不同煤级煤的微孔介孔演化特征及其成因

为了探讨煤的微孔介孔演化特征及其成因,在华北二叠纪煤盆地,采取7个不同煤化程度的煤样,分别采用低压CO₂吸附法和液氮吸附法对各煤样的纳米孔隙进行表征;基于密度泛函理论、DA（Dubinin—Astakhov）、DR（Dubinin—Radushkevich）、BET、BJH等方程计算孔隙表面参数;分析煤的微孔（孔径<2 nm）和介孔（孔径2~50 nm）的孔径分布、孔容和比表面积随煤级变化的规律;并探讨微孔形成的主控因素及介孔的形成机制。研究结果表明:微孔孔容和比表面积与煤的镜质体反射率高度正相关,微孔在吸附中占绝对支配性主导地位;微孔孔径分布曲线呈双峰分布,不同煤级煤样的曲线形态相似,极微孔随煤级增加最快;介孔比表面积和孔容随煤级增加逐渐下降,介孔孔径分布呈单峰分布,随着煤级的增加,煤的BET比表面积先减少后增加,呈U形分布;微孔的形成应主要受控于煤的类微晶参数和芳香层片间的堆垛结构,而介孔的形成应主要受控于煤侧链的变化和煤的基本结构单元间隙。      

鄂尔多斯盆地西部侏罗系煤储层特征及有利区预测

在系统采集样品的基础上,通过对煤样的煤质、煤岩显微组分、煤相、煤岩显微裂隙分析及孔隙度和压汞孔隙结构测试,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地西部的煤层气储层物性特征,并采用多层次模糊数学评价方法,预测了煤层气资源分布的有利区。结果表明,该区侏罗系煤储层具有较强的生气潜力和储气能力,孔隙系统具双峰分布特点,以微孔-小孔和大孔为主,其中二道岭-汝箕沟地区具备"小而肥"的资源优势,是该区煤层气勘探开发的最有利目标区。      

煤相分析在煤储层评价中的应用

煤储层研究的重要内容是孔裂隙系统发育特征、渗透性及其空间不均一性特征。煤储层的孔裂隙特征决定煤储层的渗透性,而煤储层的孔裂隙特征主要取决于煤岩成分和煤级。对一个特定的煤层气田而言,煤级变化不大或者规律明显。煤岩成分往往成为控制煤储层渗透率分布不均性的主导因素。煤岩成分,包括有机显微组分和矿物质均受控于煤相。可以通过系统的煤相分析认识煤储层中煤岩成分、结构、层序等的空间展布特征,为科学预测煤储层的渗透率莫定基础。煤相分析在注重横向变化的同时,更强调垂向层序分析。     

沁水盆地南部煤储层显微裂隙发育的影响因素

为研究沁水盆地南部3号和15号煤储层显微裂隙的发育情况,借助扫描电镜显微裂隙分析、荧光显微镜显微裂隙统计、X射线衍射分析等手段,总结了地应力、煤岩显微组分、煤变质程度、煤中矿物质与显微裂隙发育的关系,探讨了影响煤储层显微裂隙发育主要因素。结果表明,该区煤储层显微裂隙较为发育,显微裂隙密度一般为7~59条/9 cm2,以C型和D型裂隙为主,扫描电镜下常见张性裂隙、剪性裂隙,对煤储层渗透性贡献较大,内生裂隙较少见。显微裂隙通常发育于镜质组中,裂隙密度随变质程度的升高表现出降低的趋势,煤中矿物的充填作用对于显微裂隙的发育影响较大,对煤样渗透性造成了直接破坏作用,地应力场的方向和大小控制着外生显微裂隙的开合程度,进而对煤储层的渗透性产生影响。因此认为,地应力和煤中矿物是影响该区煤储层显微裂隙发育的主要因素。      

