津巴布韦哈特利(Hartley)铂矿床地质特征及成因

文章对产于津巴布韦大岩墙内的哈特利(Hartley)铂矿床的地质特征和成因进行研究。津巴布韦大岩墙于新太古代侵入,在津巴布韦克拉通内形成南北段次级岩浆房格局。哈特利铂矿的铂族元素主要分布在杂岩体的中下部,与硫化物密切相关,主要含矿矿物为铋、碲矿物。在岩浆侵位的过程中发生结晶分异,形成了铂族元素和硫化物的垂向分带。哈特利矿床与中国金川等铂族元素矿床相比,其成岩成矿时代早,矿床特征、成矿元素组合方面均有明显不同。     

镇江金矿矿石物质成分及成矿流体研究

通过对镇江金矿床矿石中载金矿物成分、金矿物种类、金成色、金矿物赋存状态和金矿物形态及粒度特征详细研究,认为镇江金矿成矿流体具低温浅成特征,成矿流体经历了硫过饱和、硫饱和及硫不饱和3个阶段,表明成矿复杂性及多世代性,金成矿流体中富硫、铁、硅、氧等元素。金矿物主要以包体金和晶隙金形式赋存在黄铁矿和石英载金矿物之中。     

冀北水泉沟偏碱性杂岩体中石榴石的特征及其地质意义

石榴石是冀北水泉沟偏碱性岩体的二长岩类和正长岩类中常见的矿物之一，通过对其产出特征和矿物成分的分析研究，认为石榴石是央浆与大岩岩和片麻岩等围岩反应形成的矽卡岩矿物，从而说明岩浆演化过程曾经历上地壳的同化混染作用，同时也说明成矿过程经历了从矽卡岩阶段→中低温热液阶段，而非单一的中低温热液金矿成矿模式。     

我国矿物工作者的空前盛会

中国矿物岩石地球化学学会、会同四川省矿物岩石地球化学学会召开的全国首届矿床矿物成因矿物学术会议,一九八○年十一月十二日至十七日在成都召开。出席这次会议的有来自全国205个部门或单位的代表334人。大会收到论文402篇,宣读了215篇。我国矿物学工作者的会议,人数之多,代表面之广,内容之丰富,这还是第一次。四川省矿物岩石地球化学学会理事长张汉卿在开幕词中指出:矿床矿物学和成因矿物学的研究,在矿床成因、成矿规律、找矿勘探、矿产综合利用以及地球形成演化等理论探索方面都有重要意义,是解决矿产资源和能源问题的一项重要基础工作。这次大会,是新中国成立三十一年来,我国矿物学研究成果的一次大检阅,通过相互交流,将进一步推动我国矿物学的科学研究、教学和生产,为“四化”作出贡献。中共四川省委书记杨超到会作了重要讲话,他指出:当前我国自然科学正处在承先启后、继往开来的伟大时代。承先是继承我国古代科学文化的光荣传统,启后是要为中国共产主义开辟道路。他说:任何事物都有其发生、发展和变化的过程,而这一过程又     

稀有金属成矿全球时空分布与大陆演化

花岗岩是大陆地壳的主要组成,是陆壳的特征性物质。花岗岩的形成及演化往往伴随着金属元素的不断富集和广泛的成矿作用,进而形成与之相关的大陆成矿体系。稀有金属成矿是大陆成矿体系的重要内容,毫无疑问,与花岗岩有关的稀有金属成矿作用是大陆演化的直接产物,因此,稀有金属成矿学是大陆动力学的研究内容之一。花岗伟晶岩是锂、铍、钽最重要的成矿母岩,碱性岩(花岗岩、伟晶岩和碳酸岩)与铌、锆等成矿作用有关。全球稀有金属成矿时代集中在太古代3.0~2.6Ga、古元古代1.8Ga、新元古代1.0~0.9Ga、古生代450~400Ma、早中生代250~200Ma、晚中生代160~130Ma和新生代中新世35~10Ma,直接反映了稀有金属成矿与超大陆演化重大事件具有密切的成因关系。最古老的稀有金属成矿作用始于乌尔-诺基兰超大陆,形成了现今分布于北美、非洲南部、西澳等地的重要钽成矿带,其它时期成矿作用相继对应于哥伦比亚超大陆、罗迪尼亚超大陆、冈瓦纳超大陆和潘吉亚超大陆聚合、裂解作用,并终结于新生代发生的印度板块与亚洲板块的碰撞作用。值得关注的是,稀有金属矿物与稀有金属成矿总是共演化,锂辉石、锂电气石、绿柱石和铌铁矿-钽铁矿等几种重要的稀有金属矿物最早出现的时代都在太古代3.0~2.6Ga。     

