沁水盆地南部煤层孔隙-裂隙系统及其对渗透率的贡献

基于常规孔渗测试、核磁共振、扫描电镜等分析,研究了沁水盆地南部煤储层孔隙-裂隙系统发育特征及其对渗透率的贡献。结果表明,煤样孔隙结构以吸附孔为主,渗流孔发育相对较差,可动流体孔隙度很小;多数煤样A类和B类较大裂隙所占比例不高,C类和D类较小裂隙较为发育;大孔孔隙度和微裂隙发育程度对渗透率影响最大。但本区煤样大孔孔隙度低,裂隙多被矿物充填,孔隙、裂隙之间连通性较差,对煤储层渗透率的贡献较小;多期发育的宏观构造裂隙可能对煤储层渗透性起到一定的改善作用。     

不同变质变形煤储层孔隙特征与煤层气可采性

煤储层孔隙是煤层气的主要聚集场所和运移通道,煤储层孔隙结构不仅制约着煤层气的含气量,而且对其可采性也有重要影响。文中选取淮北煤田和沁水盆地不同矿区有代表性的煤样,通过对研究区不同变质与变形煤样的宏微观构造观测、镜质组反射率与孔隙度测试以及压汞实验分析,研究了不同变质变形煤储层孔隙结构特征及其对煤层气可采性的制约。研究结果表明,按照不同的变质变形特征将研究区煤储层主要划分为5类,即:高变质较强至强变形程度煤储层(Ⅰ类)、高变质较弱变形程度煤储层(Ⅱ类)、中变质较强变形程度煤储层(Ⅲ类)、中变质较弱变形程度煤储层(Ⅳ类)及低变质强变形程度煤储层(Ⅴ类)。不同变质变形煤储层的孔隙结构具有以下特征:Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类煤储层吸附孔占主导,Ⅰ类煤储层孔隙连通性差,Ⅱ类煤储层因后期叠加了构造裂隙,孔隙连通性变好;Ⅲ类煤储层中孔、大孔增多,但有效孔隙少,孔隙连通性变差;Ⅳ类煤储层吸附孔较多,中孔、大孔中等,且煤储层内生裂隙发育,孔隙具有较好的连通性,渗透性明显变好;Ⅴ类煤储层吸附孔含量较低,中孔较发育,大孔不太发育,有效孔隙少,孔隙连通性差。由此,变质程度高且叠加了一定构造变形的煤储层(Ⅱ类)以及中等变质程度变形较弱且内生裂隙发育的煤储层(Ⅳ类),其煤层气有较好的渗透性,可采性较好。     

煤储层孔隙、裂隙系统研究进展

煤储层孔隙、裂隙系统由孔隙、微裂隙、内生裂隙和外生节理组成。煤相、煤阶、变质作用类型、构造作用和地下流体是影响煤储层孔隙、裂隙系统发育的关键因素。煤岩成分是煤储层孔隙、微裂隙、内生裂隙和外生节理发育的先决条件，而煤相控制煤的组成成分发育特征。煤阶及变质作用类型决定微裂隙和内生裂隙的发育程度。高温低压变质条件下形成的中高变质煤中，微裂隙和内生裂隙最发育。构造作用可以改造煤储层中的孔隙和微裂隙，但通常以影响煤储层中的外生节理发育最为明显。地下流体充填煤储层的孔隙、裂隙系统。其中地下稠性有机流体主要充填微裂隙和部分孔隙。岩浆气液挥发物在改造部分原有孔隙的同时，充填内生裂隙和部分微裂隙。含有无机沉积物的溶液主要充填外生节理和部分内生裂隙。     

云南恩洪地区煤储层孔裂隙特征及孔渗性分析

研究煤中孔隙和裂隙,对煤层气勘探开发至关重要。云南恩洪地区煤层气资源丰富,具有较好的开发前景。通过多种测试手段对该区煤层气储层的孔隙、裂隙进行了表征,分析了煤储层的孔渗特征,并探讨了煤中显微组分及不同类型的孔隙对储层孔渗性的影响。研究结果表明:恩洪地区煤层厚度大,煤级适中,微小孔发育,吸附能力强,有利于煤层气的吸附;渗流孔隙结构单一,非均质性不高,渗流能力相对较好,显微裂隙以较小微裂隙(D型)为主,定向性和连通性较差,可能造成渗流通道不连续和受阻等问题,导致渗透性变差,对将来煤层气的开发产生不利影响。      