煤中显微裂隙的成因类型及其研究意义

分析、归纳了大量的扫描电子显微镜观测结果，以煤岩学、构造地质学研究为基础，依据煤中显微裂隙的形态，大小、排列组合等发育特征，将内生裂隙进一步划分为失水裂隙，缩聚裂隙、静压裂隙，将外生裂隙进一步划分为张性裂隙，压性裂隙，剪性裂隙，松弛裂隙，描述了各类隙的发育特征，探讨了裂隙的演化，识别和影响裂隙发育的因素，裂隙成因类型的研究，有助于判断不同裂隙对煤储层渗透率的贡献。     

碎裂煤显微裂隙分形结构及其孔渗特征

构造煤特有的孔裂隙系统决定了其不同类型具有独特的储层物性,而以脆性变形为主的碎裂煤发育区是煤层气勘探的有利区。根据贵州发耳煤矿9件煤样的显微镜观测和压汞实验数据,分析了构造煤微观变形和显微裂隙分形特征,进而对煤样孔隙渗透特征进行了研究。结果表明:碎裂煤显微裂隙信息维数分布在1.2~1.8;以信息维数为指标,可将碎裂煤划分为3类,信息维数分布范围分别为1.2~1.4、1.4~1.7和1.7~1.8;脆性构造变形增加了孔隙系统中大孔和中孔的孔容,构造变形越强烈,脆性系列构造煤的渗透性能越好。      

云南恩洪地区煤储层孔裂隙特征及孔渗性分析

研究煤中孔隙和裂隙,对煤层气勘探开发至关重要。云南恩洪地区煤层气资源丰富,具有较好的开发前景。通过多种测试手段对该区煤层气储层的孔隙、裂隙进行了表征,分析了煤储层的孔渗特征,并探讨了煤中显微组分及不同类型的孔隙对储层孔渗性的影响。研究结果表明:恩洪地区煤层厚度大,煤级适中,微小孔发育,吸附能力强,有利于煤层气的吸附;渗流孔隙结构单一,非均质性不高,渗流能力相对较好,显微裂隙以较小微裂隙(D型)为主,定向性和连通性较差,可能造成渗流通道不连续和受阻等问题,导致渗透性变差,对将来煤层气的开发产生不利影响。      

沁水盆地南部煤中矿物赋存特征及其对煤储层物性的影响

煤中矿物可以影响煤储层物性,进而影响煤层气的开发。运用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究沁水盆地南部煤中矿物的种类、含量和赋存特征。基于煤储层的平衡水等温吸附实验和压汞实验,研究了沁南地区煤中矿物对煤储层吸附性能和孔渗性能的影响。结果表明,柿庄北区块3号和15号煤平均矿物含量分别为10.68%和12.81%,且15号煤硫化物含量较高。扫描电镜下可观察到充填煤储层胞腔孔、粒间孔隙和微裂隙的方解石、黄铁矿、高岭石和石英。孔隙度和渗透率以及兰氏体积和煤中大中孔比例均随灰分产率的增加而减小,表明煤中矿物的存在会降低煤储层的吸附性能和孔渗性能,煤储层中矿物充填主要影响煤的大中孔和裂隙,影响煤层气在割理和裂隙中的渗流,导致孔隙度和渗透率下降,而少量粘土矿物充填微孔可导致煤的吸附性能下降。     

潞安矿区煤储层裂隙及其与人工裂缝的关系

为了研究潞安矿区煤储层压裂人工裂缝与天然裂隙的关系,井下实测了矿区煤储层宏观裂隙,扫描电镜观测了煤储层显微裂隙;探讨了矿区含裂缝非均质煤岩破裂规律。对原位煤储层条件下人工裂缝沿天然裂隙扩展的最大水平主应力方向与天然裂隙走向夹角的临界值进行了计算。结果表明:矿区的漳村、司马、屯留、常村和五阳5个区块临界值分别为12.00°、9.22°、9.16°、8.56°和7.42°,当最大水平主应力方向与天然裂隙走向的夹角小于此临界角时,人工裂缝沿天然裂隙扩展,反之沿最大水平主应力方向扩展。据此,探讨了潞安矿区原位煤储层压裂裂缝沿天然裂隙扩展的3种模式。      