秦岭造山带构造-成矿旋回与演化

构造与成矿活动是否具有旋回性是地质界长期争论的一个命题。本文根据矿床成矿系列理论和方法,论述了秦岭造山带构造-成矿活动,划分出新太古代-古元古代早期、古元古代晚期、中-新元古代、早古生代、晚古生代和中、新生代6个构造-成矿旋回,探讨了每个旋回的矿床成矿系列特征和成矿演化历史。指出该造山带的成矿作用既有长期性和连续性,也有间断性和旋回性;中、新元古代至早古生代和中、新生代两个时期是秦岭造山带中两个主要的成矿高峰期;构造-成矿作用可分为开裂、拼合及相对稳定三个阶段;成矿作用早期以幔源岩浆侵入及海相火山活动为主,晚期以壳幔混源-壳源的陆相中酸性岩浆侵入及火山活动为主;与火成活动及开裂作用有关的成矿活动在南、北两个成矿域之间具有振荡性演化的特征.      

矿物共生组合及其实际意义

最近15～20年间,从事矿石物质成分研究的地质和矿物工作者,对矿物共生组合问题产生了特殊的兴趣.这是因为,研究矿物共生组合,是揭示成矿地球化学条件的基础,是探讨矿床成因的一个重要方面,它对发展成矿理论起着重要作用.此外,阐明矿物共生组合在时间和空间上的关系和规律变化,还有一定实用价值.在详细研究各类矿床矿石成分的基础上,能够获得矿物共生组合方面的大量材料,这就大大提高了各种结论的可信程度.     

扫描电镜下流体包裹体中子矿物的鉴定

论述了流体包裹体中子矿物的特征和鉴定方法。多相包裹体中的子矿物是由封存在矿物包裹体内的成矿流体结晶形成的固体相,它可以提供有关原始均一母流体化学成分等重要信息。研究实例说明,通过研究包裹体中子矿物可以探讨流体成矿作用、成矿方式及其矿床成矿机制等问题。     

四川省丹巴县竹子沟铂镍矿床铜镍铂族元素赋存状态

杨柳坪铂镍铜硫化物矿集区中分布有许多成因相似的铜镍硫化物矿床,本文在野外地质调查和镜下鉴定的基础上,通过电子探针成分测试,对四川省丹巴县竹子沟铜镍铂矿床矿石矿物成分作了详细研究。根据矿物共生组合特征,将成矿过程划分为岩浆熔离成矿期、岩浆热液成矿期和表生风化期;根据成矿作用,矿体可分为贯入型和分异型矿体;通过矿物成分晶体化学式计算,阐述了矿物的赋存状态和成因;最后结合矿床产出的大地构造环境、构造控矿等特点分析,认为丹巴竹子沟铂镍矿床为典型的岩浆熔离型矿床。     

略论脉钨矿床“矿物微粒浓差运离分带理论”之不能成立

《脉状钨矿床成矿预测理论》引用了一些流体力学的基本理论,提出脉钨矿床“矿物微粒浓差运离分带理论”(简称“浓差理论”)。其基本论点是:成矿物质以矿物微粒的形式在层流着的成矿热液中进行搬运、沉淀;在矿液运移过程中,不同矿物原始浓度差影响到搬运的距离,浓度大的搬运距离小,浓度小的搬运距离大;浓度大的先析出,浓度小的后析出。众所周知,引用别门科学的理论要有一定的前提。把流体力学理论应用于研究脉钨矿床的成矿过程,就必须考虑成矿机理是否符合流体力学所要求的时空模型;假设成矿物质以矿物微粒形式搬运、沉淀,就必须考虑成矿流体对矿物微粒的起动能力和迁移能力。“浓差理     

