浙东南后坑酸性蚀变岩帽地质及矿物学特征

蚀变岩帽在地表一般表现为陡倾的正地形，是高温、高氧逸度流体对围岩进行酸性淋滤，形成的一系列高级泥化和泥化等蚀变矿物组合。这种蚀变是浅成低温热液蚀变系统的一部分，其深部可能具有寻找斑岩型矿化的潜力。浙东南陆相火山岩地区普遍发育此种蚀变岩帽，但该类型蚀变常被前人定义为“次生石英岩”。本文选择其中典型的后坑蚀变岩帽，通过大比例尺蚀变填图、岩心编录，利用短波红外(ASD)、电子探针(EPMA)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS) 等分析技术手段，发现蚀变岩帽具有垂直方向和水平方向的蚀变矿物分带。垂直方向由深到浅依次发育刚玉-绢云母，绢云母-叶蜡石，明矾石-高岭石-地开石具分带特征；水平方向上从核部到边部依次发育多孔状石英-金红石、高级泥化带(明矾石-叶蜡石-高岭石-地开石-水铝石-Aluminum Phosphate and sulphates矿物)、泥化带(高岭石-伊利石-蒙脱石)。并得出以下几点认识：①后坑蚀变岩帽中明矾石短波红外特征吸收峰在1480~1491nm之间，以岩浆-热液成因的钾明矾石为主，含少量钠明矾石；②叶蜡石短波红外特征吸收峰在2167nm左右，分为两种成因：早期高级泥化阶段的绢云母经后期热液退变质蚀变而成以及早期高岭石经后期热液进变质作用形成；③蚀变岩帽根部的刚玉被后期热液蚀变形成绢云母，刚玉-绢云母蚀变带之下可能是黄铁绢英岩化带；④早期水铝石被后期热液蚀变形成地开石，代表了热液的多期次性；通过对比后坑蚀变岩帽与其他斑岩-浅成低温热液矿床(如Horse- Ivaal和Vuda等矿床)的蚀变矿物分带后，发现后坑蚀变岩帽蚀变矿物分带与这些典型矿床相似。本文认为后坑蚀变岩帽属于该成矿系统上部的浅成低温热液蚀变部分，其深部具有寻找斑岩矿床的潜力，同时提出浙东南其他发育在陆相火山岩中的蚀变岩帽也属于该蚀变系统，具有寻找斑岩型铜金矿床的较大潜力。     

蚀变岩帽的特征、成因以及在华南的分布探讨

Sillitoe（1995）蚀变岩帽（Lithocap）的定义为大范围富黄铁矿的硅化、高级泥化和泥化蚀变，在地质环境上位于古地表和浅成中-酸性岩浆侵入体之间。蚀变岩帽往往显示为突出的正地形，有助于寻找隐伏的斑岩矿化体。但蚀变岩帽在地表的范围往往多达几十个平方千米，又常常掩盖下覆斑岩矿床的蚀变矿化特征及其地球化学印记，因此大型的蚀变岩帽又给勘探工作带来一定的挑战。蚀变岩帽相关矿床的勘探需以地质填图为基础，结合近红外光谱分析（SWIR）进行蚀变填图，以及全岩地球化学以及矿物地球化学表现的元素或元素组合异常，来帮助定位热源或深部斑岩体。遥感和地球物理中的激电响应，也可以辅助定位岩体。华南地区的蚀变岩帽主要分布于长江中下游成矿带和东南沿海火山岩带。前人对安徽庐枞盆地中的矾山蚀变岩帽进行了系统研究，确定了矾山蚀变岩帽形成于白垩纪，与围岩砖桥组火山岩年龄一致。同位素和流体包裹体工作证明了形成矾山蚀变岩帽的流体主要为深部岩浆热液中的酸性气体与浅部大气降水的混合，在浅部高渗透率的火山岩及其岩性界面反应，广泛发育了一套硅化和高级泥化蚀变，指示与矾山相关可能存在斑岩和高硫型浅成低温热液铜金矿床。福建紫金山地区有中国最大的高硫型浅成低温热液矿床，主要赋存于紫金山蚀变岩帽中。紫金山蚀变岩帽的地质特征和蚀变分带已经研究的较为详细，但目前深部的侵入体还没有发现。浙江的蚀变岩帽是中国非金属矿产的重要来源，包括明矾石矿、地开石矿和红柱石矿等，这些蚀变岩帽与金属矿化的关系尚未有相关研究。根据目前的资料总结，有较多的蚀变岩帽分布在中国华南，这些蚀变岩帽特征典型，但目前的研究程度尚浅。现有的研究结果表明，华南的蚀变岩帽的成矿潜力巨大，可能存在一条巨型的斑岩-浅成低温矿床成矿带，具有广阔的找矿勘查前景，建议加强蚀变岩帽及相关矿床的找矿与研究工作。     

