攀西裂谷构造—岩浆活动及其成因探讨

本文主要讨论穹窿-火山型攀西裂谷的成因,岩浆深成作用与火山作用过程;穹窿构造的发生、发展的演化历史;岩浆分异趋势及双峰式岩浆演化系列及其成因。 攀西裂谷曾经历了岩石圈穹窿—陆壳穹窿一次火山穹窿三个发展演化阶段。碱性岩浆作用与地壳隆升、地幔去气、热流汇聚作用有着密切的成因联系,成穹作用最盛,岩浆碱度最高。随着陆壳破裂、开放、挥发分散逸,岩浆性质从强碱质—弱碱质—碱酸性转化。 穹窿构造的发展演化阶段有机地控制了岩浆源和二次岩浆房的深度和岩浆演化特点,随着穹窿构造的发展演化,岩浆活动由深成幔源→中浅成幔源加陆壳轻微混染→超浅成壳幔混合源逐渐演化,因而可以认为:穹窿-火山型裂谷发育的各个阶段,存在有低位→中位→高位的二次岩浆房。 攀西裂谷属不发育的夭折裂谷,以演化时间长为特点,有利于岩浆深源(二次岩浆房内)结晶分异、液体不混容性分离作用和陆壳的同化混染作用等得以彻底进行,最终形成“双峰式”岩浆组合。     

攀西裂谷火山岩系某些成因特点的地球化学证据

攀西裂谷复合分异的火山岩系及双峰式火山岩套,具有壳幔混染成因特点。火山岩的平衡矿物共生组合类型受二次岩浆房的埋藏深度控制,而TiO_2、LREE及大离子亲石元素的富集受低压条件下的液体不相容性分离作用和陆壳的同化混染作用控制。     

辽吉古裂谷中的双峰式火山岩及岩浆演化

辽吉古裂谷中发育双峰式火山岩。这些火山岩以酸性火山岩为主，间夹基性火山岩。它们都属碱性火山岩系列，与都城秋穗在碱性岩成因类型的讨论中划分出的三种成因类型对比，明显类似于跨越型，并与我国康滇古裂谷带碱性大山岩相近，初步认为形成辽吉古裂谷中双峰式火山岩的岩浆可能是上地慢派生岩浆在上升侵位过程中，受陆壳物质混染而成的壳慢混合岩浆。     

辽吉古裂谷中的双峰式火山岩及岩浆演化

辽吉古裂谷中发育双峰式火山岩，这些火山岩以酸性火山岩为主，间夹基性火山岩。它们都属碱性火山岩系列，与都城秋穗在碱性岩成因类型的讨论中划分出的三种成因类型对比，明显类似于跨越型，并与我国康滇古裂谷带碱性火山岩相近。初步认为形成辽吉古裂谷中双峰式火山的岩浆可能是上地幔派生岩浆在上升侵位过程中，受陆壳物质混染而成的壳幔混合岩浆。     

五大连池、天池和腾冲火山岩Sr、Nd同位素地球化学特征与岩浆演化

在的年来对长白山天池火山、五大连池火山和腾冲火山三个火山区火山岩岩石学的主、微量元素研究的基础上，新做出18个火山岩Sr-Nd同位素数据，进一步讨论地幔源区特征与岩浆成因演化。五大连池富钾火山岩浆源区由原始地幔与EMI两个地幔端员混合而成，岩浆直接来自地幔，未受地壳物质明显混染和分离结晶作用影响；天池火山各阶段火山岩一致的似原始地幔特征，可能指示存在巨大的壳内岩浆房和持续的幔源岩浆的补给；腾冲火山岩的高钾钙碱性岩浆源区为由陆内壳－幔相互作用导致的原始地幔与EMⅡ两个地幔端员不同程度混合而成。     

海南岛石炭纪双峰式火山岩及其板块构造背景

海南岛西部的石炭纪火山岩为一套大洋拉斑玄武岩-流纹斑岩的双峰式火山岩。玄武岩中的不相容元素和稀土元素的丰度和比值,以及稀土分配模式与大陆裂谷的拉斑玄武岩的地球化学特征一致,说明海南岛晚古生代裂谷作用的存在。玄武质岩浆来源于地幔深部,演化程度较低,受下地壳物质混染。流纹质岩浆不是玄武岩浆结晶分异产物,而是受裂谷区高热流影响,由陆壳部分熔融形成。     

