黔西南泥堡金矿床金的赋存状态研究

泥堡金矿床是黔西南地区重要的卡林型金矿床,其产出原生矿石和氧化型矿石。前人对各类矿石进行了较多研究,但尚不清晰金在矿石中的赋存状态。通过对泥堡矿区不同类型矿石进行物相分析,结果显示,原生矿石中游离金和碳酸盐中的包裹金含量较低,硫化物中包裹金和硅酸盐中的包裹金占了绝大多数,平均占有率可达42.23%和43.66%,表明金矿化与以黄铁矿、毒砂为代表的硫化物和以石英为代表的硅酸盐有直接关联。氧化矿中金的存在形式主要为游离金,其平均占有率可达79%。黄铁矿的Au-As图解中,不同类型黄铁矿均落在Au溶解线下部,说明硫化物中金存在形式为固溶体金。金在成矿流体中可能以Au(HS)-2的形式存在,金的沉淀机制主要归结为流体不混溶作用和硫化作用导致载金络合物的解耦作用,前者为主要成矿机制。     

广西贵港六梅金矿地球化学研究

广西贵港六梅金矿床位于贵港市龙山矿田福六岭金矿区,为微细浸染型金矿床。矿床中主要矿石矿物为毒砂和黄铁矿。通过载金矿物毒砂和黄铁矿含金性、金浸出提取、晶体结构测定等方法,查明矿床的金存在形式。浸出率试验中平衡计算表明,载金矿物毒砂中的晶格金形式约占25%,超显微包体形式金约为75%。矿床流体包裹体测温和稀土元素地球化学研究表明,六梅金矿床为中-低温热液型矿床,成矿物质来源与地层有关。     

四川拉拉铁氧化物铜金矿床（IOCG）形成的矿相学证据

四川拉拉铜矿是我国西南重要的大型铜矿,并且共（伴）生丰富的金—钼—钴—稀土—铁可供综合利用。系统的矿相学研究表明,矿石矿物主要为热液磁铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、白铁矿和辉钼矿;矿床围岩蚀变种类较多,主要有黑云母化、硅化、碳酸盐化、钠长石化、钾长石化、磷灰石化、阳起石化、萤石化等;矿石结构包括自形- 半自形- 它形晶粒结构、交代残余结构、包含结构和枝状结构,矿石构造包括浸染状构造、条带状构造、脉状- 网脉状构造和角砾状构造;载铜矿物主要为黄铜矿,钴主要赋存于黄铁矿和白铁矿中,钼赋存于辉钼矿中,金主要以自然金或含银自然金形式赋存于黄铜矿、黄铁矿和叶碲铋矿中;磁铁矿中钛含量低,矿石中硫含量低,罕见铅锌硫化物矿物。因此,拉拉铜矿应属于典型的铁氧化物铜金矿床。     

陕西八卦庙金矿金的赋存状态及其可选性研究

八卦庙金矿床的金矿物主要为含银自然金,其粒度多为明金-显微金;主要以粒间金和裂隙金形式存在,包体金只占少数;主要载金矿物为石英、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿,单体金较为常见;金矿石可选性试验表明,八卦庙金矿床可以开发利用。     

河南上宫金矿床深部矿石特征及金的赋存状态

通过对上宫金矿床深部矿石特征及金的赋存状态的研究,讨论了该矿床深部的矿石类型、结构构造、物质组成、矿物成分、金的赋存状态等。研究表明:该矿床深部以原生矿石为主,矿石中矿物种类多样,主要金属矿物为黄铁矿,脉石矿物以石英和斜长石为主。金矿物主要为自然金,在矿石中分布不均匀,以粒间金和包裹金为主要赋存形式,两者含量达95.9%,粒度介于0.001～0.037mm之间。研究成果对区域上类似金矿床开展矿石特征及金的赋存状态研究具有一定借鉴意义。     