紫金山金铜矿床深部成矿作用研究和找矿前景评价的关键

紫金山铜金矿床是典型的高硫化浅成低温热液矿床, 发育巨厚的热液蚀变帽, 多孔状石英和高级泥化蚀变带等标志性特征; 特别是在金矿体之下出现垂直厚度超过1000米的巨大铜矿体, 属于蓝辉铜矿－铜蓝－硫砷铜矿－明矾石矿物组合的高硫化型浅成低温热液铜矿床类型, 铜硫化物的矿物学研究预示着深部可能变为斑岩型铜矿床。     

近红外光谱矿物分析技术在帕南铜-钼-钨矿区蚀变矿物填图中的应用

帕南矿区位于西藏冈底斯成矿带东段泽当矿田,具有形成中-大型斑岩型铜钼钨矿床的有利地质条件.使用近红外光谱矿物分析技术在帕南矿区北部进行了蚀变矿物填图,地表主要蚀变类型为青磐岩化及绢英岩化,有小范围泥化现象,未见高级泥化和钾化蚀变.根据蚀变矿物填图结果,结合物探、化探异常分布,推断在平面上主要成矿中心位于本次测区南西部,...     

秘鲁中部超大型特罗莫克斑岩-矽卡岩铜钼矿地质特征及区域成矿作用

秘鲁中部莫罗科查地区在板块俯冲引发的中新世构造-岩浆-热液作用下,形成了斑岩型、矽卡岩型、浅成低温热液型等多种铜钼铅锌银多金属矿化.文章选取该地区超大型特罗莫克铜钼矿床为典型矿床实例,通过岩石学、岩相学和年代学系统研究,深入剖析矿床的蚀变类型和矿化地质特征,并结合区域岩浆-热液作用过程,总结其区域成矿特点,以期为该区资源勘查工作提供参考.研究结果表明,作为典型的斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床,特罗莫克铜钼矿的成矿期花岗闪长岩、长石斑岩、石英斑岩及英安斑岩等多期岩体在9.4～7.3 Ma之间相继侵位,并伴随形成多种蚀变矿化,其中铜钼矿化主要形成于8.0～7.8 Ma.矿区主要发育钾硅酸盐化、绢英岩化、绿泥石化、黏土化、矽卡岩化、角岩化等典型的斑岩矿床蚀变特征,而矽卡岩中发育透闪石-阳起石、蛇纹石-滑石等多种钙质和镁质矽卡岩矿物.铜钼矿化以浸染状、细脉状、网脉状、块状等形式产出,且矿化自中心向外围,依次具有铜-钼→铅-锌→铅-银的元素分带.结合莫罗科查区域主要发育的3个持续了3.5～0.3 Ma的中新世岩浆热液中心(北侧Codiciada杂岩体、中部Toromocho岩体和西部Ticlio斑岩),以及与之相关的蚀变和矿化特征,笔者认为,围绕岩浆热液中心,区域成矿呈现中心斑岩-矽卡岩型、外围浅成低温热液脉型多金属矿化的分布规律,矿化整体呈现自中心向外围的铜—铜锌—铅锌银规律性分带特征,该类"多中心式"斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统的蚀变-矿化规律应在未来区域矿产勘查工作中引起重视.     