The variation of morphological features and mineralogical components of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert of Northwestern China

Increasingly complex life forms were found in older biological soil crusts in the Gurbantaunggut Desert in Northwestern China. These crusts may play a critical role in mineral erosion and desert soil formation by modifying the weathering environment and ultimately affecting mineralogical variance. To test this hypothesis, variations in the morphological features and mineralogical components of successional biological soil crusts at 1 cm were studied by optical microscopy, SEM and grain size analysis. Concentrations of erosion-resistant minerals decreased with crust succession, while minerals susceptible to weathering increased with crust development. Neogenetic minerals were found in late stage crusts, but not in early stage crusts. Silt and clay concentrations were highest in early formation crusts and soil mean particle size decreased with crust succession. Cyanobacteria, lichen and moss were shown to erode and etch rocks, and secondary minerals produced by weathering were localized with the living organisms. Thus, more developed crusts appeared to contribute to greater mineral weathering and may be a major cause of mineralogical variance seen in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The greater activity and complexity of older crusts, as well as their improved moisture condition may function to accelerate mineral weathering. Therefore, protection and recovery of biological crusts is vital for desert soil formation.     

Primary Mineral Information and Depositional Models of Relevant Mineral Facies of the Early Precambrian BIF—A Preliminary Review

The primary mineral compositions of BIF are regarded as ferric oxyhydroxide or iron silicate nanoparticles (mainly greenalite and stilpnomelane ) whichcan transform into minerals like hematite, magnetite and siderite. On the basis of predominant iron minerals, three distinctive sedimentary facies are recognized in BIF: oxide facies, silicate facies and carbonate facies. Marked by the Great Oxidation Event (GOE, 2.4~2.2 Ga), sedimentary facies can be divided into two models: “anoxic and reducing” model and “stratified ocean” model. The ancient ocean was anoxic and reducing before GOE, and under this circumstance, BIF was distributed from the distal to proximal zones transforming from hematite facies through magnetite facies to carbonate facies, such as West Rand Group BIF (2.96~2.78 Ga) and Kuruman BIF (~2.46 Ga) in south Africa. However, the ancient ocean was a stratified ocean during and after GOE, which means that shallow seawater was oxidizing while deeper seawater was reducing, leading to an opposite sedimentary facies distribution compared to the former one: BIF was distributed from the distal to proximal zones transforming from carbonate facies through magnetite facies to hematite facies, such as Yuanjiacun BIF in China (~2.3 Ga) and Sokoman iron formation in Canada (~1.88 Ga). Overall, BIF is an unrepeatable formation in geological history, which can only form in specific sedimentary environment. The key point to speculate the paleo-ocean environment, namely the problems to be solved at the moment, is to identify and derive the primary mineral compositions, to make sure the genetic mechanism of sedimentary facies especially silicate facies, to restrict the sedimentary conditions and to study microbial activities contacting with BIF.     

矿物光电子能量在地球早期生命起源与进化中的作用

地球早期生命起源的第一步是合成简单的有机化合物,但合成有机物所需能量来源问题长期困扰着学术界。早期地球上丰富的硫化物半导体矿物可将太阳光子转化为光电子,提供持续的能量来源。也正是由于矿物光电子能量较高,在非生物途径合成小分子有机物方面具有优势。其中半导体矿物自然硫转化太阳能产生的光电子能量,是目前所发现的最高的矿物光电子能量,不仅能直接还原CO₂分子为甲酸物质,还可催化其他生命基础物质的合成。在全球陆地系统中暴露在阳光下的岩石/土壤表面普遍被一层铁锰氧化物“矿物膜”所覆盖,光照下含半导体矿物水钠锰矿的“矿物膜”产生原位、灵敏、长效的光电流,显示出优异的光电效应。生物光合作用中心Mn₄CaO₅在裂解水产氧过程中产生成分和结构类似水钠锰矿的结构中间体,地球早期“矿物膜”中水钠锰矿可能促进了锰簇Mn₄CaO₅与生物光合作用的起源与进化。早期地球半导体矿物为生命起源基本物质的合成提供直接能量来源,矿物光电子能量在地球早期生命起源与进化中起到了重要作用。     