试论柴北缘岩浆系列及其大地构造演化

柴达木盆地北缘是重要的构造-岩浆活化带和内生矿产成矿带，现今大地构造性质属地穹列。地槽演化阶段加里东期幔源岩浆活动，地台演化阶段华力西期壳幔混染Ⅰ型岩浆侵入，以及地洼演化阶段印支期非造山A型花岗岩构成了该区构造-岩浆活动的三个成因系列。     

探讨火山岩浆活动与构造环境,幔源性质关系的新方法

在一定构造环境下,地幔非均质性、地幔交代、地壳混染和其他有关非岩浆分异作用会使玄武质岩浆化学成分发生变化,而且这些影响往往不是单一出现的。另外,构造环境不是一承不变,而是连续演化的,玄武岩成分也是逐渐过渡的。因此,探讨火山岩浆活动与构造环境、幔源性质的有效方法是认真研究一定地质背景下,与特定构造岩浆演化模式有关的玄武岩地球化学特征的时空演化特征。在进行这项研究工作中,比值网状图是反映具有重要地质意义的不相容元素比值变化的简单而有效的工具,可用以探讨地幔非均质性、地幔交代、地壳混染和其他有关非岩浆分异作用,进而阐明火山岩浆活动与构造环境演化、幔源性质的关系。     

南岭中生代陆壳重熔型花岗岩类成岩成矿的有关问题

南岭是中国重要的钨锡多金属成矿带。岩浆活动及成矿作用具有多阶段性的特点，成岩成矿作用具有统一的地质背景及构造应力场。陆壳重熔型花岗岩类不同成岩阶段具有极为一致的稀土元素分布模式，暗示它们的定位和冷却都是在深部同源岩浆分异事件中形成的；岩石和矿石稀土球粒陨石标准化曲线有着相似的变化特征，反映成矿与岩浆活动有着密切的成因联系，物质来源上具有一致性；矿石硫化物和岩石长石Pb同位素组成相近，显示成岩成矿物质有明显的亲缘关系。结合多数情况下矿脉切穿已固结岩体的地质事实，推测燕山中期陆壳重熔型花岗岩类成岩成矿物质主体来自深部同一岩浆源区，为同源岩浆分异演化不同阶段的产物；燕山晚期花岗质火山-侵入杂岩与相关锡铀矿化空间上密切伴生，物质来源也具同源性。典型复式岩体同源岩浆不同阶段侵位及相匹配的成矿作用时差一般小于10．0Ma，集中在0～8．0Ma。结合华南中生代岩石圈多次伸展活动的区域背景及矿床（田）地质特征，推测南岭地区的多阶段成岩成矿作用是脉动式构造演化的产物，成岩成矿物质来自深部同一岩浆房的不同演化阶段。     

长白山天池火山粗面玄武岩的喷发历史与演化

本文新提出的年代学和岩石化学结果，进一步从天池火山与区域火山活动的关系，论述了天池火山造盾、造锥历史和岩浆结晶分异转型的时间约束，早更新世早期（2Ma前）开始粗面玄武岩的造盾，早更新世晚期（约1Ma）粗面玄武岩向粗安岩、粗面岩演化，中更新世是粗面岩造锥的主阶段，到了晚更新世（约0．1Ma）粗面岩向碱流岩演化。在中-晚更新世来自地壳岩浆房的粗面岩、碱流岩造锥过程中，来自地幔的粗面玄武岩浆喷发活动始终没有间断过。由于来自地幔粗面玄武质岩浆持续向地壳岩浆房补给，所以天池火山是一座长寿命的火山。岩浆的结晶分异作用和混合作用是天池火山岩浆演化的两个最重要过程，前者形成天池火山双峰式火山岩分布特征，后者成为天池火山喷发的触发机制。天池火山在晚更新世-全新世碱流质岩浆主喷发期兼有少量玄武质粗安岩、粗安岩或粗面质岩浆的交替喷出，揭示了天池火山的地壳岩浆房熔体的分层结构特点，由于来自地幔粗面玄武质岩浆注入地壳岩浆房，导致不同层位岩浆的扰动和混合作用，触发天池火山的喷发。     

