博格达造山带东段萨尔乔克地区早石炭世双峰式

博格达造山带东段萨尔乔克地区出露大量早石炭世晚期双峰式火山岩组合,其岩石类型主要有亚碱性玄武岩、英安岩和流纹岩,主体属拉斑系列。玄武岩w(SiO2)为48.69%~52.09%,w(TiO2)(1.16%~1.34%)略高于N型大洋中脊玄武岩,w(Al2O3)高(17.44%~20.86%)、w(MgO)低(3.05%~4.98%)、富钠贫钾(Na2O/K2O=1.82~3.04),表明其原始岩浆发生过明显的橄榄石和辉石的分离结晶作用;玄武岩具有近于平坦的稀土元素配分模式,Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.87~1.06),相对富集Rb、Ba、P,亏损Nb、Ta、Th等不相容元素。火山岩地球化学特征表明研究区玄武质岩浆来自于亏损石榴石地幔橄榄岩在一定深度(约75km深度)情况下发生10%~20%的部分熔融,且受到一定程度的地壳物质混染,显示了板内玄武岩的地球化学特征,形成于陆内裂谷环境。中酸性火山岩具有较高的w(SiO2)(70.29%~75.46%)和全碱[w(Na2O+K2O)=5.13%~9.90%],以及较低的w(TiO2)(0.25%~0.30%)、w(Al2O3)(12.85%~15.88%)和w(MgO)(0.36%~1.01%);显示右倾负斜率稀土元素配分模式,铕负异常明显(δEu为0.36~0.86,平均为0.64),富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素,指示中酸性火山岩起源于地壳物质的部分熔融,源区有斜长石残留。萨尔乔克地区双峰式火山岩的地球化学特征表明该套火山岩应形成于大陆裂谷环境,同时获得中酸性火山岩中锆石的U-Pb年龄为(320.3±1.1)Ma,表明该套火山岩形成于早石炭世末期。结合进一步的地壳w(Rb)-w(Sr)和Zr/Y-w(Zr)判别图解,表明早石炭世早期开始的博格达初始裂谷在早石炭世晚期进一步快速拉张,发展到成熟阶段。这一发现进一步证实了博格达造山带在石炭纪处于大陆裂谷演化的观点,为进一步理解博格达地区晚古生代构造格局及板块构造体制提供了重要的地质依据。     

博格达造山带东段萨尔乔克地区早石炭世双峰式火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

博格达造山带隶属天山造山带东段,其南北两侧分别被吐哈盆地和准噶尔盆地所夹持,东邻克拉麦里—莫钦乌拉蛇绿岩带,大地构造位置十分重要,长期以来备受地质学家的广泛关注。到目前为止,关于博格达造山带晚古生代构造属性的认识,国内外学者尚有不同的看法,有人认为应为裂谷[1-7],有人倾向于岛弧[8-9],也有人认为应为弧后盆地[10-11]。然而越来越多的研究成果表明博格达造山带石炭纪的构造属性更倾向于裂谷环境[4-6,12-13]。近年来,许多学者在博格达山南北两侧发现了大量的双峰式火山岩[5-7,10,12-13],这对研究博格达造山带晚古生代构造属性具有较全面的指示意义。王银喜等[4-5]报道了博格达山东段七角井地区发育早石炭世双峰式火山岩,获得该双峰式火山岩之玄武岩和流纹岩的Rb-Sr等时线年龄分别为342Ma和340 Ma,并认为博格达裂谷火山活动应始于早石炭世。王金荣等[6]在博格达造山带东段西地—伊齐—小红柳峡一带的地质调查过程中,发现大量晚石炭世柳树沟组双峰式火山岩及早二叠世卡拉岗组酸性火山岩建造,并认为博格达山前身裂谷岩浆作用结束于晚石炭世末期(柳树沟组双峰式火山岩组合中流纹岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为296 Ma),早二叠世为裂谷闭合造山作用,早二叠世末进入后造山伸展的演化阶段(卡拉岗组流纹岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为278 Ma)。然而,前人的研究多集中在博格达裂谷开合阶段,关于该裂谷的发育程度以及早石炭世末期裂谷双峰式火山岩组合等研究至今尚未见详细报道。近期,笔者在博格达造山带东段萨尔乔克一带的地质调查过程中,发现该地区出露大量早石炭世晚期双峰式火山岩组合,其岩石类型主要为亚碱性玄武岩、英安岩和流纹岩,主体属拉斑系列。玄武岩w(Si O2)为48.69%~52.09%;w(Ti O2)为1.16%~1.34%,略高于N-MORB;w(Al2O3)高(17.44%~20.86%)、w(Mg O)低(3.05%~4.98%)、富钠贫钾(Na2O/K2O=1.82~3.04),具有近乎平坦的稀土配分模式,Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.87~1.06),相对富集Rb、Ba、P,亏损Nb、Ta、Th等不相容元素,指示其原始岩浆来源于亏损石榴子石地幔橄榄岩在一定深度(约75 km深度)情况下发生10%~20%的部分熔融,且受到了一定程度的地壳混染,形成于陆内裂谷环境。中酸性火山岩具有较高的w(Si O2)(70.29%~75.46%)和全碱质量分数(w(Na2O+K2O)=5.13%~9.90%),以及较低的Ti O2(0.25%~0.30%)、Al2O3(12.85%~15.88%)和Mg O(0.36%~1.01%)质量分数;显示右倾负斜率稀土配分模式,铕负异常明显(δEu为0.36~0.86),富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素,指示中酸性火山岩起源于地壳物质的部分熔融。火山岩地球化学特征表明该套火山岩应形成于大陆裂谷环境,同时获得英安岩中锆石U-Pb年龄为(320.3±1.1)Ma,属早石炭世末期。进一步的Rb-Sr地壳厚度网络图投影表明当时博格达地区地壳厚度为20~30 km,而且根据Zr-Zr/Y图解推断其地壳拉张速率为2~5 cm/a,表明从早石炭世早期开始的博格达裂谷在早石炭世晚期进一步快速拉张,发展到成熟阶段。这一发现进一步证实了博格达造山带在石炭纪处于大陆裂谷演化的观点,为进一步理解博格达地区晚古生代构造格局及板块构造体制提供了重要的地质依据。     