鞍本地区大孤山条带状铁建造含铁矿物和相分带特征及形成环境分析

鞍山-本溪条带状铁建造(Banded Iron Formation,简称BIF)位于华北克拉通东北缘,是世界上典型BIF之一,也是我国最重要的铁矿资源基地。大孤山位于鞍山地区南部矿带,为新太古代典型的Algoma型BIF,与华北克拉通其它大多数BIF相比,具有较低变质程度(绿片岩相-低角闪岩相)和较完整的沉积相分布特征。因此,通过大孤山BIF的研究有利于追踪Algoma型BIF的原生矿物组成及其后期成岩-变质过程,进而通过分析原生矿物形成的物理化学条件探讨古海洋环境。依据原生矿物共生组合及产出特征,可将大孤山BIF沉积相划分为氧化物相(30%)、硅酸盐相(50%)和碳酸盐相(20%)。氧化物相主要分布于主矿体南部,主要矿物组成为磁铁矿和石英;硅酸盐相分布于主矿体中部,主要矿物组成除了石英和磁铁矿之外,还有黑硬绿泥石、绿泥石、镁铁闪石等;碳酸盐相分布于矿体北部,主要矿物组成为菱铁矿、磁铁矿和石英等。本文通过大孤山BIF岩相学观察和含铁矿物化学成分研究,推测原生沉积物的组成为无定形硅胶、三价铁氢氧化物和富铝粘土碎屑,在经历了成岩和低级变质作用后转变为具不同相带的条带状铁建造。通过分析磁铁矿、菱铁矿和黑硬绿泥石等矿物在不同P_(O_2)-P_(CO_2)和pH-Eh条件下的共生相图可知,这些矿物均是在较低氧逸度、中到弱碱性环境下形成。综合考虑矿物成分、共生组合及受变质作用较弱等信息,本文推测制约原生矿物形成的控制因素主要是古海水氧化还原状态、酸碱度、CO_2含量和硫逸度。     

The geological significance of Pb–Bi- and Pb–Sb-sulphosalts in the Damajianshan tungsten polymetallic deposit,Yunnan Province,China

The Sanjiang Tethyan domain in SE Asia is one of the most important mineral belts in China. Cu, Pb–Zn, Ag, Au and Sn are the most important resources in this domain, while the tungsten mineralization is poorly reported. In this study, we report on mineralogy in recent discovered Damajianshan (DMJS) tungsten (–Cu–As–Mo–Bi) polymetallic deposit in the southern part of Sanjiang Tethyan domain related to Triassic quartz porphyry. Studies have shown that besides common ore minerals, such as native bismuth, bismuthinite, ikunolite, some specific minerals of Pb–Bi- and Pb–Sb-sulphosalts (e.g. izoklakeite, bournonite, cosalite, and boulangerite) have also been found. Based on paragenetic mineral assemblages, fluid inclusions, and thermodynamic studies, the physicochemical conditions were evaluated for the entire metallogenic process. The sulfur fugacity (logf_S2) ranges from − 9.7 to − 37 with ore-forming temperatures between 190 °C and 330 °C, and the oxygen fugacity (logf_O2) ranges from − 37.5 to − 38.5 when the temperature is 250 °C. The sulfur fugacity and oxygen fugacity show strong fluctuations with broadly negative correlation, indicating that these variations in physicochemical conditions should be responsible for mineral assemblages, and are one of the most significant factors leading to the formation of the DMJS deposit. Our mineralogical studies provide new information for tungsten mineralization and further exploration of tungsten resources in the Sanjiang Tethyan mineralization domain.     

