial size of APDs in ordered omphacites from Shima, coincident with ages given by single-zircon U-Pb dating (471±2 Ma). HRTEM reveals C2/c and P2ln space groups in different parts of one single omphacite crystal, and no exsolution is observed in the studied samples, which is attributed to rapid cooling. It is suggested that the UHP eclogites underwent a long     

Unusual exsolution phenomena in omphacite and partial replacement of phengite by phlogopite + kyanite in an eclogite from the Erzgebirge

In the Erzgebirge Crystalline Complex, eclogites occur in three different high pressure (HP) units (1, 2 and 3) recording contrasting pressure (P)–temperature (T) conditions. Eclogites from HP-unit 1 experienced peak metamorphic conditions in the coesite stability field at about 33 kbar/850 °C. Commonly, these eclogites from HP-unit 1 are all very similar, with an eclogitic peak assemblage of omphacite–garnet–coesite–K-feldspar, rarely accompanied by kyanite, and omphacites systematically deviating from a stoichiometric composition. In contrast, an eclogite recently found near Blumenau, is mineralogically and geochemically different from the typical eclogites of HP-unit 1. This unusual eclogite reveals the eclogitic equilibrium assemblage omphacite–garnet–coesite–phengite–phlogopite–kyanite, and yields metamorphic peak conditions of 870 °C and >29 kbar. There is clear textural evidence of the formation of phlogopite and kyanite under partial consumption of phengite and garnet. Moreover, the omphacite is stoichiometric and contains abundant exsolution lamellae, the thickest of which were identified as quartz by the electron microprobe. The finer lamellae were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Oligoclase was identified as an exsolution phase. Other lamellae proved to consist of K-white mica, also interpreted as exsolution. Prior to exsolution, the omphacite composition must have been cation-deficient, as that of the other, common HP-unit 1 eclogites. These non-stoichiometric compositions are ascribed to partial substitution by the Ca-Eskola pyroxene component, which calculates to an average of 8 mol% for omphacite in HP-unit 1 eclogites. According to experiments, this substitution becomes significant at P > 30 kbar. Exsolution of K-white mica may indicate hydroxyl defects in the original omphacite, also favoured by high pressure. Oligoclase and K-white mica exsolution from Ca-Eskola-rich clinopyroxene has not previously been reported. The omphacite has a disordered C2/c structure; and in just one case very small (a few tens of nanometres) antiphase domains, resulting from the C2/c to P2/n transformation, are present. These features may indicate a brief thermal history and rapid tectonic processes. Received: 4 January 1999 / Accepted: 20 April 2000     

Crystal-chemistry and cation ordering in the system diopside-jadeite: A detailed study by crystal structure refinement

The Nybö eclogite pod in Norway is characterized by a great variety of clinopyroxene compositions with Jd contents ranging from less than 5% up to nearly 80%, whilst Ac+Hd contents remain almost constant (mostly within 10±5%).Unconstrained X-ray structure refinement has been carried out on 16 pyroxene crystals (8 with C2/c and 8 with P2/n space group) from the Nybö eclogite, and also on one omphacite crystal (from Lago Mucrone in the Sesia-Lanzo Zone, Western Alps) which displays the highest degree of cation ordering yet described. The final discrepancy factors range from 0.014 to 0.029. The population of the sites has been determined on the basis of bond length considerations and of the results of the site occupancy refinement. Six of these crystals were subsequently analysed by electron microprobe.The tetrahedral sites are occupied by Si with negligible amounts of Al. Al, Mg, Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ occur at the octahedral sites; in the ordered P2/n crystals Al and Fe³⁺ are concentrated at the M11 site, whilst Mg and Fe²⁺ are concentrated and the M1 site. The eight-coordinated sites contain Ca and Na with negligible amounts of Fe and/or Mg. Ordering of Ca and Na takes place in the P2/n samples in such a way that in the most ordered crystal the M2 site contains almost exactly 0.75 Na+0.25 Ca and the M21 site 0.25 Na+0.75 Ca.Some geometrical features of the tetrahedra as well as of the octahedra (e.g. tetrahedral quadratic elongation and TILT angle) are not a simple linear function of composition, even when no change in space group occurs. The crystals evidently do not behave like a binary system of the two components, Di and Jd, but behave rather as if the composition Di_0.50 Jd_0.50 was a distinct end member.The boundaries between disordered and ordered phases in the Nybö pyroxenes fall at about 0.35 and 0.65 Jd/(Di+ Jd), in close agreement with the previous TEM investigations.The degree of order varies with composition following a bell-shaped curve: different coaxial bell-shaped curves can be drawn for crystals which have similar compositions but come from different metamorphic environments. The order vs composition diagrams may be useful for the interpretation of the P-T-t histories of the host rocks.     

The observation of enantiomorphous domains in a natural maghemite

The domain structure in a natural maghemite sample is shown to be identical to that found in ordered lithium ferrite, resulting from a transformation from Fd3m symmetry to the enantiomorphous pair P4₁32 — P4₃32. This result provides the first space group determination for a natural maghemite. The observations are discussed in the light of previous research on synthetic -Fe₂O₃.     

Electron microscopy study of domain structure due to phase transitions in natural perovskite

Transmission electron microscopy on natural calcium metatitanate perovskite (dysanalyte) reveals the following twin laws in the orthorhombic (space group Pbnm) phase: reflection twins on the {110} and {112} planes, and 90° rotation twins about the [001] axis (referred to as [001]_90° twin). Single crystals that were heattreated and quenched from above 1585 K exhibit a dramatic change in domain structure compared with the starting material and specimens quenched from T < 1470=" k.=" mutually=" perpendicular=" {110}=" and=">_90° twins are observed throughout the crystal, forming a cross-hatched domain texture. 1/2[001] antiphase domains, which are very rarely observed in the starting material, also become dominant in the crystal. This change in domain structure is interpreted as due to a structural phase transition in perovskite at a temperature below 1585 K. From the point symmetry elements that describe the twin laws and the translational elements that relate the antiphase domains, the most likely phase near 1585 K is tetragonal with space group P4/mbm. These results are consistent with high-temperature powder X-ray diffraction study. On the other hand, density of the {112} twins is increased significantly in the crystal quenched from 1673 K. Twin domains are either bound by mutually perpendicular {110} and (001) walls, or by {112} walls with {110} twin domains within the polygonal {112} domains. Both twin density variation and domain morphology suggest that the crystal may be cubic at this temperature. Microstructure of a single crystal deformed at 1273 K and 3.5 GPa (within the orthorhombic stability field) is morphologically quite distinct from that of the heat-treated specimens. Dislocations dominate the microstructure and often interact with twin domain boundaries.A National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center