沁水盆地中—南部煤储层渗透率主控因素分析

通过对沁水盆地中-南部井下煤层宏观裂隙的观测和统计, 将其按大小和形态特征划分为四级, 并在扫描电镜下对显微裂隙进行了系统描述和测量。在分析渗透率与地应力 (埋深) 、裂隙、储层压力和水文地质条件等相互关系的基础上, 指出影响本区煤储层渗透率的主控因素是地应力 (埋深), 在埋深相似的条件下, 其他因素对参透率起着更重要的作用。      

黔西地区煤层埋深与地应力对其渗透性控制机制

基于黔西六盘水煤田和织纳煤田16口井36层次的试井资料, 采用地质统计分析等方法, 探讨了黔西地区煤储层渗透性的展布规律与地应力特征, 论证了煤层埋深与地应力对其渗透性的控制机制.研究表明, 研究区煤储层以特低渗-低渗透率储层(＜0.1×10-9m2)为主, 中渗透率储层(0.1×10-9~1.0×10-9m2)也占有相当大比例; 应力场类型在浅部表现为大地动力场型, 一定深度可能转化为准静水压力状态.煤储层渗透率及其埋深的负幂指数关系较为离散, 但在不同深度渗透率转折点与地应力场类型转变一致; 单井煤储层试井渗透率差异较大, 随地应力增大和埋深增加而降低, 平面展布受地应力强度控制由SW-NE具"低-高-低"发育规律.埋深对渗透率的控制实质是地应力的控制, 区域构造位置及其所处高应力场作用下的煤体形变与破碎致使孔裂隙压缩或闭合是该区渗透性差异的主要控制机制.      

煤储层裂隙形成机理及其研究意义

煤储层的微裂隙与内生裂隙是煤中流体压力与有效地应力相互作用过程中高压流体间 歇性集中释放所致。煤的化学成分，孔隙特征及流体生成特征决定煤中裂隙的发育特征，水平有效地应力决定主内生裂隙面的发育方向。煤中流体的释放受流体压力，地应力和裂隙残余变形的影响。     

沁水盆地南部煤中矿物赋存特征及其对煤储层物性的影响

煤中矿物可以影响煤储层物性,进而影响煤层气的开发。运用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究沁水盆地南部煤中矿物的种类、含量和赋存特征。基于煤储层的平衡水等温吸附实验和压汞实验,研究了沁南地区煤中矿物对煤储层吸附性能和孔渗性能的影响。结果表明,柿庄北区块3号和15号煤平均矿物含量分别为10.68%和12.81%,且15号煤硫化物含量较高。扫描电镜下可观察到充填煤储层胞腔孔、粒间孔隙和微裂隙的方解石、黄铁矿、高岭石和石英。孔隙度和渗透率以及兰氏体积和煤中大中孔比例均随灰分产率的增加而减小,表明煤中矿物的存在会降低煤储层的吸附性能和孔渗性能,煤储层中矿物充填主要影响煤的大中孔和裂隙,影响煤层气在割理和裂隙中的渗流,导致孔隙度和渗透率下降,而少量粘土矿物充填微孔可导致煤的吸附性能下降。     

和顺地区煤储层裂隙系统评价与渗透率预测研究

通过对沁水盆地和顺登记区周边矿井实际资料的研究,综合分析了煤储层裂隙的发育特征,15号煤储层渗透率非均质性的变化因素,并结合有效地应力的变化,对该区储层渗透率进行了预测,按其渗透率的大小分为4个类型,同时综合煤层气选区评价的其他参数认为,Ⅰ类区是下步勘探的首选目标。      

滇东北地区煤储层现今地应力分布特征及渗透性预测

现今地应力分布与煤储层渗透性特征是影响煤层气勘探与开发效果的关键因素,但对滇东北地区二叠系煤储层而言,区域地应力与渗透性分布样式尚不清晰,影响着该区煤层气的高效开发。为此,本次研究在注入/压降地应力实测的基础上,利用有限元数值模拟分析了滇东北地区二叠系C5煤层现今地应力分布特征,结果显示:地应力分布呈现强非均质性特点,研究区北部和东南部的应力值较高,西部、东部以及构造带内的应力值较低。在地应力与渗透率量化关系构建的基础上,预测了煤储层渗透率,呈现东西高、南北低的格局。研究区内现今地应力对煤储层渗透性具有一定的控制作用,亦受埋藏深度等其他因素影响。研究成果期望能为滇东北地区煤层气勘探开发提供有益地质参考。     

