天然钒钛磁铁矿中出溶现象的高分辨电镜观察

利用高分辨电子显微镜及微区X射线能谱成分测定的方法,对含钒的天然磁铁矿的精细结构进行了研究。结果表明,[110]方向的高分辨像清楚地显示钒钛磁铁矿在磁铁矿基体中以共(110)面紧密连生的方式与基体共生,形成波状连生体。这种成份调制波结构表明它们是出溶产物。     

承德钒钛磁铁矿钒和钛物相的联测分析方法

依据承德地区大庙式钒钛磁铁矿床特征,通过人工重砂分离及单矿物化学分析并结合电子探针、岩矿鉴定结果查明了承德钒钛磁铁矿石中的含钒矿物主要是钛磁铁矿和磁铁矿,次要矿物是钛铁矿和硅酸盐;含钛矿物主要是钛铁矿、钛磁铁矿,次要矿物是金红石、榍石。根据承德钒钛磁铁矿石钒和铁呈正比的关系,选取代表性试样进行了钒钛物相分析项目的确定及溶剂选择的实验,最终确定了钒和钛物相分析测定流程。钒物相分析测定项目为磁铁矿和钛磁铁矿中的钒、钛铁矿中的钒、硅酸盐中的钒及总钒四项;钛物相分析测定项目为钛铁矿中的钛、磁铁矿和钛磁铁矿中的钛、金红石中的钛、硅酸盐中的钛及总钛五项。通过本方法测定的各种含钒和钛矿物含量占矿石中总钒和总钛含量的比例与人工重砂分析定量计算的各种含钒和钛矿物含量占矿石中总钒和总钛含量的比例是相互吻合的。对110件钒钛磁铁矿石样品进行了4种含钛矿物及3种含钒矿物物相分析,结果与实际地质成矿组分符合。本方法实现了钒钛磁铁矿中钒矿物和钛矿物的定量分离,确定了钒和钛物相联测分析流程,可以同时测定钒和钛矿物的含量。     

天然磁铁矿中方铁矿的调制结构及畴结构

用高分辨电子显微术研究了攀枝花磁铁矿的超微结构，选区电子衍射量显示有方铁矿共生，并且方铁矿中有调制结构，周期约为方铁矿晶胞的２．６倍，具有一维非公度特征。［００１］取向的结构象也清楚地显示该调制结构，磁铁矿还含有丰富的畴结构，畴界面分基面和非基面两类，有方铁矿与畴结构共生，对这些微结构的成因进行了讨论。     

四川攀枝花市飞机湾钒钛磁铁矿地质特征及找矿前景

飞机湾钒钛磁铁矿位于攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿矿集区南西端,是近年来执行四川省基金项目新发现的勘查成果。作者总结了该矿床地质特征,含矿岩体特征,探讨了矿床成因及找矿远景。认为:矿体较稳定,矿石矿物以磁铁矿和钛铁矿为主,并伴生有钒等元素,具有较高经济价值。属岩浆晚期结晶分异型钒钛磁铁矿矿床,具有较大找矿潜力,找矿前景较好。     

微波消解-分光光度法测定钒钛磁铁矿中的钒

采用硫-磷混合酸微波消解对难溶的钒钛磁铁矿进行前处理,用5-溴-PADAP-过氧化氢分光光度法测定矿样中的钒,优化了微波消解的实验条件.加入浓磷酸和40 g/L氟化钠溶液分别消除了共存常量元素铁和钛的干扰.方法检出限为0.004 μg/mL,线性范围为0.01～1.0 μg/mL . 应用于实际钒钛磁铁矿样品中钒的测定,重现性好,检出限较低,灵敏度较高,能够满足简单、快速、批量分析的要求.     