东天山博格达晚石炭世双峰式火山岩地球化学特征及意义

东天山博格达造山带晚石炭世柳树沟组为一套由玄武岩和流纹岩组成的双峰式火山岩,形成于晚石炭世,其Si O_2含量介于46.18%～46.56%和76.06%～76.25%之间,具有明显的Daly成分间断。其中,玄武岩具富Na贫K特征,Ti O_2、Al_2O_3、Ca O和MgO含量均较高,∑REE为75.54×10~(-6)～80.22×10~(-6),LREE/HREE值为3.00～3.12,以富集Ba、Rb等大离子亲石元素(LILE)和不相容元素(P、K),相对亏损Ti、Ta、Nb等高场强元素(HFSE)和不相容元素(U、Th)为特征;流纹岩Na_2O/K_2O值为0.32～0.36,属低Ti、低Mg类流纹岩,∑REE为520.72×10~(-6)～595.26×10~(-6),LREE/HREE值为5.60～6.53,具有Rb、Th、K、La、Ce、Zr、Hf、Sm等元素的富集以及Ba、U、Ta、Nb、Sr、P和Ti元素的亏损特征。柳树沟组双峰式火山岩形成于大陆裂谷环境,具板内成因特征,玄武岩可能为亏损尖晶石相地幔橄榄岩向石榴石相地幔橄榄岩过渡相较高程度部分熔融的产物,受到地壳物质混染;流纹岩具典型的A型花岗岩的地球化学特征。     

博格达造山带东段早石炭世火山岩地球化学特征及构造属性

博格达造山带东段克孜库都克地区七角井组玄武岩和中酸性火山碎屑岩及少量流纹岩在时空上构成双峰式火山岩组合。玄武岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为331.0±3.0Ma,属于早石炭世晚期;Si O2含量为47.68%~48.82%,Ti O2含量(1.83%~2.17%)略高于N型大洋中脊玄武岩,高Al(Al2O3含量为15.56%~16.09%),富钠贫钾(Na2O/K2O=5.44~7.76),低Mg(Mg O含量为5.97%~7.17%,Mg#为43~47),表明其原始岩浆发生过明显的橄榄石和辉石的分离结晶作用。玄武岩具有近于平坦的稀土配分模式,轻微负Eu异常(δEu=0.89~0.93),相对富集Rb、Ba、P,亏损Th、Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti等不相容元素。火山岩岩石地球化学特征表明:研究区玄武岩可能是亏损尖晶石相地幔橄榄岩向石榴石相地幔橄榄岩过渡的产物,且在其上升过程中受到较弱程度的地壳物质混染,形成于陆内裂谷环境,其地球动力学体制可能与古亚洲洋壳向先存的准噶尔-吐哈陆块斜向俯冲,产生的侧向撕裂力拉张陆块有关。克孜库都克地区早石炭世玄武岩构造属性的确立进一步证实了博格达造山带在石炭纪时期处于大陆裂谷演化过程的观点,为进一步深入理解博格达地区石炭纪构造岩浆演化过程提供了新的地质与年代学依据。     