煤中显微裂隙的成因类型及其研究意义

分析、归纳了大量的扫描电子显微镜观测结果，以煤岩学、构造地质学研究为基础，依据煤中显微裂隙的形态，大小、排列组合等发育特征，将内生裂隙进一步划分为失水裂隙，缩聚裂隙、静压裂隙，将外生裂隙进一步划分为张性裂隙，压性裂隙，剪性裂隙，松弛裂隙，描述了各类隙的发育特征，探讨了裂隙的演化，识别和影响裂隙发育的因素，裂隙成因类型的研究，有助于判断不同裂隙对煤储层渗透率的贡献。     

鄂尔多斯盆地富黄探区西部长6裂缝特征及控制因素

富黄探区西部长6裂缝特征及控制因素研究始终是勘探工作中的难点之一.通过对岩心和薄片中裂缝的观测统计、研究认为:宏观裂缝主要属于不受局部构造控制的区域裂缝,且以张性缝为主,垂直缝约占90％,约50％的裂缝未充填,属于开启缝;微观裂缝多属构造成因,成岩微裂缝较少,大多数微裂缝为有效缝.该区长6储层中微裂缝主要分布在浊积扇扇中边部,表现出较明显的“相控”性.滑塌构造、重力变形构造等的诱发机制可能是形成微裂缝的主要因素之一.岩性为裂缝发育奠定了基础,孔渗性变化对于该区长6储层裂缝发育有明显的控制因素.     

四川盆地东部下古生界页岩储集空间特征及其对含气性的影响

四川盆地东部下古生界海相页岩是一套有利的页岩气储层,通过野外泥页岩剖面及井下岩芯观察、电镜扫描、常规物性及微孔隙结构测试、等温吸附实验等技术方法,对页岩气储层空间特征进行了研究分析,发现下古生界页岩的孔隙可分为三大类六小类,裂缝可分为两大类五小类,具有颗粒细小、致密、大孔发育少、微孔发育多、具有一定孔隙度、渗透率小、喉道细、连通性差的特征。页岩总孔体积主体是由孔径小于200nm的微孔隙提供的,纳米级孔隙和微裂缝是页岩主要的储集空间,页岩有机质孔对于孔隙度具有一定贡献,是富有机质页岩的主要微孔隙类型。页岩的微孔隙结构决定了页岩气的赋存状态和流动方式,孔缝发育程度在一定程度上决定了页岩的含气性及其渗透性能,但大型或巨型裂缝的发育,将给页岩气的有效保存带来破坏。有机质(干酪根和沥青质)和黏土颗粒内的微孔隙表面是吸附态页岩气赋存的主要空间,但有机质孔提供了大部分具吸附性的孔比表面,是控制页岩吸附性能的主要因素,而黏土矿物的作用是次要的。     

Experimental studies relating to microfracture in sandstone

A fundamental understanding of the relation between stress concentrations at grain contacts and microfractures in granular aggregates is obtained through two-dimensional photomechanical model studies and is tested through observational studies of experimentally deformed sandstone discs, glass beads, and quartz sand.In uncemented aggregates, the state of stress in each grain is controlled by the manner in which the applied load is transmitted across grain contacts. The angles between lines connecting pairs of contacts and the axis of the principal load acting at the boundaries of the aggregate determine which of all contacts will be most highly stressed or “critical”. Microfractures follow that maximum principal stress trajectory which connects critical contacts, and they propagate through those points where the magnitude of the local maximum stress difference is the greatest. Microfractures, therefore, are extension fractures. It then follows that both the locations and orientations of fractures can be predicted if the state of stress in the grains is known.Positioning of critical contacts depends primarily on sorting, packing, grain shapes, and the boundary load conditions applied to the aggregate. Some critical contacts and, therefore, microfractures tend to join together in a series or “chain”. Orientations of chains are most strongly influenced by the direction of the maximum compressive load at the boundary of the aggregate. A hydrostatic load applied on the boundaries of an aggregate can cause microfracturing within grains. Orientations for microfractures and contact lines are random in poorly sorted aggregates, but they are influenced by packing in well sorted aggregates.Grains of cemented aggregates are more highly stressed at their centers than at contacts. By analogy, microfracture orientations depend strongly on the position of the greatest load axis and only slightly on the low-magnitude stress concentrations at contacts. These microfractures parallel the greatest principal stress trajectory in regions where the magnitude of the maximum stress difference is greatest. These observations lead to the conclusion that fractures in grains of cemented aggregates are also extension fractures and should exhibit a higher degree of preferred orientation than in uncemented counterparts.These conclusions hold when cementing materials have about the same elastic moduli as the grains. Cements may be so weak that the aggregate behaves as if it were uncemented in terms of microfracture fabric, or so stiff that the major part of the load is transmitted by the cement, and the composite is no longer an aggregate in the mechanical sense.     