铬铁矿中亚铁的测定方法

采用硫-磷混合酸微波消解对难溶的钒钛磁铁矿进行前处理,用5-溴-PADAP-过氧化氢分光光度法测定矿样中的钒,优化了微波消解的实验条件。加入浓磷酸和40 g/L氟化钠溶液分别消除了共存常量元素铁和钛的干扰。方法检出限为0.004μg/mL,线性范围为0.01~1.0μg/mL。应用于实际钒钛磁铁矿样品中钒的测定,重现性好,检出限较低,灵敏度较高,能够满足简单、快速、批量分析的要求。     

PbO中层错及共生氧化物的电子显微术研究

在含于磁铁矿中的四方对称结构氧化铅中观察到柏格斯矢量为２／１１（３１０）的（１１）层错，这些层错平行排列并相互交截，穿插形成沿（１００）方向的调制结构，调制波的平均波长约为１００ｎｍ同时，由多相关性区域的选区电子衍射图测定了磁铁矿中四方和正交氧化铅及方铁矿的取向关系。     

论氢化物迁移成矿机制──兼论钒钛磁铁矿成矿的化学模式

论述了氢化物的形成条件及其物理化学特性。探讨了岩浆中钛、铁、钒、磷元素的迁移富集机制。建立了钒钛磁铁矿成矿的化学模式。     

钒钛磁铁矿中镍、钴、铬、铜、钒的光谱测定

钒钛磁铁矿中元素较多。其主要成分为Fe2O2,SiO2,TiO2,Al2O3,MgO等氧化物。而这些主要成分在原矿、精矿、尾矿中的变化亦较大。其少量元素如Ni、Co、V等对矿产评价及综合利用亦很有价值。本方法的建立就是试图对钒钛磁铁矿的原矿、精矿、尾矿中的锦、钴、铬、铜、钒同时进行测定。     

成矿元素富集机制的量子地球化学研究——以攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿矿床为例

攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿矿床为富集钒、钛、铁等过渡元素的典型岩浆矿床。文章运用量子地球化学的理论和方法研究该矿床的元素组合、分配及变化特征 ,并用量子力学理论的abini tioHartree Fock分子轨道法对钛磁铁矿和钛铁矿晶体结构进行了模拟计算。结果表明 :源于地幔的原始岩浆富集成矿元素 ;在其结晶过程中 ,V ,Ti,Fe等成矿元素再次富集于钛磁铁矿和钛铁矿中而形成矿床 ,这种再富集受晶体结构择位能控制。     

攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿中纳-微米尖晶石的出溶序次及其成因机制

钛磁铁矿内部尖晶石出溶体的成分组成和形成机制对估算磁铁矿固溶体的成分以计算铁钛氧化物的氧逸度-温度具有重要意义.为了探究攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿中尖晶石的成因及形成机制,运用岩相观察和各种微区原位观测手段,系统研究了各类尖晶石的矿物学特征.尖晶石的粒度在纳微米之间,有3种类型:第1种为钛磁铁矿晶界处不规则的大颗粒尖晶石,Mg#为60~70;第2种为钛磁铁矿颗粒内部的粒状尖晶石,Mg#为71~77;第3种为沿钛磁铁矿（100）方向定向分布的尖晶石片晶,Mg#为75~77.3类尖晶石分别与磁铁矿主晶具有相同的取向关系:{111}_Mag//{111}_Spl,{110}_Mag//{110}_Spl和{100}_Mag//{100}_Spl.3类尖晶石均是磁铁矿主晶的出溶体,钛磁铁矿晶界处及其内部的粒状尖晶石的形成与某些晶体缺陷关系密切,是在降温过程中较早出溶的产物,尖晶石片晶在两者之后以旋节分解出溶形成.      