从粘土矿物特征初步探讨苏北辐射状沙洲的沉积特征

以粘土矿物的组合特征分析，来研究大洋或近岸沉积物的文章已不〔Biscaye,1965, Griffin, 1968, Aoki 19i}-1918)。而应用粘土矿物组合特征分析研究动力沉积特征的文章尚少见。苏北近岸海域有长江及旧黄河等河流流入，泥沙来源丰富，途径多，水动力作用活跃，海底泥沙运移变化大，海岸冲淤变化快，形成比较复杂的海底地形。有名的苏北辐射状沙洲就在这里，而查清该区泥沙的来源及运移规律是研究沙洲成因及演变的中心课题。为此，我们做了粒度、重矿物、抱粉、微体古生物、化学、悬浮体等方面的工作，其中应用粘土矿物组合特征分析便是有意义的尝试之一。     

The unequilibrated enstatite chondrites

The enstatite chondrites formed under highly reducing (and/or sulfidizing) conditions as indicated by their mineral assemblages and compositions, which are sharply different from those of other chondrite groups. Enstatite is the major silicate mineral. Kamacite is Si-bearing and the enstatite chondrites contain a wide variety of monosulfide minerals that are not present in other chondrite groups. The unequilibrated enstatite chondrites are comprised of two groups (EH3 and EL3) and one anomalous member (LEW 87223), which can be distinguished by differences in their mineral assemblages and compositions. EH3 chondrites have >1.8 wt.% Si in their kamacite and contain the monosulfide niningerite (MgS), whereas EL3 chondrites have less than 1.4 wt.% Si in their kamacite and contain the monosulfide alabandite (MnS). The distinct mineralogies, compositions and textures of E3 chondrites make comparisons with ordinary chondrites (OCs) and carbonaceous chondrites (CCs) difficult, however, a range of recrystallization features in the E3s are observed, and some may be as primitive as type 3.1 OCs and CCs. Others, especially the EL3 chondrites, may have been considerably modified by impact processes and their primary textures disturbed. The chondrules in E3 chondrites, although texturally similar to type I pyroxene-rich chondrules, are sharply different from chondrules in other chondrite groups in containing Si-bearing metal, Ca- and Mg–Mn-rich sulfides and silica. This indicates formation in a reduced nebular environment separate from chondrules in other chondrites and possibly different precursor materials. Additionally the oxygen isotope compositions of E3 chondrules indicate formation from a unique oxygen reservoir. Although the abundance, size distribution, and secondary alteration minerals are not always identical, CAIs in E3 chondrites generally have textures, mineral assemblages and compositions similar to those in other groups. These observations indicates that CAIs in O, C and E chondrites all formed in the reservoir under similar conditions, and were redistributed to the different chondrite accretion zones, where the secondary alteration took place. Thus, chondrule formation was a local process for each particular chondrite group, but all CAIs may have formed in the similar nebular environment. Lack of evidence of water (hydrous minerals), and oxygen isotope compositions similar to Earth and Moon suggest formation of the E chondrites in the inner solar system and make them prime candidates as building blocks for the inner planets.     

Geological and geochemical characteristics in the paleo-weathering crust sedimentary type REE deposits,western Guizhou,China