江苏仑山金矿床金的赋存状态和富集机理研究

江苏仑山金矿床为新发现的小型金矿床,金矿体赋存于白垩系杨冲组地层中,容矿岩石为碳质泥岩和泥质粉砂岩。金矿石中金属矿物以黄铁矿为主,少量黄铜矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿,非金属矿物为石英、方解石、萤石和绢云母等。成矿阶段分为沉积成岩阶段和热液阶段,后者又细分为Ⅰ和Ⅱ两个亚阶段,沉积成岩阶段和热液Ⅰ亚阶段为主要的成矿阶段。通过典型矿石的扫描电镜-能谱分析以及矿石矿物黄铁矿的电子探针分析,对仑山金矿床金的赋存形式和富集机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,仑山金矿床中金以显微不可见金和显微自然金二种形式存在,显微不可见金以纳米级自然金(Au0)和固溶体金(Au+)的形式赋存于黄铁矿中,自然金以粒间金和裂隙金的形式赋存于碎屑石英颗粒之间和碎屑石英裂隙中。沉积成岩阶段草莓状黄铁矿、细粒黄铁矿和针状黄铁矿的Co/Ni比值均大于1,暗示其可能受到后期热液作用影响。沉积成岩阶段容矿地层发生了金的预富集,后期热液成矿阶段流体叠加作用最终导致了仑山金矿床的形成。     

大平沟金矿床矿石特征与金的赋存状态

大平沟金矿床是受韧性剪切带控制的中温动力变质热液矿床，金矿石主要为蚀变糜棱岩型，夹少量钾长石石英脉型，矿石结构有变晶结构、交代－充填结晶结构两主要类型，矿石构造以块状构造、团块状构造、细脉状构造和浸染状构造为主。金呈独立金矿物（主要为自然金）出现，以包体金、裂隙金、连生金和粒间金等形式嵌布于黄铁矿、黄铜矿、石英、钾长石及方解石等主要载金矿和中，金矿物形态多样，粒度以中细粒为主。上述特点与我国东部地区产于太古变质岩（绿岩带）中的金矿床具有可对比性，也与矿床成因研究的认识相吻合。     

陕西略阳铧厂沟金矿床金的赋存状态研究

陕西略阳县铧厂沟金矿床为一正在开采的小型金矿床。利用野外观察、显微镜观察、电子探针扫描等综合分析技术对金矿石中金的赋存状态进行了研究。结果表明,金主要以独立矿物相存在,金的载体矿物主要为黄铁矿,其次为石英、白云石、黄铜矿、砷黝铜矿。金矿物均为自然金(成色为945～982),未发现含银自然金及银金矿等矿物。金的嵌布类型有包裹金、裂隙金、粒间金和连生金4种。矿石中自然金的粒度主要以显微微粒金(0.010～0.005 mm)为主(约占44%),其次是显微细粒金(0.020～0.010 mm)(约占22%)和显微极微粒金(0.005～0.001 mm)(约占19%)。显微中粒金—巨粒金数量较少(约占14%),但其面积含量较高(约占57%),对于矿石品位和储量来说非常重要。还讨论了铧厂沟金矿床自然金嵌布特征的地质意义以及金成色较高的成因。     

川西锦屏山地区金矿矿石特征及金的赋存状态研究

在对金矿石野外观察、镜下鉴定和电子探针观察的基础上,分析了对川西锦屏山地区金矿床中金的赋存状态,并对该地区金矿床的成因和矿石的加工技术性能进行了讨论。研究发现川西锦屏山地区金矿床的金矿石中金主要以自然金和包裹金两种形式存在,自然金主要呈片状、丝状赋存于其他矿物的颗粒之间,包裹金主要赋存于黄铁矿、黝铜矿、黄铜矿和方铅矿等矿物中,呈粒状、片状和丝状。矿石中主要的金属矿物组合为黄铁矿+黝铜矿+方铅矿+闪锌矿,含有自然铜、自然银和自然碲。研究区的金矿床可能为低硫、强还原热液改造形成,矿石样品的加工需按粗粒金的流程进行,矿石属于易加工矿石。     

