陈村水电站坝基析出物的形成研究

陈村水电站建坝以后，坝基的部分排水孔不断排出析出物，经调查分析，析出物的主要化学成分是铁、锰，钙等，这是坝基地下水在还原条件下对基岩产生化学潜蚀的结果。析出物是一些胶状物质，并非断层带泥化形成的机械管涌，与坝基的断层关系密切，析出物的分布不广，排出量不多，并不影响坝基基岩的强度，对大坝的安全不构成威胁。     

基于化学热力学的大坝廊道渗水析出物量化分析

坝址渗水析出物是液—固相系列间相互作用的产物,对坝基岩体的渗透稳定性和帷幕体的防渗时效性具有指示意义,而目前对其量化分析还不够。在明确析出物的成因及形成过程的基础上,以一大坝工程作为例,应用PHREEQC中Equilibrium_phases模块对渗水析出物进行定量解析,并与类似成果进行对比,认为此模块的应用更为合理。结果表明:目前区内大坝廊道渗水析出物的析出量总体上对大坝的稳定性影响不大,第四单元和第六单元相对其它单元析出量稍多一些,建议加强监测。     

龙凤山水库土石坝渗流混水现象研究

龙凤山土石坝在运行的很长一段时期内,坝后排水沟出现严重的混水现象,该现象白天呈周期性变化。利用原子吸收法和X-荧光光谱分析法,对坝后排水沟中的水及析出物进行化学成分分析,研究坝基析出物化学成分的演变规律。研究表明,水质中富含Ca,析出物中富含Fe和Mn。在坝基地下水渗流过程中,地下水与坝基岩石产生物理化学作用,从而导致化学潜蚀。地下渗流水的化学潜蚀作用与坝基岩石性质密切相关。在基性类岩石中,由于富含铁、锰等深色元素,在酸性环境中很容易迁移,因而排水沟中出现Fe2O3和MnO2絮凝状沉淀物,导致排水沟出现混水现象。     

基于PHREEQC的某大坝排水洞析出物定量预测

水工建筑物排水孔洞中常常析出大量各色固体物质,对水工建筑物的安全稳定运行产生不可忽视的影响。某大型水利工程排水孔洞中析出物是典型的地下水环境变化下的水文地球化学现象,应用PHREEQC定量模拟析出量结果表明:单位长度析出量介于0.0303～0.9124kg/a,大坝析出物问题并不严重;一、二、三、五、七号单元的单位长度析出量小于0.66kg/a;四号、六号单元的单位长度析出量分别为0.8656kg/a和0.9124kg/a,属于相对危险部位,应该重点监测。应用PHREEQC定量模拟水-岩相互作用,揭示析出物的水文地球化学变化过程,可以为大坝安全监测提供科学依据。     

铜街子大坝排水孔水中H_2S气体特征研究及大坝安全运行意义

铜街子水电站曾以地质构造情况特殊、复杂而著称,在进行的首次安检中对排水孔水中H2S气体进行了现场测量,总结了分布特征,分析了可能的成因.结合排水孔水中氡气测量结果、水质分析和胶状析出物测试结果,有效地说明了大坝坝基的稳定性,并针对H2S气体对人体的危害,提出减轻对廊道工作人员健康影响的措施.     

皖浙山区大坝坝址环境水特征与作用

大坝建成水库蓄水,坝址水环境发生明显变化,致使水岩间相互作用加剧。在渗透压力作用下,弱酸性的水库底层水侵蚀力加强;水对岩石和混凝土的作用造成了坝基地下水的酸性和碱性化;坝基地下水地球化学环境的改变,是造成坝基排水孔胶状析出物排出的主要原因。大坝两侧岸坡和坝基地下水坡降增大,绕坝渗漏的存在,是造成大坝岸坡坝基不稳定的主要因素。     

陡坡水库大坝渗透稳定性及渗透变形分析

陡坡水库存在大坝质量差、坝体发育大量裂缝、背水坡出现散浸现象、坝后沼泽化并形成一上升泉以及排水渠和鱼池有絮状析出物、渗漏量增大等问题,这些异常现象都是由坝体及坝基渗流引起的。在阐述坝体和坝基地质、水文地质条件情况下,分析了大坝渗漏成因及大坝的渗透稳定性,指出坝体实际浸润线及坝体渗漏量是不正常的,特别是1987年后当库水位高于194 m,同一库水位呈上升趋势,这是反常的。坝基实际渗漏量异常,存在管涌和接触冲刷问题,尤其库水位低至 193.84 m,坝后上升泉仍有沙沸现象。上述现象表明大坝渗流是危险的,并分析了散浸、析出物、上升泉及沼泽化、坝肩及绕坝渗漏等现象的成因。     