哈萨克斯坦努尔卡斯甘大型富金斑岩铜矿地质特征及金赋存状态

努尔卡斯甘富金斑岩铜矿位于中哈萨克斯坦,是中亚成矿域西段重要的早古生代斑岩型铜金矿床,其形成与早志留世花岗闪长斑岩和石英闪长玢岩有关。矿体由浸染状、(网)脉状和角砾状矿石组成,主要产于花岗闪长斑岩、石英闪长玢岩和石英闪长岩体内以及岩体周围的火山岩地层中。矿床内发育热液磁铁矿、金红石和热液硬石膏。矿区热液蚀变强烈,早期发育青磐岩化和钾钙硅酸盐化(钾长石-阳起石化),随后广泛发育中级泥化,到晚期发育绢云母化。铜矿化与钾钙硅酸盐化和中级泥化蚀变密切相关,矿石矿物主要为黄铜矿,少量斑铜矿和蓝辉铜矿。金矿化主要与中级泥化蚀变关系密切,少量与钾钙硅酸盐化蚀变有关。金矿物主要为细粒自然金和银金矿(多小于10μm)。自然金赋存在蚀变岩中,与硅酸盐矿物关系密切,分布在它们表面、颗粒之间(粒间金)、晶体内(包裹金)和内部裂隙之中(裂隙金,少量)。银金矿主要呈包裹金的形式赋存在于与中级泥化蚀变相关的热液角砾岩的黄铜矿胶结物中。努尔卡斯甘斑岩铜金矿床属于高氧化-高硫岩浆-热液成矿体系,金的大规模沉淀很可能与SO_2歧化反应以及磁铁矿和硬石膏大量结晶而造成的高氧化-高硫成矿热液的SO_4~(2-)/H_2S比值和pH显著降低有关。     

福建紫金山矿田西南铜钼矿段蚀变矿化特征及SWIR勘查应用研究

西南铜钼矿段位于中国著名的福建上杭县紫金山矿田内,是该矿田最新发现的另一个典型的斑岩型矿床。该矿床形成于白垩纪,矿化(浸染状和细脉浸染状)与成矿同期花岗闪长斑岩密切相关。围岩蚀变由深到浅分别为青磐岩化带、绢英岩化带、高级泥化-泥化蚀变带和氧化带。蚀变矿化期次可划分为:(早期)绢英岩化期、斑岩矿化期、浅成低温热液叠加期、成矿后期脉和表生期。其中,斑岩矿化期又可分为钾硅酸盐化阶段、青磐岩化阶段和(晚期)绢英岩化阶段;浅成低温热液叠加期主要为泥化-高级泥化蚀变。对比研究发现,西南矿段具有与典型斑岩矿床相似的矿化蚀变特征,但缺失钾化带且矿化规模小,成矿斑岩以岩枝状(非岩株状)水平侵位,产生非对称蚀变分带,据此推测西南矿段深部可能存在真正的成矿斑岩岩株和大储量及高品位的矿化中心。通过短波红外光谱(SWIR)研究发现,从矿化中心到外围,伊利石结晶度值(IC)和伊利石2200 nm吸收峰位值(Pos2200)均有明显的从高值到低值的变化趋势。此外,研究发现高IC值(2.1)和高Pos2200值(2203 nm)可作为紫金山地区勘查该类矿床的找矿标志。本研究可以为紫金山地区斑岩矿床的成矿规律认识和找矿勘查提供科学依据。     