五台山地区铁建造金矿地质和成矿作用

五台山地区铁建造金矿产于晚太古代绿岩带的条带状铁建造(BIF)中,成矿作用主要发生在碳酸盐相铁建造和富碳酸盐或富硅酸盐的氧化物相铁建造中,单一的氧化物铁建造成矿不好。韧性剪切带或褶皱构造为主要控矿构造。金矿物为自然金,成色高,金属硫化物为黄铁矿,黄硐矿很少,没有方铅矿。矿石金含量变化大,矿床规模小。成矿温度低,压力小,具浅成低温热液成矿作用特征。     

Experimental Study on Gold Dissolution from Hosting Minerals of the Hadamengou Gold Deposit and the Implications

The Hadamengou gold deposit is located in western part of the northern margin of the North China craton. It is a hydrothermal deposit related to alkaline magmatism. Dissolution of Au, Fe from pyrite and iron oxide （including magnetite and hematite） individual minerals in the three main types of ore shows： in iron oxides （magnetite and hematite）, Au and Fe were dissolved simultaneously and their solubilities are positively correlated, which means Au is mainly chemical-bonded （lattice gold） and/or colloidal-adsorbed in iron oxides; while in pyrite, on the contrary, Au dissolution obviously lags behind Fe and the solubility of Au shows negative relationship with that of Fe, which indicates Au is mainly hosted as grains of elemental gold （or native gold） within pyrite. Previous studies revealed that the Hadamengou gold deposit is characterized by intensive K-feldspathization and holds high content of iron oxides occasionally replaced by sulfides, which was caused by oxidizing K-enriched alkaline fluids under a stretching geodynamic setting. These geological features, together with the high Au-content in iron oxides, comparable with that of the Olympic Dam deposit in South Australia, suggest that this deposit is the first example of iron oxide-type gold deposits in China.     

福建尤溪肖板金矿床金的赋存状态及金矿物特征

肖板金矿床属受构造控制的中低温岩浆热液矿床,矿化类型为构造蚀变岩型。金多呈独立金矿物形式出现,少许呈分散状;金矿物以自然金为主,平均成色９３０,有少量银金矿和碲金矿。金矿物以包体金、裂隙金、连生金和粒间金等形式嵌布于黄铁矿、黄铜矿、石英、方铅矿及方解石等主要载金矿物中,且石英、方解石中较金属硫化物中占优势。金矿物形态各异,粒度以中细粒为主。     

The Nature of Ore‐forming Fluids of the Carlin‐type Gold Deposit in Southwest China: A Case from the Zimudang Gold Deposit

The Zimudang gold deposit is a large Carlin‐type gold deposit in the Southwest Guizhou Province, China, with an average Au content of 6.2 g/t. Gold is mainly hosted in the fault zone and surrounding strata of the F1 fault and Permian Longtan Formation, and the ore bodies are strictly controlled by both the faults and strata. Detailed mineralogy and geochemistry studies are conducted to help judge the nature of ore‐forming fluids. The results indicate that the Au is generally rich in the sulfides of both ores and wall rocks in the deposit, and the arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite are the main gold‐bearing sulfides. Four subtypes of arsenian pyrite are found in the deposit, including the euhedral and subhedral pyrite, framboidal pyrite, pyrite aggregates and pyrite veins. The euhedral and subhedral pyrite, which can take up about 80% of total pyrite grains, is the dominant type. Au distributed unevenly in the euhedral and subhedral pyrite, and the content of the Au in the rim is relatively higher than in the core. Au in the pyrite veins and pyrite aggregates is lower than the euhedral and subhedral pyrite. No Au has been detected in the points of framboidal pyrites in this study. An obvious highly enriched As rim exists in the X‐ray images of euhedral pyrites, implying the ore‐forming fluids may be rich in As. The relationship between Au and As reveals that the Au may host as a solid solution (Au⁺) and nanoparticles of native gold (Au⁰) in the sulfides. The high Co/Ni ratio (>1) of sulfides and the enrichment of W in the ores all reflect that the gold‐bearing minerals and ore‐forming process were mainly related to the hydrothermal fluids, but the magmatic and volcanic activities cannot be neglected. The general existence of Au and As in the sulfides of both ores and wall rocks and the REE results suggest that the ore‐forming fluids may mainly be derived from the basin itself. The enrichment of Tl suggests that the ore‐forming fluids may be enriched in Cl. The Ce and Eu show slightly or apparently negative anomalies, which means the ore fluids were probably formed under reducing environment. The Y/Ho ratios of ore samples fluctuate around 28, implying the bicarbonate complexation and fluorine were both involved in the ore‐forming process. Combined with the previous studies and our results, we infer that the ore‐forming fluids enriched Au, As, HS^? and halogen (F, Cl) were derived from the mixture of reducing basinal fluids and magmatic or volcanic hydrothermal fluids.     