不同煤体结构煤的孔隙-裂隙分形特征及其对渗透性的影响

煤的孔隙-裂隙结构特征是研究储层渗透性的关键问题。为了定量描述孔隙-裂隙结构的复杂程度,以黄陇侏罗纪煤田永陇矿区郭家河井田原生结构煤和碎裂结构煤为研究对象,基于压汞实验数据和扫描电镜（SEM）图像,采用Menger分形模型和计盒维数方法,分别计算不同煤体结构煤的孔隙-裂隙分形维数;同时采用不同孔径段的孔隙体积比作为权重值,计算得到孔隙综合分形维数,探讨孔隙-裂隙结构分形维数和渗透率之间的关系。研究结果表明,脆性构造变形作用对孔隙整体复杂性,裂隙孔、渗流孔复杂性以及微观裂隙复杂程度均具有积极改造作用,对吸附孔结构复杂性具有均一化作用;微观裂隙分形维数与渗透率具有较高非线性关系,脆性构造作用改造下形成的碎裂煤,其具有的孔隙-裂隙结构优势配比是决定储层高渗透性的关键。因此,建议优先考虑弱脆性变形的碎裂结构煤为主体的断层、向斜和背斜区域进行煤层气抽采。      

Fracture development in Paleozoic shale of Chongqing area (South China). Part one: Fracture characteristics and comparative analysis of main controlling factors

Natural macro- and micro-fractures in the Longmaxi shale (Lower Silurian) from Yuye-1 well and the Niutitang shale (Lower Cambrian) from Yuke-1 well are characterized. Regional geological structural evolution and shale geochemistry (including TOC and mineral composition, etc.) are analyzed. The controlling factors of natural fractures in Palaeozoic shale in the southeast of Chongqing have been confirmed, which have been analyzed qualitatively or semi-quantitatively. The results show that fractures are abundant, in both the Longmaxi Shale and Niutitang shale, due to the multiphase strong tectonic movement in the southeast of Chongqing. Therefore, tectonic factors are the principal factors that control fracture development in the Paleozoic shale of this region, followed by the mineral composition of the shale. Vertically, the mineral composition of shale in Yuke-1 well has a high dispersion degree and a strong heterogeneity (the dispersion coefficients of quartz and dolomite were 0.48 and 1, respectively), therefore, the development and distribution of fractures are controlled by quartz and dolomite content in the Niutitang shale, moreover, the quartz content shows positive correlation with the fractures quantity, and fractures are most abundant where dolomite content up to 64.7%. While the mineral composition of shale in Yuye-1 well has a low dispersion degree and a strong homogeneity in a vertical position (the dispersion coefficients of quartz and plagioclase were 0.15 and 0.26, respectively), which shows unconspicuous control effect for fractures, therefore, the development and distribution of fractures are mainly controlled by the TOC content, moreover, the TOC content shows positive correlation with the fractures quantity. Fractures are sealed by calcite, quartz and pyrite. Although sealed fractures do not contribute to the permeability of the reservoir, they are important planes of weakness that tend to be reactivated by hydraulically induced fractures. SEM images show that intergranular pore is connected by microfractures, thereby, the validity of porosity has been improved. The mixed network of microfractures and micropore provide enhanced permeability or storage capacity for the reservoir.     

CO2相变致裂煤的显微构造特征与成因机制

CO₂相变致裂是一种高效增渗、增抽和消突的新型煤矿瓦斯治理技术,应用效果显著。该技术的核心是高压动力载荷作用于煤层的强化造缝及其卸压增渗效应。然而,新生裂缝的形貌特征以及破坏成因机制研究薄弱。目前井下厘米—米级尺度裂缝的观察和描述,主要用于揭示煤层的造缝增透机理。更小尺度的微米级显微裂隙研究,可更系统和全面描述裂缝的形貌和发育规律,揭示CO₂相变致裂作用下煤的破坏机理。应用自行研制的高压CO₂冲击大型物模试验装置系统,对无烟煤试件进行了120 MPa高压CO₂冲击,基于场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)的观察,研究了微米级裂隙特征、发育规律及其形成机理。结果表明：(1)致裂后煤样的割理系统充分沟通,形成多尺度的复杂微裂隙网络。(2)煤基质破碎并发育大量微米尺度的新生显微构造,发现了3种典型显微构造是“损伤坑”“三翼型”裂隙和“页理状构造”。(3) CO₂的超临界相、气相、或者二者的混合相态冲击破碎近喷孔端煤样,冲击波可能是试件远端破坏造缝的主要力学机制。(4)显微构造的形成和损伤演化...