博格达造山带东段早石炭世火山岩地球化学特征及构造属性

博格达造山带东段克孜库都克地区七角井组玄武岩和中酸性火山碎屑岩及少量流纹岩在时空上构成双峰式火山岩组合。玄武岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为331.0±3.0Ma,属于早石炭世晚期;Si O2含量为47.68%~48.82%,Ti O2含量(1.83%~2.17%)略高于N型大洋中脊玄武岩,高Al(Al2O3含量为15.56%~16.09%),富钠贫钾(Na2O/K2O=5.44~7.76),低Mg(Mg O含量为5.97%~7.17%,Mg#为43~47),表明其原始岩浆发生过明显的橄榄石和辉石的分离结晶作用。玄武岩具有近于平坦的稀土配分模式,轻微负Eu异常(δEu=0.89~0.93),相对富集Rb、Ba、P,亏损Th、Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti等不相容元素。火山岩岩石地球化学特征表明:研究区玄武岩可能是亏损尖晶石相地幔橄榄岩向石榴石相地幔橄榄岩过渡的产物,且在其上升过程中受到较弱程度的地壳物质混染,形成于陆内裂谷环境,其地球动力学体制可能与古亚洲洋壳向先存的准噶尔-吐哈陆块斜向俯冲,产生的侧向撕裂力拉张陆块有关。克孜库都克地区早石炭世玄武岩构造属性的确立进一步证实了博格达造山带在石炭纪时期处于大陆裂谷演化过程的观点,为进一步深入理解博格达地区石炭纪构造岩浆演化过程提供了新的地质与年代学依据。     

四川省沐川地区峨眉山玄武岩元素地球化学特征与成因探讨

本次研究对分布于峨眉山大火成岩省(ELIP)中带,四川省沐川地区的玄武岩进行元素地球化学研究,初步探讨了其成因。研究表明,该玄武岩具有高钛(TiO_2=3.81%～5.15%,Ti/Y=605.95～939.83)、高铁(TFe_2O_3变化于13.78%～17.61%)和相对低镁(MgO=3.50～5.16)的特点,属高钛碱性玄武岩系列。玄武岩Lu/Yb比值较低(0.11～0.15),在原始地幔标准化的微量元素蛛网图上,Ti显示正异常,Ta,Nb显示正常-弱负异常,指示母岩浆仅受到少量下地壳物质的混染。在Harker图解中,MgO与SiO_2呈负相关,与Al_2O_3/CaO,TFe_2O_3,TiO_2,P_2O_5,Cr呈正相关,暗示岩浆上升过程中很可能发生了橄榄石、单斜辉石、Ti-Fe氧化物(磁铁矿、钛铁矿)、磷灰石等矿物的分离结晶作用。玄武岩的元素地球化学组成显示岩浆源自OIB型地幔源区,进一步Sm/Yb,La/Yb比值分析显示,源区以石榴石二辉橄榄岩为主。由于峨眉山大火成岩省(ELIP)中、外带包括沐川、昭通、贵州和广西等地的高钛玄武岩具有相似的元素地球化学组成,且在Ti/Yb-Nb/Th图解上未显示大陆岩石圈地幔物质加入的趋势,推测这些玄武岩很可能是地幔柱头部物质在石榴石稳定区发生低程度部分熔融所形成。     