甘肃李坝金矿围岩蚀变与金成矿关系

西秦岭地区是目前国内造山型和卡林型金矿找矿的热点地区之一,已发现的甘肃李坝造山型金矿为超大型规模。以李坝金矿6号矿带为例,系统地研究了其蚀变矿物组合、近矿围岩蚀变分带及相应的金矿化特征,总结了矿床(带)的蚀变分带模式。该模式具典型的中心式环带结构,可分为3个蚀变带,由中心向外依次为黄铁绢英岩化带、绢云母化带和绿泥石化带。蚀变矿物组合分别为黄铁矿+绢云母+石英±毒砂±白云母±电气石±方解石、绢云母+绿泥石+石英+黄铁矿±黑云母及绿泥石+黑云母±绢云母±黄铁矿;与这3个蚀变带相对应的是金的富集带、矿化带和无矿带。蚀变岩石物质组分迁移分析表明,围岩蚀变及其分带是热水流体/岩石反应时岩石化学组分发生迁移的结果,矿化伴随着蚀变发生,且金矿化与黄铁矿化和浸染状硅化关系最为密切。     

Gold Mineralization in Banded Iron Formation in the Amalia Greenstone Belt,South Africa: A Mineralogical and Sulfur Isotope Study

The Blue Dot gold deposit, located in the Archean Amalia greenstone belt of South Africa, is hosted in an oxide (± carbonate) facies banded iron formation (BIF). It consists of three stratabound orebodies; Goudplaats, Abelskop, and Bothmasrust. The orebodies are flanked by quartz‐chlorite‐ferroan dolomite‐albite schist in the hanging wall and mafic (volcanic) schists in the footwall. Alteration minerals associated with the main hydrothermal stage in the BIF are dominated by quartz, ankerite‐dolomite series, siderite, chlorite, muscovite, sericite, hematite, pyrite, and minor amounts of chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite. This study investigates the characteristics of gold mineralization in the Amalia BIF based on ore textures, mineral‐chemical data and sulfur isotope analysis. Gold mineralization of the Blue Dot deposit is associated with quartz‐carbonate veins that crosscut the BIF layering. In contrast to previous works, petrographic evidence suggests that the gold mineralization is not solely attributed to replacement reactions between ore fluid and the magnetite or hematite in the host BIF because coarse hydrothermal pyrite grains do not show mutual replacement textures of the oxide minerals. Rather, the parallel‐bedded and generally chert‐hosted pyrites are in sharp contact with re‐crystallized euhedral to subhedral magnetite ± hematite grains, and the nature of their coexistence suggests that pyrite (and gold) precipitation was contemporaneous with magnetite–hematite re‐crystallization. The Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio of the dolomite–ankerite series and chlorite decreased from veins through mineralized BIF and non‐mineralized BIF, in contrast to most Archean BIF‐hosted gold deposits. This is interpreted to be due to the effect of a high sulfur activity and increase in fO₂ in a H₂S‐dominant fluid during progressive fluid‐rock interaction. High sulfur activity of the hydrothermal fluid fixed pyrite in the BIF by consuming Fe²⁺ released into the chert layers and leaving the co‐precipitating carbonates and chlorites with less available ferrous iron content. Alternatively, the occurrence of hematite in the alteration assemblage of the host BIF caused a structural limitation in the assignment of Fe³⁺ in chlorite which favored the incorporation of magnesium (rather than ferric iron) in chlorite under increasing fO₂ conditions, and is consistent with deposits hosted in hematite‐bearing rocks. The combined effects of reduction in sulfur contents due to sulfide precipitation and increasing fO₂ during progressive fluid‐rock interactions are likely to be the principal factors to have caused gold deposition. Arsenopyrite–pyrite geothermometry indicated a temperature range of 300–350°C for the associated gold mineralization. The estimated δ³⁴S_ΣS (= +1.8 to +2.5‰) and low base metal contents of the sulfide ore mineralogy are consistent with sulfides that have been sourced from magma or derived by the dissolution of magmatic sulfides from volcanic rocks during fluid migration.     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of gold-bearing arsenian pyrite from the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit, Guizhou, China: implications for gold depositional processes