岛弧-陆缘弧环境斑岩Cu±Mo±Au矿床勘查:地质标志应用

斑岩Cu±Mo±Au矿床(以下简称斑岩铜矿)因其巨大的经济价值而倍受勘查界重视。文章基于国内外,尤其是国外斑岩型铜-金(多金属)矿床最新勘查和研究进展,系统总结了岛弧-陆缘弧环境斑岩铜矿勘查地质标志及其找矿应用实践,包括:①大地构造环境分析,宏观上确定斑岩铜矿勘查选区。弧环境斑岩铜矿勘查应重点部署在与大洋俯冲有关的岛弧、陆缘弧等增生造山火山岩浆弧环境;②区域及矿田构造解析,不断缩小找矿靶区。与弧/造山带形成演化应力有关的超壳深大断裂系统控制矿带空间展布,断裂、褶皱、火山(地层)以及岩浆侵入等矿田构造体系控制矿床(体)分布;③岩石化学成分、矿物组成以及岩石结构等含矿斑岩体特征及成矿专属性判断,确定斑岩铜矿找矿目标体;④蚀变分带对成矿斑岩体和富矿区(矿体)指向。从深部到浅部、从核心到外围,钙碱性斑岩铜矿蚀变类型分别为钠-钙(硅酸盐)化、钾(硅酸盐)化、青磐岩化(细化为高温阳起石内带、中温绿帘石中带和低温绿泥石外带)、绢英岩化和泥化;碱性斑岩铜矿蚀变组合为钙-钾化、钾化、内青磐岩化带(阳起石-赤铁矿-绿帘石带)、外青磐岩化带(钠长石-阳起石带)和远青磐岩化带(绿泥石带);⑤岩帽特征对深部斑岩体和潜在富矿中心指向。钙碱性斑岩铜矿形成的岩帽由多孔状(晶洞发育)的硅质核,外侧高级泥化带(石英-明矾石带)和泥化带(高岭石±迪开石带)组成;碱性斑岩铜矿形成以钠长石化为核心、外围(上部)为钠长石-绢云母带的碱性岩帽;⑥脉体和角砾岩(筒)时空分布及其对勘查靶区(位)指向。A、B、D型脉以及C、M型脉等脉体类型、密度以及石英中残余硫化物详细填图是矿区勘查靶区定位和矿石品位预测有效指标之一;3大类、7种主要类型角砾岩在斑岩铜矿中时、空间分布可作为找矿评价的参考标志;⑦矿化元素、金属矿物和矿化类型分带及其找矿相互指示。从矿化中心到外围(浅部),出现[Mo-Cu→Cu-Mo(Au)→Cu-S(Au)]→[Pb-Zn(Au)]→Au-Ag(Mn)→Au(As,Sb)的元素分带,斑铜矿→黄铜矿→黄铁矿硫化物晕分带;斑岩型、矽卡岩型、次浅成环境脉型、高硫型和中硫型浅成低温热液型等矿化类型在斑岩铜矿成矿系统中分布具有显著的规律性,是勘查评价最重要的地质标志;⑧矿体剥蚀与保存,是评价矿田(体)找矿潜力重要因素。     

短波红外光谱技术在斑岩-高硫化型浅成低温热液矿床中的应用——以西藏铁格隆南超大型铜(金)矿床为例

铁格隆南铜(金)矿是西藏首例超大型斑岩-高硫化型浅成低温热液矿床.准确划分该矿床的蚀变分带对于后续的找矿勘探具有重要意义.本文主要运用短波红外光谱分析技术对西藏铁格隆南矿床进行蚀变矿物信息提取,同时利用X射线衍射辅助矿物识别;并结合岩相学和电子探针分析,对主要蚀变矿物绢云母的光谱特征进行系统梳理,构建铁格隆南矿区蚀变分带模型,探讨其勘查指示意义.结果表明:短波红外光谱清晰识别出高岭石、明矾石、地开石、叶腊石、绢云母、石膏、水铝石、蒙脱石8种蚀变矿物.根据蚀变矿物组合空间分布特征,从斑岩中心向外,可划分出钾硅酸盐化、绢英岩化、青磐岩化蚀变,在中浅部被高级泥化蚀变广泛叠加.矿区广泛产出绢云母,其主吸收谷波长介于2196～2215 nm(平均值为2206.6 nm)之间,且深部钾硅酸盐化带与绢英岩化带中的绢云母主吸收谷波长差异明显,钾硅酸盐化带中波长可大于2210 nm,可能是绢英岩化蚀变对钾硅酸盐化蚀变叠加改造的结果,绢英岩化带则集中于2206～2208 nm区间.绢云母1400 nm吸收峰波长(Pos1400值)和绢云母Al-OH的吸收深度(Dep2200值)与铜矿化强度呈现良好的耦合关系,可作为后续斑岩-浅成低温热液矿床勘查评价的重要指示标志.绢云母族矿物Al-OH吸收峰(Pos2200值)较小(＜2203 nm)且结晶度指数值越大(＞5.5)的区域揭示铁格隆南矿床的热液成矿中心主要位于ZK2404的深部.     