煤储层特性研究若干问题的思考

探讨了煤储层孔－裂隙系统的研究思路，借鉴有机岩石学的 理论和方法有助于查明孔－裂隙系统的类型，分布其对煤储层吸－脱附特性，渗透率的影响，并成为煤层气研究的重要内容。     

煤储层孔隙、裂隙系统研究进展

煤储层孔隙、裂隙系统由孔隙、微裂隙、内生裂隙和外生节理组成。煤相、煤阶、变质作用类型、构造作用和地下流体是影响煤储层孔隙、裂隙系统发育的关键因素。煤岩成分是煤储层孔隙、微裂隙、内生裂隙和外生节理发育的先决条件，而煤相控制煤的组成成分发育特征。煤阶及变质作用类型决定微裂隙和内生裂隙的发育程度。高温低压变质条件下形成的中高变质煤中，微裂隙和内生裂隙最发育。构造作用可以改造煤储层中的孔隙和微裂隙，但通常以影响煤储层中的外生节理发育最为明显。地下流体充填煤储层的孔隙、裂隙系统。其中地下稠性有机流体主要充填微裂隙和部分孔隙。岩浆气液挥发物在改造部分原有孔隙的同时，充填内生裂隙和部分微裂隙。含有无机沉积物的溶液主要充填外生节理和部分内生裂隙。     

Application of X-ray computed tomography for analyzing cleat spacing and cleat aperture in coal samples

New techniques to determine distributions of cleat aperture, cleat orientation and cleat spacing from CT scans have been developed. For cleat orientation and spacing distributions, two different coal blocks were scanned. The CT scans have been analyzed for the three orthogonal directions. Histograms of the cleat orientations are bimodal, expressing the typical cleat texture of face and butt cleats and bedding perpendicular relaxation fractures. Deviations up to 20° from the peak values in the cleat orientation distributions were used as input for automated image analysis of cleat spacing. Distributions of the cleat spacing measurements are related to the face and butt cleat directions. The term “relevant cleat length” is introduced as a measure to extract the amount of cleat length involved with the cleat spacing measurements. The ratio ranges from 0.03 to 0.38 and expresses the difference in cleat texture in both samples. Cleat spacing versus relevant cleat length shows sample specific patterns for face cleat, butt cleat and bedding. To describe cleat aperture quantitatively, peak height and missing attenuation have been used. The image of a cleat was seen as a convolution of a rectangular fracture profile with a Gaussian point spread function.     

沁水盆地煤层割理的充填特征及形成过程

煤层作为煤层气的源岩和储集层,与常规天然气储层不同在于煤储层是一种双孔隙岩层,由基质孔隙和裂隙组成,且有自身独特的割理系统,基质孔隙和割理的大小、形态、孔隙度和连通性等决定了煤层气的储集、运移和产出,其中以割理系统对煤层气的产出最为重要。本文以沁水煤田为例,对煤层割理、割理填充物类型、充填方式、自生矿物形成时代进行了研究,总结了填充物形成的先后顺序,并根据填充物的形成时代、煤层埋藏史等提出了割理形成的3种机制：埋藏增压机制;岩浆诱发机制;抬升卸压机制。     

煤层割理的形成机理及在煤层气勘探开发评价中的意义

在系统研究鄂尔多斯东缘晚古生代煤层割理的基础上，结合煤化作用和油气生成研究新成果，对煤层割理的形成机理进行了探讨。认为割理是煤化作用过程中，煤因生成水、烃及其它气体而产生收缩内应力和高孔隙流体压力，当其超过煤的力学强度时，致使煤发生张性破裂而形成。割理的原始走向受割理形成时期的古地应力场控制。进而指出中变质光亮煤和半亮煤中割理最发育，因此这些煤层分布区是煤层气勘探开发的优选靶区。     