Arsenian pyrite in the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit in Guizhou, China, is the major host for gold with 300 to 4,000 ppm Au and 0.65 to 14.1 wt.% As. Electron miroprobe data show a negative correlation of As and S in arsenian pyrite, which is consistent with the substitution of As for S in the pyrite structure. The relatively homogeneous distribution of gold in arsenian pyrite and a positive correlation of As and Au, with Au/As ratios below the solubility limit of gold in arsenian pyrite, suggest that invisible gold is likely present as Au¹⁺ in a structurally bound Au complex in arsenian pyrite. Geochemical modeling using the laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of fluid inclusions for the major ore forming stage shows that the dominant Au species were Au(HS)₂⁻ (77%) and AuHS_(aq)⁰ (23%). Gold-hydroxyl and Gold-chloride complexes were negligible. The ore fluid was undersaturated with respect to native Au, with a saturation index of −3.8. The predominant As species was H₃AsO₃⁰ _(aq). Pyrite in the Shuiyindong deposit shows chemical zonation with rims richer in As and Au than cores, reflecting the chemical evolution of the ore-bearing fluids. The early ore fluids had relatively high activities of As and Au, to deposit unzoned and zoned arsenian pyrite that host most gold in the deposit. The ore fluids then became depleted in Au and As and formed As-poor pyrite overgrowth rims on gold-bearing arsenian pyrite. Arsenopyrite overgrowth aggregates on arsenian pyrite indicate a late fluid with relatively high activity of As. The lack of evidence of boiling and the low iron content of fluid inclusions in quartz, suggest that iron in arsenian pyrite was most likely derived from dissolution of ferroan minerals in the host rocks, with sulfidation of the dissolved iron by H₂S-rich ore fluids being the most important mechanism of gold deposition in the Shuiyindong Carlin-type deposit.     

胶东三山岛金矿床黄铁矿显微结构和微量元素特征:对金富集机制的指示

三山岛金矿床是位于胶东金矿集区西北部的超大型破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床.该矿床细致的矿相学及元素地球化学研究尚有不足,限制了对其金富集机制及过程的理解.基于野外地质调查和室内矿相学研究将该矿床划分为4个成矿阶段:石英?绢云母?黄铁矿阶段(I)、石英?金?黄铁矿阶段(I I)、石英?金?多金属硫化物阶段(I I I)和碳酸盐?...     