An AEM study of garnet clinopyroxenite from the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure terrane: formation mechanisms of oriented ilmenite,spinel, magnetite,amphibole and garnet inclusions in clinopyroxene

Optical microscopy, secondary electron microscopy and analytical electron microscopy were used to characterize crystallographic orientation relationships between oriented mineral inclusions and clinopyroxene (Cpx) host from the Hujialing garnet clinopyroxenite within the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrane, eastern China. One garnet clinopyroxenite sample (2HJ-2C) and one megacrystic garnet-bearing garnet clinopyroxenite (RZ-11D) were studied. Porphyroblastic clinopyroxene from sample 2HJ-2C contains oriented inclusions of ilmenite (Ilm), spinel (Spl), magnetite and garnet, whereas clinopyroxene inclusions within megacrystic garnet from sample RZ-11D contain oriented inclusions of ilmenite and amphibole. Specific crystallographic relationships were observed between ilmenite/spinel plates and host clinopyroxene in sample 2HJ-2C and between ilmenite plates and host clinopyroxene in sample RZ-11D, i.e. [1[`1]00 1\bar{1}00 ]<sub>Ilm</sub>//[0[`1]0 0\bar{1}0 ]_Cpx (0001)_Ilm//(100)_Cpx; and [110]_Spl//[0[`1]0 0\bar{1}0 ]<sub>Cpx</sub> ([`1]11 \bar{1}11 )_Spl//(100)_Cpx. These inclusions are suggested to be primary precipitates via solid-state exsolutions. Most of the needle-like magnetite/spinel inclusions generally occur at the rims or along fractures of clinopyroxene within sample 2HJ-2C. Despite the epitaxial relation with host clinopyroxene, these magnetite/spinel needles would have resulted from fluid/melt infiltrations. Non-epitaxial garnet lamellae in clinopyroxene of sample 2HJ-2C were formed via fluid infiltration-deposition primarily along (010) and subordinately along (100) partings. Epitaxial amphibole plates (with a thickness <1 μm) and lamellae (with a thickness = 1–10 μm) in host clinopyroxene of sample RZ-11D were probably results of hydration processes, although amphibole plates could otherwise be interpreted as exsolution products. Temporal relations between mineral inclusions in each sample can be established, and a semi-quantitative P–T path for this garnet clinopyroxenite body was derived accordingly. The present results show that the Hujialing garnet clinopyroxenite may not have subducted to mantle depths as deep as 250 km during UHP metamorphism as suggested by previous studies. This study demonstrates that the crystallographic and temporal/spatial relationships between aligned inclusions and host minerals are essential to a correct genetic interpretation of metamorphic rocks.     

Magnetite whiskers and platelets in the ALH84001 Martian meteorite: evidence of vapor phase growth

Nanometer-sized magnetite crystals associated with carbonates in fracture zones within Martian meteorite ALH84001 have been examined using analytical transmission electron microscopy. Some of the the crystals exhibit distinctive morphologies: filamentary rods and ribbons, and platelets. The rods and ribbons are elongated along the crystallographic [100] and [111] directions. Some of the rods contain microstructural defects indicating that they grew by spiral growth about screw dislocations. Platelets are flattened along the [100] and [110] directions. These unique morphologies and microstructures constrain the growth conditions of magnetite. The whiskers and platelets most likely formed in the temperature range 500–800°C by direct condensation from a vapor or precipitation from a supercritical fluid, and their properties are inconsistent with a biogenic origin.     

Economic minerals of the Kovdor baddeleyite-apatite-magnetite deposit,Russia: mineralogy,spatial distribution and ore processing optimization