福建南部大矾山蚀变岩帽的明矾石特征及其找矿指示

含明矾石蚀变岩帽是斑岩-浅成低温热液成矿系统顶部的标志性蚀变,但关于其找矿指向性矿物——明矾石的特征系统地研究不够,特别是如何通过明矾石矿物学特征有效判断蚀变岩帽下伏的成矿潜力,是目前的难题。中国东南沿海地区已探明了以紫金山金-铜矿床、大矾山蚀变岩帽为代表的多个大型斑岩-浅成低温矿床和含明矾石蚀变岩帽,是探讨该问题的理想对象。文章以大矾山蚀变岩帽（面积约8 km²）为研究对象,利用短波红外光谱、电子探针、X射线衍射等技术分析手段,开展明矾石的矿物组合、类型和波谱等方面研究。结果表明,大矾山蚀变岩帽主要蚀变矿物为石英、明矾石、叶腊石、地开石、高岭石、白云母及少量蒙脱石,具有蚀变分带特征,中间主要为石英-明矾石-地开石和地开石-叶腊石蚀变带,南部主要为白云母化-蒙脱石蚀变带,北部为高岭石-白云母蚀变带。研究区的明矾石全为钾质明矾石,按晶形可分为粒状、叶片状和纤维状3种类型,明矾石颗粒普遍发育环带,暗示其形成过程中流体具脉冲式特征。明矾石的短波红外特征吸收峰在1477.69~1479.98 nm之间,具有从东南向西北逐渐变大的趋势,反映出热源可能位于西北部。结合区域地质背景,笔者认为大矾山蚀变岩帽是典型的酸性蚀变岩帽,该区的西北部靠近热源中心,其深部沿断裂带具有寻找浅成低温热液铜（金）矿床的潜力。     

Quaternary Volcanic-Related Acid Hydrothermal Alteration in the Ugusu Silica Stone Deposit, Western Izu Peninsula, Central Japan: Geology and Alteration

Acid alteration areas accompanying Quaternary volcanoes are widespread in the western Izu Peninsula, central Japan. The Ugusu alteration area is the largest among them and is mined for “silica stone” at the silica body in the core of the alteration area. Silica zone defined by previous studies is subdivided into highly leached brecciated silica zone and residual silica zone, which extend along a NNW‐SSE–NNE‐SSW direction of fractures/faults. Fe‐rich, alunite, advanced argillic alteration, and intermediate argillic alteration zones occur toward the outside surrounding the two silica zones. The ascent of acid hydrothermal fluid would be responsible for the silica zones and surrounding alteration zones at an earlier stage, while the hydrothermal brecciation and silica veins were caused by a limited supply of silica‐saturated fluids at later stages. Based on the available mineral stability relations and fluid inclusion thermometries, the formation temperatures are estimated to be: >300°C for the residual silica zone; >290°C for the diaspore association in the advanced argillic alteration zone; and <260°C for the kaolinite association in the intermediate argillic alteration zone. The later stage quartz druses have been formed at 200–260°C. The Ugusu–Fukata acid hydrothermal systems were active at 1.5–1.2 Ma, which were temporally related to the Tanaba Andesite volcanism. Hydrothermal system at the Seikoshi gold–silver deposit survived until 0.7 Ma after the volcanism. In the western half of the Izu Peninsula, subduction of the Philippine Sea plate underneath the Suruga Trough caused nearly N–S‐trending maximum horizontal compressive stress (σ_Hmax) and the resultant formation of similarly trending alteration areas and Au‐Ag vein‐type deposits in the Ugusu‐Toi‐Seikoshi area. From a practical viewpoint, at the Ugusu silica stone deposit, the fracture‐controlled vertical morphology of the silica body provides an important guide for exploration. Because the alteration zones occur both in the lower and upper sides of the silica bodies, it is important to make sure to which side the alteration zones correspond.     

Fluid evolution,wallrock alteration,and ore mineralization associated with the Rodalquilar epithermal gold-deposit in southeast Spain

At Rodalquilar gold mineralization is found in Late Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Sierra del Cabo de Gata and is related to a caldera collapse. Radial and concentric faults were preferred sites for gold deposition. Hydrothermal activity produced a specific alteration zoning around gold-bearing vein structures, grading from an innermost advanced argillic via an argillic into a more regionally developed propylitic zone. Advanced argillic alteration with silica, pyrophyllite, alunite, and kaolinite extends down to several hundred m indicating a hypogene origin. High-grade gold mineralization in vein structures is confined to the near-surface part of the advanced argillic alteration. Fine-grained gold is associated with hematite, jarosite, limonite, or silica. At a depth of about 120 m, the oxidic ore assemblage grades into sulfide mineralization with pyrite and minor chalcopyrite, covellite, bornite, enargite, and tennantite. Two types of fluids from different sources were involved in the hydrothermal system. Overpressured and hypersaline fluids of presumably magmatic origin initiated the hydrothermal system. Subsequent hydrothermal processes were characterized by the influx of low-salinity solutions of probable marine origin and by interactions between both fluids. Deep-reaching, advanced argillic alteration formed from high-salinity fluids with 20–30 equiv. wt% NaCl at about 225°C. Near-surface gold precipitation and silification are related to fluids with temperatures of about 175°C and 3–4 equiv. wt% NaCl. Gold was transported as Au(HS) ₂ ^– , and precipitation resulted from boiling with a concomitant decrease in temperature, pressure, and pH and an increase in fO₂. All features of the Rodalquilar gold deposit reveal a close relationship to acid-sulfate-type epithermal gold mineralization.     

Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Low Sulfidation

Abstract. The Pantingan Gold System (PGS) is a vein-type epithermal prospect exposed within the summit caldera of Mount Mariveles, Bagac, Bataan (Luzon), Philippines. It consists of nine major veins, eight of which trend NW-WNW and distributed in an en echelon array. The eastern tips of these veins appear to terminate near the NE-NNE trending Vein 1, which is located in the easternmost portion of the prospect. Metal assay results on vein and wall rock samples indicate concentrations of 0.01 to 1.1 g/ton Au, trace to 34 g/ton Ag and 0.003 to 0.02 % Cu. Andesite lava flow deposits host the PGS. Potassium-Argon isotopic dating of these andesites yields anarrow age range of 0.88± 0.13 to 1.13 ± 0.17 Ma. The surface exposures of the veins (up to 5 m wide) are encountered at different levels between 590–740 masl. These commonly display a massive texture although banding prominently occurs in Vein 1. The veins consist of gray to cream-colored crystalline and chalcedonic quartz and amorphous silica. Pyrite is the most ubiquitous sulfide mineral. It occurs either as fine-grained disseminations and aggregates in quartz or as infillings in vugs. Calcite, marcasite and bornite are also occasionally noted in the deposit. The prospect shows silicic, argillic, propylitic and advanced argillic alteration zones. Silicic and argillic alterations are confined in the immediate wall rocks of the quartz veins. Argillic alteration grades to a propylitic zone farther away from the veins. The advanced argillic alteration zone, indicated by a suite of acidic clay minerals that include kaolin-ite, dickite, pyrophyllite and alunite, might have been imprinted during the late stages of gold deposition. As a whole, the PGS displays geological and mineralogical features typical of gold mineralization in a low sulfidation, epithermal environment. It is also representative of a young, tectonically undisturbed gold deposit.     

印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛马塔比(Martabe)浅成低温热液型金-银矿床的地质特征与找矿标志

马塔比矿床位于印度尼西亚北苏门答腊省,是印度尼西亚近年确认的一处世界级高硫浅成低温热液型金-银矿床。文章在梳理前人研究的基础上,对其成矿地质特征与找矿标志进行了总结,以丰富该类型矿床实例,指导找矿实践。该矿床金银矿化呈现典型的高硫型浅成低温热液系统蚀变分带特征,由内而外依次发育硅化带、高级泥化带、泥化带、青磐岩化带。赋矿英安岩的锆石U-Pb 定年结果为（3.8±0.5）Ma,热液变质成因明矾石的Ar-Ar 坪年龄分别为（3.3±0.11）Ma 和（2.14±0.10）Ma,表明成岩与成矿间隔时间较短,且可能存在两期高级泥化蚀变作用。成矿作用既有岩浆热液又有大气水的参与,后期地表风化作用使金和银进一步富集。马塔比矿床具有高硫型浅成低温热液矿床的典型特征,总结其找矿标志包括构造环境标志、岩性标志、蚀变标志和化探标志。     

Hydrothermal Alteration of the Saplica Volcanic Rocks,Sebinkarahisar, Turkey

A widespread, intense hydrothermal alteration zone has developed in the Cretaceous Saplica volcanics as a result of the intrusion of Late Cretaceous-Paleocene granitoids. The propylitic, phyllitic (sericitic), and argillic alteration along with hematite, silica polymorphs, and two types of tourmaline mineralization developed under a wide range of Eh and pH conditions.

Alunite, kaolinite, and silica are abundant in the argillic alteration, whereas sericite dominates in the phyllic alteration. Most of the major alunite deposits are located along the periphery of the Saplica volcanic rocks and in addition contain alunite, kaolinite + quartz ± opal ± cristobalite. Illite and pyrite, barite, and gypsum also occur in small amounts.