岩浆侵位机制研究综述

岩浆侵位机制是研究地球动力作用的重要依据,综合国内外资料,对岩浆侵位机制提出了按侵位深度,岩浆迁移距离,岩浆结晶程度的分类方案及其联合侵位类型。分别对各类侵位机制 岩浆侵位过程,特点,研究现状进行了综述,并讨论了岩浆定位空间问题和影响岩浆定位的因素。     

Stepwise accumulation and ascent of magmas

One of the currently popular theories on magma ascent is that it mainly occurs by propagating hydrofractures (dykes) and that magma viscosity is the primary rate‐controlling factor. This theory is based on mathematical models for single hydrofractures under idealised conditions. We simulated magma ascent with air ascending through gelatine and observed that the air ascended in batches, following paths made by their predecessors. Multiple batches accumulate at obstacles along the path. Although magma viscosity may control ascent rate during movement, obstacles ultimately control the size and average ascent velocity of ascending batches. We propose that step‐wise movement of magma batches is the mechanism of primary accumulation and ascent from the partially molten source rock of a magma to its first emplacement site and therefore the main ascent mechanism for granitic magmas. ‘Classical’ dyking is the mechanism for secondary ascent from a magma chamber.     

Episodic granite accumulation and extraction from the mid‐crust

The processes of long‐range granitic magma transfer from mid‐ and lower crustal anatectic zones to upper crustal pluton emplacement sites remain controversial in the literature. This is partly because feeder networks that could have accommodated this large‐scale magma transport remain elusive in the field. Existing granite ascent models are based largely on numerical and theoretical studies that seek to demonstrate the viability of fracture‐controlled magma transport through dykes or self‐propagating hydrofractures. In most cases, the models present very little supporting field evidence, such as sufficiently voluminous near‐ or within‐source magma accumulations, to support their basic premises. We document large (deca‐ to hectometre‐scale), steeply dipping and largely homogeneous granite lenses in suprasolidus (~5 kbar, ~750 °C) mid‐crustal rocks in the Damara Belt in Namibia. The lenses are surrounded by and connected to shallowly dipping networks of stromatic leucogranites in the well‐layered gneisses of the deeply incised Husab Gorge. The outcrops define a four‐stage process from (i) the initial formation and growth of large, subvertical magma‐filled lenses as extension fractures developed at high angles to the subhorizontal regional extension in relatively competent wall‐rock layers. This stage is followed by (ii) the simultaneous lateral inflation and (iii) subcritical vertical growth of the lenses to a critical length that (iv) promotes fracture destabilization, buoyancy‐driven upward fracture mobilization and, consequently, vertical magma transport. These field observations are compared with existing numerical models and are used to constrain, by referring to the dimensions of the largest preserved inflated leucogranite lens, an estimate of the minimum fracture length (~100 m) and volume (~2.4 × 10⁵ m³) required to initiate buoyancy‐driven brittle fracture propagation in this particular mid‐crustal section. The critical values and field relationships compare favourably with theoretical models of magma ascent along vertical self‐propagating hydrofractures which close at their tails during propagation. This process leaves behind subtle wake‐like structures and thin leucogranite trails that mark the path of magma ascent. Reutilization of such conduits by repeated inflation and drainage is consistent with the episodic accumulation and removal of magma from the mid‐crust and is reflected in the sheeted nature of many upper crustal granitoid plutons.     

Remobilization of Highly Crystalline Felsic Magma by Injection of Mafic Magma: Constraints from the Middle Sixth Century Eruption at Haruna Volcano, Honshu, Japan