盐津地区峨眉山玄武岩地球化学特征及成因分析

峨眉山火成岩省东部盐津地区玄武岩的岩石地球化学分析结果表明,盐津玄武岩w(SiO2)为47.97%~52.33%,w(Na2O+K2O)为3.35%~6.57%,Ti/Y值为496.29~567.80,w(TiO2)为3.60%~4.14%,属于钙碱性高钛玄武岩(HT)。岩石LREE/HREE值为7.34~7.88,轻稀土元素富集,分馏程度高,总体亏损Ba,K,Sr,P。高场强元素Nb/U比值为26.39,Ce/Y-Sm/Y和Th/Nb-Ce/Nb等比值均呈明显正相关系,表明盐津地区峨眉山玄武岩受到了明显地壳混染作用。Nb-Nb/Y和La-La/Sm图解中样品投点呈倾斜直线,表明盐津玄武岩岩浆受分离结晶作用影响较弱,δEu值为0.86~0.93,CaO/Al2O3与Mg#无明显相关关系,以及镜下观察均表明仅有少量斜长石、单斜辉石的分离结晶。盐津玄武岩与盐源和越西等地高钛玄武岩地球化学特征相似,具地幔柱成因特征,岩浆可能起源于富集地幔。分配系数相近的强不相容元素Ce/Sm比值为25.50,La/Yb-Sm/Yb图解中样品靠近石榴石尖晶石二辉橄榄岩区域,表明岩浆源区为石榴石尖晶石二辉橄榄岩。     

中祁连东段兴隆山群基性火山岩锆石U-Pb定年及岩石成因研究

兴隆山群主体为一套浅变质、变形较强的碎屑岩与基性火山岩建造组合,可分为下、中、上三个组.岩石学、主量元素和微量元素地球化学研究揭示:下组基性熔岩为玄武岩或玄武安山岩,SiO2含量高(50.97%～54.70%),TiO2含量小于1%(0.74%～0.75%),MgO含量较低(3.76%～4.20%);稀土总量高,轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损;微量元素原始地幔标准化分配型式显示出岛弧火山岩或受地壳混染的大陆玄武岩特有的Nb-Ta和Ti负异常.中、上组基性火山熔岩为细碧玢岩或细碧岩,SiO2含量较低(45.71%～49.58%),TiO2含量多大于1%,MgO含量较高(5.75%～9.88%);轻稀土亏损,重稀土富集;微量元素原始地幔标准化分配型式为平坦型.兴隆山群基性火山岩均为亚碱性拉斑系列火山岩,源岩浆在演化过程中经历了plag cpx[±ol]的分离结晶作用.下组基性熔岩形成于大陆板内拉伸环境,岩浆上升过程中经历了较强的地壳混染作用;中、上组基性熔岩形成于拉张较为强烈的构造环境,具N-MORB型地球化学特征,代表洋壳的出现.上组基性熔岩LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示最新的岩浆锆石年龄为713±53Ma,结合区域地质特征,推断兴隆山群形成年龄极有可能为新元古代.具明显岩浆结晶特征的锆石年龄构成1.0～1.2Ga的最大峰值,可能是与Rodinia超大陆形成有关的岩浆事件在该地区的响应.兴隆山群提供了Rodinia超大陆形成后一段不完整的由大陆伸展至洋壳发育阶段的地质历史记录.     