Major and trace elements are concentrated in, or were leached from, the volcanic rocks, depending upon the alteration types. In general, Al + K and Mg + Ca + Fe were enriched in the alunitic + sericitic and propylitic alteration types, respectively. On the other hand, Ca, Mg, and Fe were leached during argillic alteration, and Fe was concentrated in hematite formation. Strong leaching of Na was determined for alteration types. Silica generally decreased in argillitic (kaolinitic and alunitic) alteration zones. Most trace elements were mobile during hydrothermal alteration. Y, Sc, Mo, Cr, Co, Ni, and Zn tend to be mobile in acid aqueous systems, and thus are nearly absent in these alunitic alteration zones. In the surrounding kaolinitic envelope, these elements are present at background (average) or slightly higher concentrations. Rb and Sr contents are high in the alunitic and kaolinitic zones. Barium is highest near the alunite zone because of the relative insolubility of barite in acidic solutions. Pb and Cu contents increase in the propylitic zone. Such hydrothermal alteration zones can be used effectively in the exploration and evaluation of mineral resources of the eastern Black Sea region.     

Porphyry to epithermal transition in the Agua Rica polymetallic deposit, Catamarca, Argentina: An integrated petrologic analysis of ore and alteration parageneses

Agua Rica (27°26′S–66°16′O) is a world class Cu–Au–Mo deposit located in Catamarca, Argentina. In the E–W 6969400 section examined, the Seca Norte and the Trampeadero porphyries that have intruded the metasedimentary rock are cut by interfingered igneous and hydrothermal heterolithic and monolithic breccias, and sandy dikes. Relic biotite and K-feldspar of the early potassic alteration (370° to > 550 °C) with Cu (Mo–Au) mineralization are locally preserved and encapsulated in a widespread, white mica + quartz + rutile or anatase halo (phyllic alteration) with pyrite + covellite that suggests fluids with temperatures ≤ 360 °C and high f(S₂). The Trampeadero porphyry and the surrounding metasedimentary rock with phyllic alteration have molybdenite in stringers and B-type quartz veinlets and the highest Mo grades (> 1000 ppm).Multistage advanced argillic alteration overprinted the earlier stages. Early andalusite ± pyrite ± quartz is preserved in the roots of the argillic halo rimmed by an alumina–silica material and white micas. This alteration assemblage is considered to have been formed at temperatures ≥ 375 °C from condensed magmatic vapor. At higher levels, pyrophyllite replaces muscovite and illite in clasts of hydrothermal breccias in the center and east sector of the study section, suggesting temperatures of 280 to 360 °C. Clasts of vuggy silica in the uppermost levels of the central breccia, indicates that at lower temperatures (< 250 °C), fluids reached very low pH (pH < 2). In this early stage of the advanced argillic alteration, hydrothermal fluids seem to have not precipitated sulfides or sulfosalts.Hydrothermal brecciation was concurrent with fluid exsolution (↑? V), which precipitated intermediate-temperature advanced argillic alunite (svanbergite + woodhouseite) ± diaspore ± zunyite as breccia cement along with abundant covellite + pyrite + enargite ± native sulfur ± kuramite at intermediate depths and in lateral transitional zones to unbrecciated rocks. This mineral assemblage indicates temperatures near 300 °C, oxidized and silica-undersaturated hydrothermal fluids with high sulfur fugacity to prevent gold precipitation. Multiple generations of pyrite, emplectite, colusite, Pb- and Bi-bearing sulfosalts, and native sulfur with Au and Ag, accompanied by alunite introduction in the upper level breccias, probably occurred at lower temperatures, but still high sulfur and oxygen activity. An independent Zn and Pb (as galena) mineralization stage locally coincides with Au–Ag and sulfosalts, and advanced at depth, controlled by fractures and overprinting much of the previous mineralization. A later paragenesis of veinlets of alunite + woodhouseite + svanvergite + pyrite ± enargite that cut the phyllic halo suggests temperatures ~ 250 °C and without woodhouseite + svanvergite, temperatures ~ 200 °C. Kaolinite occurs in the phyllic halo as a late mineral in clots and in veinlets thus, in this zone, the fluid had cooled enough for its formation.     