A supergene REE deposit closely interrelated with the weathering of the Emeishan basalt formation was produced in the Xuanwei formation, the overlying stratum of the late Permian Emeishan basalt formation in West Guizhou, China. The host strata consist primarily of offwhite kaolinite clay rock and/or grayish black carbonaceous shale. Mineralogical analyses reveal that kaolinites are the major minerals in REE ores with small amounts of smectite, illite, boehmite, hornblende, pyrophyllite, calcite, dolomite and/or iron-bearing minerals, with a certain proportion of feldspar, quartz crystal debris and noncrystal debris. Geochemical analyses reveal high enrichment of trace elements like Cu, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf. The host strata feature considerable lithological variability, close interrelation of the REE grade with the lithology and uneven spatial distribution of the REE ores, which are mostly found in Lufang, Maojiaping and Zhangsigou profiles of Weining County and can be as thick as 20 m. Of the five stratigraphic profiles, 48% have their whole-rock ∑REE higher than 1000 ppm. The REE in this framework consists primarily of ion adsorbed phases and REE-rich residual independent mineral phases. Comprehensive analyses suggest that the source may not only include the Emeishan basalt, but the intermediate acid volcanic rocks evolved from the Emeishan basalt in the later periods; the hydrothermal alteration subsequently imposed on the host strata might have boosted the mineralization of the rare earth. The preliminary genetic model should have been: the denudation product from the weathering of the parent rock was migrated to the sea-continental margin at the continent side carrying huge quantities of REE with it and was preserved by the quick marine transgression. The host strata consist primarily of kaolinite clay rock and/or carbonaceous shale, which are so far believed to be a sedimentary type REE deposit closely interrelated with weathering effect.     

Can the long-term potential for carbonatization and safe long-term CO2 storage in sedimentary formations be predicted?

A sedimentary formation perturbated by supercritical CO₂ reacts by dissolving primary minerals and forming new secondary phases. In this process CO₂ may be trapped in stable carbonate minerals and may thereby be immobilized for long time spans. The potential for mineral trapping can be estimated by solving kinetic expressions for the reservoir minerals and possible secondary phases. This is, however, not trivial as kinetic data are uncertain or even lacking for the minerals of interest. Here, the rate equations most commonly used for CO₂ storage simulations have been solved, and the rate parameters varied, to obtain sensitivity on the total amount of CO₂ stored as mineral carbonate. As various expressions are in use to estimate growth rates of secondary carbonates, three formulations were compared, including one taking into account mineral nucleation preceding growth. The sensitivity studies were done on two systems, the Utsira Sand being representative for a cold quartz-rich sand (37 °C, 100 bar CO₂), and the Gulf Coast Sediment, being representative for a medium temperature quartz–plagioclase-rich system (75 °C, 300 bar CO₂).The simulations showed that the total predicted CO₂ mineral storage is especially sensitive to the choice of growth rate model and the reactive surface area. The largest sensitivity was found on α, fraction of total surface area available for reactions, with a reduction of one order of magnitude for all reacting phases leading to 3–4 times lower predicted CO₂ mineral storage. Because the reactive surface area is highly uncertain for natural systems, the range in predicted results may be even larger. The short-term predictions (<100–1000 a), such as the onset of carbonate growth, were highly sensitive to nucleation and growth rates. Moreover, the type of carbonate minerals formed was shown to be model dependent, with the simplest model predicting an unlikely carbonate assemblage at low temperature (i.e., formation of dolomite at 37 °C). Therefore, to use kinetic models to upscale short-term (<months) laboratory experiments in time, to identify the past reactions and physical conditions of natural CO₂ storage analogues, and finally to predict the potential for CO₂ trapping in existing and future storage projects, more knowledge has to be collected, especially on the reactive surface area of CO₂ storage reservoirs, and on the rate of secondary carbonate nucleation and growth.     

Stages of mineral formation in early Triassic to quaternary deposits with implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Koltogor-Urengoy trough system,West Siberian Plate

This paper summarizes the results of previous and recent studies of minerals in Lower Mesozoic terrigenous rocks of the Koltogor-Urengoy trough and adjacent structures of the northern margin of the West Siberian Plate. The study reveals stages and paragenetic sequences of detrital and authigenic mineral formation with implications for the stages of the geodynamic evolution of the basin: syn-rift, transitional to syneclise, syneclise, and tectonic inversion. The microscopic observations of the textural and structural relationships between detrital and authigenic minerals were used to explain the mechanisms of mineral formation and sources of material, as well as the means of their interformational, intraformational, and basin-wide redistribution under the influence of different thermodynamic and hydrodynamic factors as a function of the geodynamic setting. The problems considered here may be applicable in hydrocarbon-reservoir studies.