考虑滑脱效应的低阶煤动态渗透率预测新模型

为准确预测低阶煤动态渗透率变化规律,在煤岩立方体模型基础上,考虑基质孔隙和滑脱效应对渗透率的影响,建立低阶煤动态渗透率预测新模型,并对影响绝对渗透率和滑脱系数的因素进行敏感性分析,讨论了甲烷和氮气对基质收缩与滑脱效应的影响。研究表明：基于“火柴棍”假设建立的模型是新模型不考虑基质孔隙时的一个特例,P-M、S-D模型与新模型相比基质收缩作用更加明显,考虑基质收缩与滑脱效应的新模型更具实用性。气体郎格缪尔应变是影响基质收缩的关键,煤岩绝对渗透率能否反弹是割理压缩、基质孔隙膨胀、基质弹性形变和基质收缩4个因素共同作用的结果。相同条件下,甲烷的基质收缩强于氮气,氮气的滑脱效应强于甲烷,影响滑脱系数的因素包括内因和外因,滑脱系数与割理宽度随孔隙压力变化时呈现相反规律。滑脱效应和基质收缩效应共同提升气测渗透率,煤岩孔隙压力越低,二者对渗透率的提升作用越明显。     

Determination of in-situ stress direction from cleat orientation mapping for coal bed methane exploration in south-eastern part of Jharia coalfield, India

Accurate prediction of in-situ stress directions plays a key role in any Coal Bed Methane (CBM) exploration and exploitation project in order to estimate the production potential of the CBM reservoirs. Permeability is one of the most important factors for determination of CBM productivity. The coal seams in Jharia coalfield generally show low permeability in the range of 0.5 md to 3 md. To estimate the in-situ stress direction in the study area, an attempt has been made to undertake the cleat orientation mapping of four regional coal seams of two underground coal mines located at south-eastern part of Jharia coalfield, India. Cleat orientation mapping is critical to determine the maximum principal compressive horizontal stress (S_H) direction for CBM exploration and exploitation, which in turn controls the direction of maximum gas or water flow though coal beds. From the field study it is found that the average face and butt cleat azimuths are towards N15°W and N75°E respectively. Average permeability of the four above-mentioned major coal seams has been calculated from well logs of nine CBM wells distributing over an area of 7.5 km², adjacent to the underground mines. The cleat orientations are congruous with the regional lineament pattern and fits well with the average permeability contour map of the study area to infer the orientation of in-situ maximum horizontal stress. Goodness of fit for the exponential regressions between vertical stress and permeability for individual coal seams varies between 0.6 and 0.84. The cleat orientation is further validated from the previous fracture analysis using FMI well log in Parbatpur area located southern part of the Jharia coalfield. The major coal seams under the study area exhibit directional permeability, with the maximum permeability, oriented parallel to the direction of face cleat orientation.     

Cleats and their relation to geologic lineaments and coalbed methane potential in Pennsylvanian coals in Indiana

Cleats and fractures in Pennsylvanian coals in southwestern Indiana were described, statistically analyzed, and subsequently interpreted in terms of their origin, relation to geologic lineaments, and significance for coal permeability and coalbed gas generation and storage. These cleats can be interpreted as the result of superimposed endogenic and exogenic processes. Endogenic processes are associated with coalification (i.e., matrix dehydration and shrinkage), while exogenic processes are mainly associated with larger-scale phenomena, such as tectonic stress.At least two distinct generations of cleats were identified on the basis of field reconnaissance and microscopic study: a first generation of cleats that developed early on during coalification and a second generation that cuts through the previous one at an angle that mimics the orientation of the present-day stress field. The observed parallelism between early-formed cleats and mapped lineaments suggests a well-established tectonic control during early cleat formation. Authigenic minerals filling early cleats represent the vestiges of once open hydrologic regimes. The second generation of cleats is characterized by less prominent features (i.e., smaller apertures) with a much less pronounced occurrence of authigenic mineralization. Our findings suggest a multistage development of cleats that resulted from tectonic stress regimes that changed orientation during coalification and basin evolution.The coals studied are characterized by a macrocleat distribution similar to that of well-developed coalbed methane basins (e.g., Black Warrior Basin, Alabama). Scatter plots and regression analyses of meso- and microcleats reveal a power-law distribution between spacing and cleat aperture. The same distribution was observed for fractures at microscopic scale. Our observations suggest that microcleats enhance permeability by providing additional paths for migration of gas out of the coal matrix, in addition to providing access for methanogenic bacteria.The abundance, distribution, and orientation of cleats control coal fabric and are crucial features in all stages of coalbed gas operations (i.e., exploration and production). Understanding coal fabric is important for coal gas exploration as it may be related to groundwater migration and the occurrence of methanogenic bacteria, prerequisite to biogenic gas accumulations. Likewise, the distribution of cleats in coal also determines pathways for migration and accumulation of thermogenic gas generated during coalification.     