博格达造山带东段芨芨台子地区晚石炭世双峰式火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

博格达造山带东段芨芨台子地区出露大量晚石炭世早期双峰式火山岩组合,岩石类型以亚碱性玄武岩为主,含有少量的流纹岩,属拉斑系列。其玄武岩富钠贫钾(Na2O/K2O=2.84~3.01),Ti O2含量为1.32%~1.43%,略高于N型大洋中脊玄武岩,高Al(Al2O3含量为19.81%~20.60%)、低Mg(Mg O含量为2.95%~3.25%,Mg#为32.33~34.50),表明其原始岩浆发生过明显的橄榄石和辉石的分离结晶作用。玄武岩具有近于平坦的稀土配分模式,轻微正Eu异常(δEu=1.02~1.10,平均为1.04),富集Rb、Ba、P等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Th、Sr、Ti等高场强元素的特征;其微量元素Zr/Nb比值41.13~41.38,Zr/Y比值4.26~4.52(均大于4.00),Rb/Sr比值0.02~0.04(均小于0.05),Dy/Yb比值1.92~2.00,La/Nb比值2.42~2.49,Ba/Nb比值113.58~126.05,Ba/La比值47.02~50.62以及火山岩Zr-Nb、La/Yb-Dy/Yb和La/Nb-La/Ba等判别图解,表明玄武岩可能是亏损尖晶石相地幔橄榄岩向石榴石相地幔橄榄岩过渡相较高程度部分熔融的产物,且在其上升过程中受到一定程度的地壳物质混染,显示了板内玄武岩的地球化学特征,形成于陆内裂谷环境。流纹岩具有较高的Si O2(76.54%~77.74%)和全碱(Na2O+K2O=6.70%~7.70%)含量,以及较低的Ti O2(0.15%~0.16%)、Al2O3(10.70%~10.90%)和Mg O(0.17%~0.18%,Mg#为13.93~14.52)含量;显示右倾负斜率稀土配分模式,铕负异常明显(δEu为0.32~0.33),显著富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta,强烈亏损Sr、Ti、P等高场强元素,指示流纹岩应来自于玄武岩浆上升过程中提供的热量对地壳物质重熔,源区有斜长石残留。芨芨台子地区双峰式火山岩的地球化学特征表明该套火山岩应形成于大陆裂谷环境,同时获得流纹岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(312±1)Ma,表明该套火山岩形成于晚石炭世早期。进一步的Rb-Sr地壳厚度网络图投影表明当时博格达地区地壳厚度为20.0~30.0 km,而且根据Zr-Zr/Y图解推断其地壳拉张速率介于2.0~5.0 cm/a,表明早石炭世早期开始的博格达初始裂谷在晚石炭世早期进一步快速拉张,发展到鼎盛阶段,也代表着博格达地区由碰撞挤压到伸展拉张这个地球动力学环境的重大转折,这一发现进一步证实了博格达造山带在石炭纪处于大陆裂谷演化的观点,为进一步理解博格达地区晚古生代构造格局及板块构造体制提供了重要的地质依据。     

桂西巴马地区极高Ti/Y值基性岩地球化学特征——来自峨眉山地幔柱高Ti母岩浆?

桂西地区位于扬子地块西南缘,越北地块以北。桂西巴马等地出露层状—似层状基性岩(辉绿岩和玄武岩),该地区的基性岩成因对于理解该区构造—岩浆作用具有十分重要的意义。对桂西巴马基性岩进行了岩石学和地球化学研究,对其岩石成因和岩浆源区特征进行了讨论。研究表明,桂西巴马基性岩属于碱性玄武质岩,相对富集轻稀土元素和Nb、Ti等微量元素,与峨眉山大火成岩省高Ti玄武岩相似,说明其与峨眉山地幔柱具有相关性。然而,对比峨眉山高Ti玄武岩,巴马基性岩表现出更高的Ti/Y值。不相容元素比值特征表明,桂西巴马基性岩岩浆演化呈现更高的Nb/Y值等演化趋势。结合Dy/Dy*与Dy/Yb、Ti/Y的协变关系,对桂西基性岩与峨眉山玄武岩岩浆源区中稀土元素的分异特征进行判别,揭示出桂西巴马基性岩和峨眉山高Ti玄武岩具有同源性。然而,巴马基性岩地幔熔融程度更低,可能是峨眉山大火成岩省外带的地幔柱岩浆作用延伸的结果,代表了峨眉山地幔柱高Ti玄武岩母岩浆的特征。     