The comprehensive petrographical, petrochemical and mineralogical study of the Kovdor magnetite-apatite-baddeleyite deposit in the phoscorite–carbonatite complex (Murmansk Region, Russia) revealed a spatial distribution of grain size and chemical composition of three economically extractable minerals — magnetite, apatite, and baddeleyite, showing that zonal distribution of mineral properties mimics both concentric and vertical zonation of the carbonatite-phoscorite pipe.The marginal zone of the pipe consists of (apatite)-forsterite phoscorite carrying fine grains of Ti–Mn–Si–rich magnetite with ilmenite exsolution lamellae, fine grains of Fe–Mg-rich apatite and finest grains of baddeleyite, enriched in Mg, Fe, Si and Mn. The intermediate zone accommodates carbonate-free magnetite-rich phoscorites that carry medium to coarse grains of Mg–Al-rich magnetite with exsolution inclusions of spinel, medium-grained pure apatite and baddeleyite. The axial zone hosts carbonate-rich phoscorites and phoscorite-related carbonatites bearing medium-grained Ti–V–Ca-rich magnetite with exsolution inclusions of geikielite–ilmenite, fine grains of Ba–Sr–Ln-rich apatite and comparatively large grains of baddeleyite, enriched in Hf, Ta, Nb and Sc. The collected data enable us to predict such important mineralogical characteristics of the multicomponent ore as chemical composition and grain size of economic and associated minerals, presence of contaminating inclusions, etc. We have identified potential areas of maximum concentration of such by-products as scandium, niobium and hafnium in baddeleyite and REEs in apatite.     

Mechanisms of retrograde changes in oxide minerals from the Proterozoic Serrote da Laje deposit,northeastern Brazil

Retrograde textural and chemical changes in oxide minerals from the Proterozoic Serrote da Laje deposit, northeastern Brazil, have been investigated. The deposit is situated in a mafic-ultramafic layered sill. Oxidation and cooling leading to successively decreasing diffusion rates resulted in disequilibrium on the microscale. Pleonaste in particular shows a rapid change in composition between (a) coarse grains in a granoblastic magnetite host, indicating metamorphic peak conditions, (b) coarse lamellae in magnetite, indicating commencement of exsolution, and (c) composite pleonaste — ilmenite lamellae in magnetite, which indicate oxidation exsolution. Barren rock layers cooled under more oxidized conditions compared with oxide-rich layers. Formation of pleonaste- and ilmenite lamellae in magnetite and ilmenite — hematite relations are discussed.     

Mineralogical Characteristics of Exsolved Spinel in the Panzhihua V-Ti Magnetite Deposit, Sichuan: Implications for the Mineralization Process

Spinel exsolution is widespread in titanomagnetite from the Fe-Ti oxide gabbro of the Panzhihua intrusion, Emeishan Large Igneous Province, SW China. However, little research has been conducted into the implications of patterns in the mineralogical characteristics of the spinel for spatial variation in the controls on the exsolution mechanism and, hence, the formation process of the ore deposit. This study selected the Lanjiahuoshan Ore Block in the Panzhihua V-Ti magnetite deposit to explore this issue, systematically studying exsolution textures in the titanomagnetite through petrographic observation and the integrated use of in-situ microanalysis. The results show that the exsolved spinel gradually becomes finer-grained and less abundant from the center to edge and the bottom to top of the ore bodies. Compositionally, there is an inverse correlation between the size of exsolved spinel grains and their Mg# value. In addition, there is compositional zonation in the spinel interiors, with a gradual increase in the Mg content and decrease in Fe content from the core to the rim. The analysis suggests that fractional crystallization of ferrotitanium magma with a high oxygen fugacity in a shallow magma chamber caused compositional differences in the primary magnetite solid solution in different parts of the Panzhihua intrusion. Additionally, the thermal evolution of the magnetite solid solution differed in different parts of orebody, bringing about variations in spinel development. Together, these effects resulted in spatial variation in the abundance, grain size, and morphology of spinel in different parts of the orebody and intrusion that follows an identifiable distribution law. Furthermore, the compositional zonation of exsolved spinels reflects the rapid growth of exsolution features in a high-temperature environment. Thus, the size, morphology, abundance, and composition of spinel exsolution features in titanomagnetite provide a valuable petrogenetic tool for estimating the maturity and formational environment of the deposit.     