皖北刘桥二矿井下析出物的成因探讨

皖北刘桥二矿投产两年多来，井下的渗水部位不断有钙质及铁、锰质等析出物形成。初步分析认为，这是地下水的水文地球化学环境变化及其对围岩产生机械、化学潜蚀作用的结果。析出物形成速度快、局部排出量大，对矿井水环境质量和井巷围岩稳定性有一定影响。由于该现象在黄淮地区的许多矿井中均有发现，故应引起生产单位和学术界的充分重视。     

皖北刘二矿井下析出物的成因探讨

刘桥二矿投产两年多来，井下的渗水部位不断有钙，铁，锰等析出物形成。初步分析，这是地下水的水文地球化学环境及其对基岩产生机械，化学潜蚀作用的结果，析出物的形成速度较快，局部排出量大，对矿井水环境质量及基岩强度有一定影响，应引起有关部门重视。     

基于ADINA的软土坝基沉降分析

为了预测拟建软土坝基的沉降量,弄清软土坝基的沉降规律及孔隙水压力的消散规律,本文采用有限元分析程序,对大坝软土坝基的沉降进行了分析研究。研究结果表明:大坝的沉降经历了初始沉降、快速沉降和缓慢沉降3个阶段;通过分析,获得了坝基的沉降规律为Hill模型,孔隙水压力的消散规律为指数衰减Expdec2模型,并得出了坝基的沉降量、附加沉降量及水平位移值,为大坝建设和类似坝基沉降预测提供了有价值的参考。     

Deterministic approach to the seismic hazard of dam sites in Kızılırmak basin,Turkey

Dams constructed on the seismically active regions have a high-risk potential for downstream life and property. Strong ground motion can result in instability of the dam and strength loss of foundation. Active faults within the foundation of dam have the potential to cause damaging displacement of the structures. Appropriate design measures should be considered to obtain rational solution to the problem of catastrophic release of water from the reservoir, and especially to resist earthquake loads. Safety concerns for dams under the earthquake loads involve the seismic hazard evaluation of dam site for the overall stability of structure. Various types of analyses can be used, ranging from a simplified analysis to more complex procedures based on ground motion parameters and response spectra. This paper briefly evaluates seismic hazard analyses for dam structures, and introduces the analyses for thirty-six dams with height ranging from 15 to 195 m in Kızılırmak basin, Turkey. The seismic hazard analyses have indicated that peak ground acceleration varies within a wide range (0.09–0.45 g) for the dam sites of the basin.     

渗流作用下软基心墙坝稳定性分析

基于心墙坝的渗流特性建立了渗流分析模型和坝坡渗透稳定分析模型,并进一步考虑坝下软土地基的压缩特性提出了与当前应力状态有关的软土层渗流分析模型,将所建模型应用于某水利枢纽主土坝典型软基断面不同运行工况的计算,详细分析了心墙的防渗作用和软土层变形对渗透稳定的不良影响。     

The effect of reservoir length on seismic performance of gravity dams to near- and far-fault ground motions

In this article, the effect of reservoir length on seismic performance of gravity dams to near- and far-fault ground motions is investigated. For this purpose, four finite element models of dam–reservoir–foundation interaction system are prepared by using the Lagrangian approach. In these models, the reservoir length varies from H to 4H (H: the height of dam). The Folsom gravity dam is selected as a numerical application. Two different ground motion records of 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are used in the analyses. One of ground motions is recorded in near fault; the other is recorded in far fault. Also, the two records have the same peak ground acceleration. The study mainly consists of three parts to assess the effects of reservoir length on the seismic performance of the concrete gravity dam. In the first part, the linear time-history analyses of the four finite element models prepared for the Folsom gravity dam are performed. In the second part, the seismic performance of the dam is evaluated according to demand–capacity ratio and cumulative inelastic duration. Finally, the nonlinear time-history analyses of the finite element models of the dam are carried out by using Drucker–Prager yield criteria for dam concrete. It is seen from the analyses results that the seismic behavior of the concrete gravity dams is considerably affected from the length of the reservoir. The reservoir length of 3H is adequate for concrete gravity dams. The selection of ground motion is on of the important parts of seismic evaluation of gravity dams. Also, the frequency characteristics of the ground motion having the same peak ground acceleration affect the seismic performance of the dam. The near-fault ground motions are generally creates more stress on the dam body than far-fault ground motions. The used performance approach provides a systematic methodology for assessment of the seismic performance and necessity of nonlinear analyses for dam systems.     