The latest eruption of Haruna volcano at Futatsudake took placein the middle of the sixth century, starting with a Plinianfall, followed by pyroclastic flows, and ending with lava domeformation. Gray pumices found in the first Plinian phase (lowerfall) and the dome lavas are the products of mixing betweenfelsic (andesitic) magma having 50 vol. % phenocrysts and maficmagma. The mafic magma was aphyric in the initial phase, whereasit was relatively phyric during the final phase. The aphyricmagma is chemically equivalent to the melt part of the phyricmafic magma and probably resulted from the separation of phenocrystsat their storage depth of 15 km. The major part of the felsicmagma erupted as white pumice, without mixing and heating priorto the eruption, after the mixed magma (gray pumice) and heatedfelsic magma (white pumice) of the lower fall deposit. Althoughthe mafic magma was injected into the felsic magma reservoir(at 7 km depth), part of the product (lower fall ejecta) precedederuption of the felsic reservoir magma, as a consequence ofupward dragging by the convecting reservoir of felsic magma.The mafic magma injection made the nearly rigid felsic magmaerupt, letting low-viscosity mixed and heated magmas open theconduit and vent. Indeed the lower fall white pumices preservea record of syneruptive slow ascent of magma to 2 km depth,probably associated with conduit formation. KEY WORDS: high-crystallinity felsic magma; magma plumbing system; multistage magma mixing; upward dragging of injected magma; vent opening by low-viscosity magma     

Pervasive granitoid magma transfer through the lower–middle crust during non-coaxial compressional deformation

Granitic magmas migrated through Early Proterozoic middle–lower crust at Mt Hay, central Australia, via a diverse network of narrow structurally controlled channelways, during a period of progressive W–SW-directed thrusting (D1a–D1d). They utilized existing folds, boudins and shear zones, or created new channels by magmatic fracture either parallel to layering or, rarely, in irregular arrays. The magmas rose obliquely, parallel to the plunging (50–60°) regional elongation direction, which was defined by coaxial folds, boudin necks and a strong mineral-elongation lineation. Megacrystic charnockitic magmas migrated through metre-scale conduits during D1a–D1b, but leucosomes were generally restricted to smaller (centimetre-scale) structures that existed throughout the entire deformation history. Thus, D1a/D1b leucosomes were potential feeders of in situ partial melts to the adjacent larger conduits of charnockite magma, thereby providing a pervasive interconnected network that allowed efficient migration of all magma types during the early stages of thrusting. The upper–middle crust of the Anmatjira–Reynolds Range area contains abundant megacrystic granitoid sheets that are of similar age and geochemistry to those at Mt Hay. They are considered to have formed as syntectonic intrusions emplaced during W–SW-directed thrusting, as at Mt Hay, suggesting that granitic magmas formed near the base of the continental crust passed through the mid-lower crustal level (25–30 km) exposed at Mt Hay and accumulated, in batholithic proportions, at shallower crustal levels (12–20 km) such as the Anmatjira–Reynolds Range area. The observations imply that granitoid magmas in the deep crust are capable of pervasive migration through the crust during major compressive, noncoaxial shear deformation. Localization of magmas by sequentially developed, narrow, compressive structures suggests that dilatancy followed successive foliation-forming events, a situation that can occur during steady-state deformation if the effective confining pressures are low, which would be a result of high and possibly variable rates of magma influx. The inferred rapid melt segregation and migration during deformation suggest that large chambers do not form until magma reaches neutral buoyancy in the middle to upper continental crust.     

岩浆 热液过渡型矿床的若干特征

摘　 要　 在内生成矿作用中成矿流体有 3 种:岩浆、 热液和岩浆 热液过渡性流体。 从地质研 究、 矿物包裹体、 成矿实验 3 个方面简介了岩浆 热液过渡型矿床研究的进展。 指出岩浆 热 液过渡性流体有 2种形成方式:一是在岩浆结晶过程中挥发分不断集中而形成, 另一是由熔 离作用所形成。 并从矿体与岩浆岩的关系、 矿体与围岩的关系、 矿石的结构构造、 围岩蚀变、 分带现象、 矿物包裹体 6 个方面总结了岩浆 热液过渡型矿床的特征。     

河南维摩寺—草庙A型花岗岩岩浆物理性质及定位机理

岩石动力学是一门刚刚兴起的边缘学科。本文是岩浆动力学理论的应用。文中基于岩石化学成分,计算了河南维摩寺—草庙A型花岗岩熔体在不同温度下的粘度和密度,阐述了岩浆上升通道和上侵时的温度,继之依据粘性流体力学理论,通过各种计算探讨了岩浆上升速度,岩浆冷凝速度和钾长石斑晶的沉浮行为及其分布机理,对有关地质问题做出定量化解释。     