我国焦煤煤层气资源潜力及其物性特征

我国2 000 m以浅的焦煤煤层气资源量约1.214 7×1012 m3,占全国煤层气总资源量的3.3%,主要分布在华北、西北和西南等三大含气区。为了评价我国焦煤煤层气资源潜力,收集和测试了全国范围内的82件焦煤煤样的煤岩、煤质、工业分析、压汞实验和等温吸附实验数据,研究结果表明:随着煤化程度的增加,焦煤碳元素质量分数增加,而挥发分、氧元素和氢元素逐渐减小,且氧元素减少的速度大于氢元素;焦煤大孔、小孔和微孔较为发育,中孔发育较差;比表面积主要集中在小孔和微孔,大孔和中孔对比表面积的贡献甚微;焦煤孔隙度和总孔容与煤阶之间显示出"U"型关系,当1.20%max<1.40%时,焦煤的孔隙度和总孔容随着煤化程度的增加而减少,在R_max=1.40%附近孔隙度和总孔容达到最低值,当1.40%max<1.70%,孔隙度和总孔容随着煤化程度的增加而增大;焦煤饱和吸附量平均约20.79 cm3/g,Langmuir压力随着煤化程度的增加而减小,Langmuir体积随着煤化程度的增加而增加。      

有效应力对高煤级煤储层渗透率的控制作用

为了探究有效应力对高煤级煤储层渗透率的控制作用及其应力敏感性的各向异性,对5块高煤级煤样进行了覆压孔渗实验,揭示了有效应力对煤储层渗透率的控制机理。以3.5 MPa模拟原始地层压力发现,煤岩在平行主裂隙和层理面方向具有最高的初始渗透率,垂直层理面方向初始渗透率最低;有效应力从3.5 MPa增加到15.5 MPa的过程中,渗透率呈现出良好的幂函数降低趋势;渗透率伤害/损失的各向异性表明平行主裂隙方向渗透率伤害率和损失率最大,且不同方向应力敏感性受裂隙的宽度及其展布方向的控制;裂隙压缩系数随应力的增加呈现降低趋势,但由于高煤级煤岩压缩难度大,裂隙压缩系数的各向异性不明显。有效应力对渗透率控制的实质为通过减小煤储层孔裂隙体积降低渗透率,从而对各个方向上的渗透率均造成较大的不可逆伤害。      

Characteristics and origins of coal cleat: A review

Cleats are natural opening-mode fractures in coal beds. They account for most of the permeability and much of the porosity of coalbed gas reservoirs and can have a significant effect on the success of engineering procedures such as cavity stimulations. Because permeability and stimulation success are commonly limiting factors in gas well performance, knowledge of cleat characteristics and origins is essential for successful exploration and production. Although the coal–cleat literature spans at least 160 years, mining issues have been the principal focus, and quantitative data are almost exclusively limited to orientation and spacing information. Few data are available on apertures, heights, lengths, connectivity, and the relation of cleat formation to diagenesis, characteristics that are critical to permeability. Moreover, recent studies of cleat orientation patterns and fracture style suggest that new investigations of even these well-studied parameters can yield insight into coal permeability. More effective predictions of cleat patterns will come from advances in understanding cleat origins. Although cleat formation has been speculatively attributed to diagenetic and/or tectonic processes, a viable mechanical process for creating cleats has yet to be demonstrated. Progress in this area may come from recent developments in fracture mechanics and in coal geochemistry.