内蒙古哈达门沟金矿13号矿体地质地球化学特征

内蒙古哈达门沟金矿13号矿体以含金石英钾长石脉为主,金大部分以包体金形式存在,少数存在于黄铁矿间隙中。金的颗粒大小为0.05~0.25 mm。成矿元素组合特征中Au与Ag、Bi、Pb等亲硫元素具有很高的相关性,显示金的成矿与多金属硫化物联系很密切。通过数据分析,绘制了元素空间分布图,并建立了原生晕轴向垂直分带序列:Au-Pb-(Ni-Co-Ag-Zn-As-Hg )-Cu-W-Bi-Sb-Mo。由于成矿多期叠加特点导致Ag、Sb、As等元素异常同时存在和部分轴向分带序列分带特征不明显。与典型金矿分带序列对比发现,前缘晕元素Sb出现在分带序列的下部,地球化学参数在矿体下方(标高658 m附近)发生转折,这些都暗示深部有隐伏矿体存在,通过后续实际生产实践也验证了本文推测。     

陕西省铧厂沟金矿围岩蚀变和元素迁移特征

陕西省铧厂沟金矿床位于勉略缝合带以南,矿体受控于近东西向逆冲断层和韧脆性剪切带。本文以细碧岩矿带为例,系统研究了围岩蚀变分带及蚀变矿物组合,总结了矿床的蚀变分带模式。围岩蚀变以穿切细碧岩透镜体的剪切带为中心向外依次可划分为黄铁绢英岩化带、绢云碳酸盐化带和绿泥赤铁矿化带。蚀变矿物组合分别为黄铁矿＋铁白云石＋铬云母＋绢云母＋钠长石＋石英＋方解石、铁白云石＋绢云母＋钠长石＋石英±黄铁矿、（铁）绿泥石＋钠长石＋铁白云石＋赤铁矿＋钛铁氧化物＋石英±绿帘石。蚀变岩石组分迁移分析表明,在围岩蚀变过程中, SiO2、Na2O、Fe2O3T、MgO与Y等组分发生不同程度的迁出, K2O、CaO、Ba、Rb、Sr、Cr、Cu、Pb和挥发组分等迁入,并以黄铁绢英岩化带最为显著。金在成矿流体中以Au（HS）–2络合物迁移,成矿流体与富铁细碧岩之间的反应是金沉淀重要机制。     

桂西那弱银金矿床矿物组合特征及银和金的赋存状态研究

广西天峨那弱银金矿床以银矿为主,共/伴生金及铅、锌、锑等金属,矿物组合在右江盆地内为首次发现。矿体受那弱背斜及其轴向断层控制,赋矿层位为中三叠统百逢组含钙质浊积岩系。矿石矿物以硫锑铅矿、铁闪锌矿、黄铁矿、毒砂和方铅矿为主;脉石矿物主要有石英、方解石、绢云母等。主要矿石矿物由早到晚的生成顺序为:毒砂→黄铁矿→铁闪锌矿→硫锑铅矿→方铅矿。单矿物化学分析显示硫锑铅矿含Ag最高,其次为闪锌矿;黄铁矿含Au相对较高。EPMA测试结果表明Ag于方铅矿中含量最高,其次为硫锑铅矿;主要矿石矿物中毒砂含Au相对较高,其余矿物中Au含量均偏低。因矿石中的铅矿物主要为硫锑铅矿,可以认为那弱银金矿床的Ag主要赋存于硫锑铅矿中,Au主要赋存于毒砂与黄铁矿中,二者均以显微-次显微状态赋存于载体矿物中。根据矿物组合及其相互交代、切割关系等特征,将矿床划分为2个成矿期共4个成矿阶段。其中,第一成矿期为金的成矿期,矿物组合为黄铁矿和毒砂,由于后期成矿作用的叠加,仅保留一个成矿阶段;第二成矿期为银铅锌成矿期,矿物组合为方铅矿-闪锌矿-硫锑铅矿;包含第二至第四共3个完整的成矿阶段。该矿床Ag、Au共生是不同期次成矿作用叠加的结果。