新疆博格达东缘色皮口地区晚石炭世裂谷火山岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究

新疆色皮口地区位于博格达造山带东段北部,区域内的上石炭统柳树沟组火山岩为玄武岩-玄武安山岩、角斑岩-石英角斑岩和流纹岩,组成双峰式火山岩建造。岩石SiO 2含量为48.07%~77.62%,赖特碱度率(AR)为1.35~4.7,Na2O+K2O含量为3.74%~9.02%,K2O/Na2O值为0.04~1.04,为低钾高钠钙碱性-碱性岩石。玄武岩、玄武安山岩TiO 2=0.86%~1.7%,较高的Al、低Mg,以及低K2O/TiO 2和K2O/P2O5比值(分别为0.13~1.81、0.36~6.00),反映了在岩浆演化过程中发生了不明显的分离结晶作用。玄武岩、玄武安山岩、角斑岩不相容元素K、Rb、Th、Ba强富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf无富集,Ti亏损不明显,玄武岩(Th/Nb)N值为1.36~6.55,Nb/La值为0.29~0.44,具有较低的Nb/Zr比值(0.03~0.05)。由玄武岩到石英角斑岩,稀土元素组成略右倾平行曲线簇,倾斜度(轻重稀土分异度)略增大,铕负异常趋于明显(δEu=0.81~1.17)。流纹岩不相容元素K、Rb、Th、Ba富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf富集,流纹岩稀土总量增高,轻重稀土分异增大,明显铕负异常(δEu=0.27~0.50),显示后期较强的岩浆分异作用。石英角斑岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果为314.9±1.2Ma(n=16,MSWD=0.4,Th/U比值在0.56~1.21之间),这表明石英角斑岩形成时代为晚石炭世。石英角斑岩中锆石的176Hf/177Hf比值均分布在0.282897~0.283097之间,并具有较高的正εHf值(11~18),平均值为14,Hf的模式年龄tDM2介于180~628Ma。所有锆石的176Hf/177Hf比值和εHf值位于亏损地幔演化线与下地壳之间,并靠近亏损地幔演化线。上述特点反映晚石炭世火山岩形成于板内裂谷环境,下部玄武岩与角斑岩-石英角斑岩具有同源特征,暗示岩浆源区来源于亏损地幔,并受地壳混染。     

博格达造山带东段芨芨台子地区早二叠世双峰式火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

博格达造山带东段芨芨台子地区早二叠世玄武岩和中酸性火山岩在时空上构成双峰式火山岩组合,其岩石类型主要为亚碱性玄武岩和流纹岩,主体属钙碱性系列。玄武岩SiO_2含量为47.70%~51.71%,TiO_2含量(1.26%~1.52%)略高于N型大洋中脊玄武岩,高Al(Al_2O_3=14.06%~20.93%),富Na贫K(Na_2O/K_2O=2.34~28.36),低Mg(MgO=2.99%~8.62%,Mg~#为27~52),表明其玄武岩浆发生过明显的橄榄石和辉石的分离结晶作用;玄武岩轻稀土元素略微富集,Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.85~1.02),相对富集Rb、Ba、P等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti等不相容元素。火山岩地球化学特征表明,研究区玄武质岩浆来自于亏损岩石圈地慢的部分熔融,且受到一定程度的地壳物质混染,显示了板内玄武岩的地球化学特征形成于陆内伸展环境。流纹岩具有较高的SiO_2(73.58%~75.45%)和全碱(Na_2O+K_2O=8.56%~8.79%)含量,以及较低的TiO_2(0.12%~0.18%)、Al_2O_3(12.77%~13.24%)和MgO(平均为0.21%)含量;显示右倾负斜率稀土配分模式,Eu负异常明显(δEu为0.52~0.70),显著富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti等高场强元素,具有A型花岗岩的地球化学特征,为后碰撞伸展环境下底侵玄武岩浆结晶分异的产物。博格达造山带东部芨芨台子地区双峰式火山岩的地球化学特征表明,该套火山岩应形成于碰撞后伸展环境,同时获得流纹岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(294.2±1.3)Ma,表明该套火山岩形成于早二叠世早期。这一发现进一步证实了研究区在历经石炭纪汇聚碰撞事件后进入二叠纪后碰撞伸展的演化时期,为进一步理解博格达地区晚古生代构造格局及板块构造体制提供了重要的地质依据。     