桂西巴马地区极高Ti/Y 值基性岩地球化学特征——来自峨眉山地幔柱高Ti母岩浆？

桂西地区位于扬子地块西南缘,越北地块以北。桂西巴马等地出露层状—似层状基性岩（辉绿岩和玄武岩）,该地区的基性岩成因对于理解该区构造—岩浆作用具有十分重要的意义。对桂西巴马基性岩进行了岩石学和地球化学研究,对其岩石成因和岩浆源区特征进行了讨论。研究表明,桂西巴马基性岩属于碱性玄武质岩,相对富集轻稀土元素和Nb、Ti等微量元素,与峨眉山大火成岩省高Ti玄武岩相似,说明其与峨眉山地幔柱具有相关性。然而,对比峨眉山高Ti玄武岩,巴马基性岩表现出更高的Ti/Y值。不相容元素比值特征表明,桂西巴马基性岩岩浆演化呈现更高的Nb/Y值等演化趋势。结合Dy/Dy?与Dy/Yb、Ti/Y的协变关系,对桂西基性岩与峨眉山玄武岩岩浆源区中稀土元素的分异特征进行判别,揭示出桂西巴马基性岩和峨眉山高Ti玄武岩具有同源性。然而,巴马基性岩地幔熔融程度更低,可能是峨眉山大火成岩省外带的地幔柱岩浆作用延伸的结果,代表了峨眉山地幔柱高Ti玄武岩母岩浆的特征。     

新疆博格达中段木垒地区七角井组火山岩岩石地球化学特征及构造意义

博格达构造带木垒地区早石炭世七角井组内发育大量双峰式火山岩,火山岩的SiO_2含量在48%～65%之间出现明显的间断,具有Daly成分间断。其玄武岩具有贫K富Na、富Ti、富Al和Mg的特征,K_2O/TiO_2、K_2O/P_2O_5值高且变化范围较大,总体显示玄武质岩浆后期存在轻度地壳混染作用;英安岩具有贫K富Na、低Ti和P,和共生玄武岩的特征不同。玄武岩轻稀土中度富集,轻、重稀土元素之间存在中等分异;英安岩相对于玄武岩,稀土元素总量高于2～3倍,轻重稀土分异明显,显示为右倾且斜率较大的配分模式,具有较强的负Eu异常(δEu=0.89～0.93)。玄武质岩浆可能为亏损地幔的部分熔融作用形成,英安质岩浆可能为地壳物质重熔形成。综合分析认为博格达早石炭世处于弧后裂陷盆地环境。     

华北龙岗第四纪玄武岩：岩石成因和源区性质

华北克拉通东北缘龙岗第四纪玄武岩的地球化学研究为大陆碱性玄武岩的成因以及源区的性质提供了重要的依据。龙岗第四纪玄武岩为碱性玄武岩,具有类似 OIB 的 REE 和微量元素分配特征。岩石的 Sr-Nd 同位素轻度亏损(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.7044～0.7048,ε_(Nd)=0.6～2.1),具有 Dupal 异常的高放射性成因 Pb 同位素组成(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb:17.734～18.194,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.553～15.594,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.322～38.707)。这种地球化学特征指示了原始岩浆起源于<70km 深度的地幔,并经历了一定程度的橄榄岩、单斜辉石和钛-铁氧化物的结晶分异。岩浆源区中以来类似 MORB 软流圈物质的熔体为主,另外有少量来自 EM Ⅰ性质的富集岩石圈地幔以及俯冲流体/熔体的物质贡献,显示了深部岩石圈-软流圈一定程度的相互作用以及太平洋板块俯冲的影响。岩浆源区多种端元组分的存在表明该地区岩石圈的减薄/置换受到多种因素的影响。     

大兴安岭哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山岩地幔源区与岩浆成因

哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山地处重力梯度带上的大兴安岭中段。火山岩主要类型为钠质系列碱性橄榄玄武岩。火山岩大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素相对富集,轻重稀土分异程度弱((La/Yb)N=8～12),稀土元素和微量元素配分曲线与大同碱性玄武岩平行,总体上表现出与OIB相似的特征。在Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成特征上表现出亏损地幔的特点(εNd=4.8～5.9),接近MORB的源区范围。哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山岩岩浆由轻稀土富集的石榴子石二辉橄榄岩低程度(8%～15%)部分熔融产生,火山岩高MgO(>9%)、Ni(>200×10-6)和Mg#(60～70),表明它们是较原始的岩浆,岩浆上升过程经历了橄榄石和辉石为主的弱分离结晶作用,没有受到地壳物质明显混染。区域伸展作用引发软流圈地幔上涌是哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山的岩浆成因。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.