南澜沧江结合带火山岩岩浆成因——洋脊洋岛与弧岩浆作用的性质

在对滇西南昌宁—孟连带石炭—二叠纪火山岩和南澜沧江带二叠—三叠纪火山岩的微量元素和稀土元素研究的基础上,划分了岩浆作用类型和岩浆演化系列,探讨了岩浆源区成分特点。昌宁—孟连带玄武质岩浆的演化主要受部分熔融和分离结晶作用控制;这些岩浆可以划分为３个岩浆演化系列：（１）稀土曲线平坦型的洋脊型拉斑玄武岩浆演化系列,其岩浆起源于亏损型地幔;（２）稀土曲线中等富集型的准洋脊型拉斑玄武岩浆演化系列,其岩浆起源于过渡型地幔;（３）稀土曲线强烈富集型的洋岛型碱性玄武岩浆演化系列,其岩浆起源于富集型地幔。南澜沧江带弧火山岩的岩浆成因主要受分离结晶作用控制,也可以划分为３个岩浆演化系列：（１）二叠纪低钾拉斑—中钾钙碱性岩浆演化系列;（２）中南段的晚三叠世低钾拉斑—中钾钙碱性岩浆演化系列;（３）北段的晚三叠世钾玄岩—高钾钙碱性岩浆演化系列     

铜陵地区燕山期侵入岩成因与三端元岩浆混合作用

本文从岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学、同位素地球化学方面探讨了铜陵地区岩浆演化的制约因素。显微镜下发现了岩浆混合结构。研究表明岩浆混合作用属较均一的化学混合。高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列岩石组合表明燕山早期为加厚的陆壳或具有山根的造山带,岩浆形成于55km以下。Izanagi板块俯冲及大陆岩石圈拆沉减薄诱发软流圈物质上涌,减压熔融产生玄武岩岩浆,底侵并加热下地壳物质部分熔融产生正长岩岩浆。参与岩浆混合的是进化的玄武岩岩浆。铜陵地区侵入岩主要是三端元岩浆——玄武岩岩浆、正长岩岩浆和花岗岩岩浆混合的产物。     

Microstructural evidence for magma confluence and reusage of magma pathways: implications for magma hybridization,Karakoram Shear Zone in NW India

In the Karakoram Shear Zone, Ladakh, NW India, Miocene leucogranitic dykes form an extensive, varied and complex network, linking an anatectic terrane exposed in the Pangong Range, with leucogranites of the Karakoram Batholith. Mineral paragenesis of the heterogeneous anatectic source rocks suggests melting has resulted from water influx into rocks at upper amphibolite facies conditions, and microstructures suggest anatexis was contemporaneous with shearing. The network is characterized by continuous and interconnected dykes, with only rare cross‐cutting relationships, forming swarms and chaotic injection complexes where magmatic rocks cover up to 50% of the outcrop area. Despite this volume of magma, the system did not lose continuity, suggesting that it did not flow en masse and that the magma network was not all liquid simultaneously. Leucogranites in this network, including leucosomes in migmatites, carry an isotopic signature intermediate between the two main anatectic rocks in the source, suggesting efficient homogenization of the magmatic products. Here, we describe a number of microscopic features of these magmatic rocks which suggests that several pulses of magma used the same pathways giving rise to textural and chemical disequilibrium features. These include: (i) narrow, tortuous corridors of fine‐grained minerals cutting across or lining the boundaries of larger grains, interpreted to be remnants of magma‐filled cracks cutting across a pre‐existing magmatic rock; (ii) corrosion of early formed grains at the contact with fine‐grained material; (iii) compositional zoning of early formed plagioclase and K‐feldspar grains and quartz overgrowths documented by cathodoluminescence imaging; (iv) incipient development of rapakivi and anti‐rapakivi textures, and (iv) different crystallographic preferred orientation of early formed quartz and fine‐grained quartz. Mapping of the fine‐grained corridors interpreted to represent late melt channels reveal an interlinked network broadly following the S‐C fabric defined by pre‐existing magmatic grains. We conclude that early formed dykes provided a pathway exploited intermittently or continuously by new magma batches. New influxes of magma opened narrow channels and migrated through a microscopic network following predominantly grain boundaries along an S‐C fabric related to syn‐magmatic shearing. A mixed isotopic signature resulted not from the mixing of magmas, but from the micro‐scale interaction between new magma batches and previously crystallized magmatic rocks, through local equilibration.