西天山特克斯县北乌孙山大哈拉军山组火山岩地球化学特征及构造意义

对西天山特克斯西北乌孙山中部地区出露的火山岩进行了地球化学研究,结果表明玄武岩、安山岩均为拉斑质火山岩,LREE较富集[(La/Yb)N介于3.44~11.36之间],具有弱的Eu负异常(δEu=0.79~1.13),安山岩与流纹岩明显富集强不相容元素(如Cs、Rb、Ba、Th、U)和LREE。玄武岩与中酸性岩样品具有轻微的差异,但所有样品具有较明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常,并且除了活动性较强的元素(Cs、Rb、Ba)外,其余微量元素均接近于下地壳的含量,(Th/Nb)N介于2.02~8.12之间,(Nb/La)N介于0.40~0.45之间,远远小于1,La/Ba值低(0.01~0.07),Ba/Nb值高(90~410);Zr/Nb值平均为16.48,最为接近原始地幔(15.71)的比值;而Ta/Nb、Hf/Ta、Th/Yb值平均为0.10、3.77、0.64,较为接近上地壳(0.10、3.50、0.48)的比值,Zr含量大于90×10-6,Zr/Y值在4左右,显示了板内玄武岩的特征。结合区域上地质特征,认为该地区在石炭纪时碰撞结束进入碰撞后伸展阶段,局部具有裂谷化特征。样品的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常应为地壳混染引起,火山岩的形成环境为碰撞后伸展的构造环境。     

新疆博格达东缘色皮口地区柳树沟组流纹岩地球化学、LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学及地质意义

新疆色皮口地区位于博格达造山带东段北部,区域内的上石炭统柳树沟组流纹岩分布较为广泛。色皮口地区流纹岩SiO2介于70.81%～77.62%,碱总量6.87%～9.02%,K2O/Na2O为0.74～1.04,K2O/TiO2和K2O/P2O5比值分别为10.38～18.83、72.45～242.14,A/CNK指数介于1.43～1.55,具有高硅、高铝质的特点。不相容元素K、Rb、Th、Ba富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf富集,ΣREE141.76×10-6～228.2×10-6,(La/Yb)N4.11～7.42,δEu0.27～0.50,流纹岩稀土总量较低,轻重稀土分异显著,铕负异常明显。流纹岩原始地幔标准化蛛网图显示Sr、Nb、Ta、P和Ti负异常,而Sr、P、Ti谷深,显示较强的岩浆分异作用。流纹岩的锆石LA-MC-ICP-MSU-Pb定年结果为314.0±1.1Ma(n=17,MSWD=1.6,Th/U比值在0.39～0.80之间),这表明流纹岩形成时代为晚石炭世。结合区域上前人的Sr-Nd、O和Hf同位素成果,推测区域分布的流纹岩可能来源于两个不同的源区:亏损地幔的幔源基性火成岩经过部分熔融或幔源玄武岩浆结晶分异和地壳物质部分熔融,可能代表了裂谷闭合时期构造应力场由拉张到挤压频繁转换作用的产物。     