贵阳市区地表/地下水化学与锶同位素研究

贵阳市及邻近地区地表和地下水的化学与Sr同位素组成变化反映了典型喀斯特地区地表/地下水文系统的水-岩反应和城市污染特征:水体中的化学溶解物质主要来源于碳酸盐岩(石灰岩和白云岩)的风化作用和膏岩层的溶解,其次为人为污染物的输入;污染物以K⁺,Na⁺,Cl^-,SO^2-₄,NO^-₃为主,枯水期因大气降水补给小而受人为活动影响较大;丰水期和枯水期地表/地下水的化学组成变化说明地表/地下水交换活跃,地下水环境容易受到人为活动影响。     

Dynamic response of concrete gravity dams including dam–water–foundation interaction

In this paper, the gravity dam–water–foundation system including the physical and mechanical properties of the sediment at the reservoir bottom is modelled using a finite element and infinite element coupling model. The sediment at the reservoir bottom has been assumed to be a viscoelastic solid medium. The effects of thickness, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and material damping of the sediment on the response of the dam have been studied. The related numerical results from this study illustrated that the existence of the sediment at the bottom of the reservoir has significant effects on the response of concrete gravity dams since the soft layer of the sediment plays two main roles in the dam–water–foundation system, the energy dissipation of the system and the amplification of the incident wave on the water–sediment interface. It is the amplified acceleration on the water–sediment interface that results in different mechanisms of the effect of the sediment on the response of the dam. Therefore, apart from the incident wave, the thickness, the softness and the damping ratio of the sediment can also affect the response of the dam.     

Rock Mass Behavior Under Hydropower Embankment Dams: A Two-Dimensional Numerical Study

Sweden has more than 190 large hydropower dams, of which about 50 are pure embankment dams and over 100 are concrete/embankment dams. This paper presents results from conceptual analyses of the response of typical Swedish rock mass to the construction of a hydropower embankment dam and its first stages of operation. The aim is to identify locations and magnitudes of displacements that are occurring in the rock foundation and grout curtain after construction of the dam, the first filling of its water reservoir, and after one seasonal variation of the water table. Coupled hydro-mechanical analysis was conducted using the two-dimensional distinct element program UDEC. Series of the simulations have been performed and the results show that the first filling of the reservoir and variation of water table induce largest magnitudes of displacement, with the greatest values obtained from the two models with high differential horizontal stresses and smallest spacing of sub-vertical fractures. These results may help identifying the condition of the dam foundation and contribute to the development of proper maintenance measures, which guarantee the safety and functionality of the dam. Additionally, newly developed dams may use these results for the estimation of the possible response of the rock foundation to the construction.     

天然土石坝稳定性初步研究

滑坡堵塞江河形成的天然土石坝是自然作用的产物，不同于人工土石坝，天然土石坝形成后有些存在几十年，几百年，有些形成后不久就溃决，这与坝体本身的性质和河水入流量有关，依据野外实测资料，证了土石坝的稳定性的主要是同土石坝的物质组成，几何形状和堰塞湖入流量等因素决定的，这一研究为天然土石坝的稳定性预测奠定了基础。     

滑坡堰塞坝越顶溢流破坏的物理模型实验

滑坡堰塞坝作为结构松散的堆积物,随着上游水位的不断上涨,其稳定性不断降低,并存在突然溃坝的风险。以唐家山滑坡堰塞坝为研究对象,基于相似原理,开展符合坝体颗粒级配的室内水槽物理模型实验,模拟了不同坝后蓄水量、不同水位和不同颗粒物质组成条件下坝体渗流、漫顶破坏的整个过程。监测结果显示：堰塞坝漫顶溃坝主要分为渗流、漫顶、冲刷和溃决4个过程;坝体堆积颗粒级配越差,坝体允许渗流坡降越小;相同材料配比的坝体,上游水位相同时,坝体底部水平位移最大,且漫顶溃坝时溃口尺寸与蓄水量正相关。该研究结果揭示了堰塞坝漫顶破坏规律,可为堰塞坝溃坝防治提供理论参考。     

The Bhuj, India, earthquake: lessons learned for earthquake safety of dams on alluvium

The Bhuj, India, earthquake of 26 January 2001, M_s 7.9, caused dams built on alluvium to sustain damage ranging from cosmetic to severe. Major damage was caused almost entirely by soil liquefaction in the alluvium. The critical factor was the level of earthquake ground motion.

The Bhuj earthquake showed that peak horizontal accelerations (PHAs)≤0.2 g were generally safe. PHAs>0.2 g were hazardous, when unconsolidated granular foundation soils were water saturated. N values of <20 are indicative of susceptibility to soil liquefaction. The Bhuj experience showed that alluvial foundation soils, subject to a PHA>0.2 g, must be evaluated over the full area beneath a new dam and all soils deemed susceptible to liquefaction must be either removed or treated. For remediating an old dam, reliable options are removal and replacement of liquefiable alluvium beneath upstream and downstream portions of the dam, combined with building berms designed to provide stability for the dam should there be a strength loss in soils beneath the dam.