Late Miocene Magmatic-Hydrothermal Systems in the Jozankei-Zenibako District, Southwest Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract: Hydrothermal systems related to magmatic intrusions in the Jozankei-Zenibako district, southwest Hokkaido are examined, based on field observations, K-Ar ages, and alteration mineral assemblages. The study reveals five major magmat–ic–hydrothermal systems of Late Miocene in age, comprising Ogawa (9. 7 Ma), Jozankei (9. 5–9. 0 Ma), Otarunaigawa (8. 7 Ma), Asarigawa (8. 8 and 6. 7 Ma) and Hariusu (6. 7 Ma). The Ogawa system is related to granodiorite, and the Jozankei, Otarunaigawa and Asarigawa systems are related to quartz porphyry.
The Ogawa system includes potassic, sericitic, propylitic and advanced argillic alteration as well as base-metal mineralization, represented by the Toyotomi deposit. The Jozankei and Otarunaigawa systems lack significant potassic alteration, and are accompanied by sericitic and propylitic alteration. The Otarunaigawa system is associated with base-metal mineralization at Toyohiro and Inatoyo. The Asarigawa and Hariusu systems include advanced argillic and argillic alteration, as well as iron sulfide deposits. The presence of potassic alteration only in the Ogawa system is ascribed to deeper emplacement (˜3 km from the surface) of the intrusive magma. These systems formed in terrestrial environments that existed from ca. 11 Ma to 8. 5 Ma and after 7. 5 Ma in the district.
Age–data compilation shows that the major advanced argillic alteration events in southwest Hokkaido, including those in the Jozankei-Zenibako district, formed during the periods from 9. 7–6. 5 Ma and 3. 5–1. 5 Ma. These periods correspond to the timing of normal subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the Northeast Japan arc. Normal, in contrast to oblique, plate subduction is characterized by andesitic, polygenetic volcanism and associated advanced argillic alteration.     

河南省皇城山高硫化型浅成低温热液型银矿床识别特征及其找矿意义

经过详细的野外勘查和热液蚀变、矿物标型特征研究,并结合稳定同位素研究资料综合分析,首次提出皇城山银矿床为浅成低温热液矿床中的高硫化型矿床。该矿床以发育多孔状石英岩的硅化带和高级泥化带为特征,组成矿石的金属硫化物以黄铁矿、铜蓝和辉铜矿等高硫金属硫化物组合为标志。矿石中闪锌矿的低Fe高T1和强内反射显示低温闪锌矿标型特征。...     

Mineral Paragenesis of the Lepanto Copper and Gold and the Victoria Gold Deposits, Mankayan Mineral District, Philippines

Abstract: Mineral paragenesis of the alteration, ore and gangue minerals of the Lepanto epithermal copper‐gold deposit and the Victoria gold deposit, Mankayan Mineral District, Northern Luzon, Philippines, is discussed. The principal ore minerals of the Lepanto copper‐gold deposit are enargite and luzonite, with significant presence of tennantite‐tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, native gold/electrum and gold‐silver tellurides. Pervasive alteration zonations are commonly observed from silicification outward to advanced argillic then to propylitic zone. The ore mineralogy of the Lepanto copper‐gold deposit suggests high f_S2 in the early stages of mineralization corresponding to the deposition of the enargite‐luzonite‐pyrite assemblage. Subsequent decrease in the f_S2 formed the chalcopyrite‐tennantite‐pyrite assemblage. An increase in the f_S2 of the fluids with the formation of the covellite‐digenite‐telluride assemblage caused the deposition of native gold/electrum and gold‐silver tellurides. The principal ore minerals of the Victoria gold deposit are sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite and native gold/electrum. The alteration halos are relatively narrow and in an outward sequence from the ore, silica alteration grades to illitic‐argillic alteration, which in turn grades to propylitic alteration. The Victoria gold mineralization has undergone early stages of silica supersaturation leading to quartz deposition. Vigorous boiling increased the pH of the fluids that led to the deposition of sulfides and carbonates. The consequent decrease in H₂S precipitated the gold. Gypsum and anhydrite mainly occur as overprints that cut the carbonate‐silica stages. The crosscutting and overprinting relationships of the Victoria quartz‐gold‐base metal veins on the Lepanto copper‐gold veins manifest the late introduction of near neutral pH hydrothermal fluids.