新疆博格达造山带晚古生代构造-岩浆演化过程:火山岩组合及地球化学证据

最近,笔者在博格达山东段北部的西地-伊齐-小红柳峡一带的地质调查中发现,该区发育有大量晚石炭世柳树沟组双峰式火山岩及早二叠世卡拉岗组酸性火山岩建造,但双峰式火山岩性质及成因有别于其南侧七角井早石炭世双峰式火山岩。玄武岩富钠贫钾(K_2O=0.18%～0.45%,Na_2O=2.24%～3.63%),属拉斑系列;TiO_2=1.6%～1.7%,略高于MORB,较高的Al(Al_2O_3=16.2%～16.7%)、高Mg(MgO=8.12%～9.54%,Mg~#=61～64),以及低K_2O/TiO_2和K_2O/P_2O_5比值(分别为0.1～0.27、0.63～1.68),反映了在岩浆演化过程中分离结晶作用不明显;Rb/Sr比值0.01～0.02,Zr/Nb=21.6～39.7,Zr/Y=5.38～7.47,以及不相容元素Ba、Zr、Hf相对略富集、Nb-Ta和Th相对亏损,显示岩石具有板内玄武岩的特点;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分图上整体接近于平坦型,(La/Yb)_N=1.8～1.9,Eu无异常至轻微正异常(δEu=1.07～1.12),正ε_(Nd)(t)值(+5.63～+5.89),(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_I=0.512927～0.512944,Th/Yb0.2,Ta/Yb=0.1,表明玄武岩浆源于亏损软流圈地幔,且在演化过程中不曾发生过斜长石的分离结晶作用,并暗示当时的大陆地壳可能由于拉张而变得较薄,玄武岩浆形成后快速上升至地表喷发。双峰式火山岩中的流纹岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为296±2Ma(1σ),具高Si(SiO_2=76%～80%),富钾贫钠(K_2O=5.1%～5.7%,Na_2O=0.94%～2.03%);低Al(Al_2O_3=7.9%～10.4%);低Ti、Ca和P含量,属高钾钙碱性系列;微量元素Rb、Th、Zr、Hf、K相对富集,Ba、Sr、P、Ti、Nb、Ta为显著亏损;轻稀土元素适度富集且轻、重稀土分馏程度低,(La/Yb)_N=5.1～7.1,(La/Sm)_N=2、(Gd/Yb)_N=1.6～2.2,以及强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.17～0.2),(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_I=0.7051～0.7052,δ~(18)O=11.6‰,指示岩石源于地壳物质的部分熔融,源区存在有斜长石残留,形成于大陆裂谷环境。早二叠世末流纹岩(Rb-sr等时线年龄为278±2Ma)具高Si(SiO_2=74%),富钾贫钠(K_2O/Na_2O2),低Al(Al_2O_3=11.0%)以及较低的Ti和P含量的特征,岩石为高钾钙碱性系列;微量元素PM标准化图解上表现为Rb、Ba、Th、U、K、La、Ce不相容元素相对富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti以及Sr为明显的负异常;轻稀土轻度富集,(La/Yb)_N=5～6,(La/Sm)_N=3,(Gd/Yb)_N=1.3～1.4,以及强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.31～0.39),(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_I为0.7069,δ~(18)O=11.97‰,指示源于地壳物质部分熔融的产物,形成于伸展垮塌的构造环境。综合研究结果表明,博格达山前身裂谷岩浆作用始于早石炭世,结束于晚石炭世末期,早二叠世末进入后造山伸展的演化阶段。     

海南白垩纪六罗村组火山岩的年代学、地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

琼南分布有大量白垩纪火山岩,目前对这些火山岩的研究程度仍然较低。本文对出露在三亚六罗地区六罗村组的白垩纪火山岩进行了精细的年代学和元素地球化学分析。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,六罗村组上部的流纹岩和下部的玄武安山岩具有一致的形成年龄,均为102±1 Ma。其中流纹岩样品富硅高钾,Si O2含量73.77%~74.79%,K2O含量5.09%~6.77%,K2O/Na2O比值1.71~2.80;属强过铝质(A/CNK=1.17~1.22)、高钾钙碱性岩系。样品具中等负Eu异常(δEu=0.51~0.61),亏损Nb、Ta,富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素(LILE);轻、重稀土元素分馏程度较强,(La/Yb)CN值为15.05~16.97。玄武岩-安山岩样品的Si O2含量在49.82%~57.93%之间,其K2O/Na2O比值(0.32~1.11)明显低于流纹岩样品,Mg#(46~58)明显高于流纹岩样品。样品的轻、重稀土元素分馏程度相对流纹岩样品要弱,其(La/Yb)CN值为9.42~12.24;Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.86~0.94),亏损Nb、Ta,富集LILE,P、Ti元素的负异常相对流纹岩样品要弱。Sr-Nd同位素研究结果显示,流纹岩和玄武岩–安山岩样品的(87Sr/86Sr)i值分别为0.708222~0.708965和0.707532~0.708401;εNd(t)值分别为–2.49~–2.69和–2.35~–4.09,二者具有一致的Sr-Nd同位素组成。综合分析认为这套火山岩的源区可能来自受俯冲组分交代的大陆岩石圈地幔,形成于伸展环境,可能与古太平洋板块俯冲引起的岩石圈伸展有关。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.