Experiental deformation of single crystals of biotite

Single crystals of biotite have been shortened up to 20% in compression tests parallel to [100], [110] and [010] directions at 3 Kbar confining pressure and temperatures from 300 to 700° C, and at a strain rate of 10^–4 sec^–1. Thick metal constraining sleeves were used and led to a distribution of kinking throughout the crystals. The orientation of kink boundaries, angle of bending and asymmetry of the basal plane across the kink boundaries and the axes of bending were measured. A minor amount of unidentified non-basal slip must have occurred to account for the assymmetry, but basal slip predominates at all temperatures. From the axes of bending, the discrete slip directions [100], [110] and [110] for basal slip are deduced. Increase in temperature mainly leads to a simpler pattern of kinking associated with the kinks being wider and the kinking angle larger, presumably as a result of greater mobility of dislocation walls that form the kink boundaries.In his summary table, Mügge lists these axes as [010] and [130] but the latter seems to be quoted in error, and in conflict with his text, in place of [310]. Borg and Handin (1966) have quoted the [130] indices as given by Mügge in his table. In the analysis of their own observations there has been a confusion between direction indices and plane normal indices. When this is corrected, their results would also indicate [100] and [110] as active slip directions in [001] (Borg, private communication).     

南极拉斯曼丘陵长英质片麻岩中夕线石的出溶现象

南极拉斯曼丘陵长英质片麻岩中的粗粒夕线石可能有内部出溶现象,出溶形成的矿物有磁铁矿、钛铁矿-赤铁矿和石英出溶矿物条纹,并有少量的斜方辉石.电子探针成分分析表明,本区夕线石高温结晶时不仅有Fe3 ,可能还有Fe2 、Mg2 和Ti4 的替换,铁氧化物质量分数可高达2.9%;随着温度的不断降低,固溶体互溶度也不断减小,大部分微量组分从夕线石中析出形成出溶结构,而且低温变体中稳定的替换元素以Fd3 为主.铁组分的类质同像替换对物理化学计算和夕线石矿化环境均有所影响,对夕线石晶胞参数a的影响很小,而对b,尤其对c的影响较大,与前人的结论有所不同.     

Spinel inclusions in olivine of peridotite xenoliths from TUBAF seamount (Bismarck Archipelago/Papua New Guinea): evidence for the thermal and tectonic evolution of the oceanic lithosphere

Olivine in spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Bismarck Archipelago northeast of Papua New Guinea, which were transported to the surface by Quaternary basalts, shows spinel inclusions up to 25 μm long and 200 nm wide. These inclusions mainly occur as inhomogeneously distributed needles and subordinately as octahedral grains in olivine of veined metasomatic peridotites as well as peridotites without obvious metasomatism. The needles very often occur in swarms with irregular spacing in between them. Similar spinel inclusions in olivine have only previously been reported from ultramafites of meteoritic origin. Composition and orientation of the spinel inclusions were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and analytical electron microscopy (AEM). Both the needles and the grains display a uniform crystallographic orientation in the host olivine with [001]^O1//[1ˉ10]_Spl and (100)_Ol// (111)_Spl. The needles eare elongated parallel [010] in olivine, which is the same in all olivine grains. As these needles have no relation to the metasomatic sections in the peridotite, it is concluded that they are primary features of the rock. Although the composition of the spinel needles is often very similar to the large chromian spinel octahedra in the matrix, the small octahedral spinel inclusions in olivine are in part Mg-rich aluminous spinel and sometimes almost pure magnetite. The spinel needles are suggested to have formed by exsolution processes during cooling of Al- and Cr-rich, high-temperature olivine during the initial formation of the lithospheric mantle at the mid-ocean ridge. The Al-rich spinel octahedra probably formed by the breakdown of an Al-rich phase such as phlogopite or by metasomatism, whereas the magnetite was generated by oxidizing fluids. These oxidizing fluids may either have been set free by dehydration of the underlying, subducted plate or by the Quaternary magmatism responsible for the transport of the xenoliths to the seafloor. Received: 25 May 2000 / Accepted: 12 July 2000