扬子板块北缘光雾山地区钾长花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及构造意义

为了限定扬子板块北缘地区新元古代岩浆活动事件的准确时间及和探讨岩石成因,本文对出露于四川省南江县光雾山钾长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究。结果表明光雾山地区钾长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为836.3Ma±8.3Ma,属于新元古代花岗岩。岩石具有高w(SiO2)(72.68%~78.10%),w(K2O)(4.26%~5.32%),w(Na2O)(1.68%~3.38%),相对富钾(K2O/Na2O=1.12~2.54),高碱(w(Na2O+K2O)=7.64%~8.99%),低P2O5含量等特征,铝饱和指数A/CNK=0.99~1.49,光雾山花岗岩属于过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩。岩石具有轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素亏损的特征,具有明显Eu负异常,δEu为0.48~0.73。光雾山花岗岩微量元素表现出Rb,Th,K,Nd,Sm元素富集,Ba,Nb,Ta,Sr,P,Ti元素亏损的特点。地球化学研究表明,光雾山钾长花岗岩主要以粘土岩部分熔融为主及少部分含粘土的变质杂砂岩部分熔融形成的。岩浆可能来源于本区结晶基底新太古界-古元古界后河岩群和褶皱基底中-新元古界火地亚群中深变质岩为代表的地壳物质的部分熔融产物,为壳源成因类型,具有岛弧型花岗岩特征,形成于岛弧构造环境。光雾山钾长花岗岩的形成是新元古界时期扬子板块与华北板块之间的俯冲碰撞、岛弧形成构造演化过程中使区域地壳不断加厚和地壳深融作用的响应。扬子陆块北缘南江地区约836Ma同碰撞岛弧型钾长花岗岩的发现,表明该地区在约836Ma时为Rodinia超大陆汇聚形成阶段,此时期该区Rodinia超大陆尚未进入大陆裂解阶段。     

新疆阿舍勒铜锌矿区英云闪长岩年代学及地球化学

对新疆阿尔泰南缘阿舍勒铜矿区英云闪长岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄测定,获得了375.3±2.1Ma和386.2±3.8 Ma的加权平均年龄,表明英云闪长岩形成于早泥盆世晚期—中泥盆世早期。岩石地球化学分析结果表明:所有岩石具有高SiO2(74.72%~77.72%)和中等的Al2O3(12.06%~13.5%)含量,低的P2O5(<0.04%)和CaO(0.34%~1.65%)含量,且具有贫碱(K2O+Na2O=5.84%~6.59%)、富钠(Na2O/K2O=3.3~10.9)、过铝质(A/CNK=1.10~1.18)特点;富集LREE和Th、U、Pb元素,贫P、Sr、Nb、Ta、Ti元素,呈现明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.47~0.81),属低钾过铝质岩石。综合阿尔泰造山带南缘的区域地质资料及英云闪长岩的地球化学特征,认为阿舍勒铜锌矿区英云闪长岩是早中泥盆世的活动大陆边缘环境陆壳岩石部分熔融的产物。     

内蒙古东乌旗巴彦都兰二长花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

为了解晚古生代西伯利亚板块南缘增生造山过程中的岩浆活动特征,对东乌旗巴彦都兰二长花岗岩岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石Hf同位素和岩石地球化学进行了研究,并讨论了岩石成因和构造环境。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果为(277.2±0.7)Ma,以正的锆石εHf(t)(6.8~14.1)为特征,具有年轻的锆石地壳模式年龄(tcDM)(865~655 Ma),属于早二叠世晚期岩浆活动产物。二长花岗岩以高钾[w(K)=3.63%~4.95%,K2O/Na2O=0.91~1.47]、富碱[w(K2O+Na2O)=7.52%~9.16%]、准铝质-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.96~1.15)为特征;稀土元素总量较低(38.82×10-6~193.20×10-6),(La/Yb)N为3.91~23.08,轻、重稀土元素分异较明显,呈弱负铕异常(δEu为0.34~1.17);富集部分大离子亲石元素(LREE、Rb、K等);Zr弱负异常、Hf弱正异常,亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、P、Ti,显示后造山花岗岩特征。综合分析表明,巴彦都兰二长花岗岩形成于伸展的构造环境中,是贺根山洋盆闭合后的后造山阶段产物,为865~655 Ma前洋壳俯冲形成的先成地壳部分熔融而成。     

东昆仑热水二长花岗岩地球化学特征、年代学及其构造意义

为探讨东昆仑热水地区花岗岩岩石成因及其构造意义,对热水二长花岗岩进行了年代学和地球化学研究。结果表明,热水二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为231±1Ma,为晚三叠世;具有高硅(Si O2为68.74%~71.69%)、高铝(Al2O3为14.78%~15.18%)、富钾贫钠(K2O/Na2O为1.05~1.32,K2O含量为3.78%~4.32%)特点,其里特曼指数为1.87~2.21,A/CNK为1.03~1.07,属于高钾钙碱性弱过铝质岩石系列;其ΣREE为118.28×10-6~148.1×10-6,LREE/HREE为15.05~16.53,具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的右倾配分模式,富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素以及LREE,相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,具有Ⅰ型花岗岩特征,表明岩石源区可能为俯冲板片或下地壳基性岩部分熔融产物,并混入幔源物质,具有壳幔混合成因特点,结合区域地质背景,认为热水二长花岗岩形成壳幔相互作用、碰撞-后碰撞的构造背景。     

张广才岭南部早—中侏罗世花岗质岩浆作用及构造演化

近年来对张广才岭南部中生代花岗岩成因和演化等问题的研究较少,对其进行系统的同位素年代学和岩石地球化学研究有助于加深对张广才岭南部早—中侏罗世构造岩浆演化及地球动力学背景的认识。张广才岭南部早侏罗世花岗岩主要由黑云母石英闪长岩、黑云母花岗闪长岩和黑云母二长花岗岩组成,3件样品的LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年龄为172. 7~182. 4Ma,属于早侏罗世。黑云母石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩以含有大量暗色微粒包体为特点,具有钙碱性、A/CNK值小于1. 1、Eu具弱负异常(δEu=0. 55~1. 03)等地球化学特征,属于I型花岗岩,具有壳幔混合成因机制;黑云母二长花岗岩为过铝质高钾钙碱性岩石,具有S型花岗岩特征;中侏罗世黑云英云闪长岩富含暗色微粒包体,其A/CNK值小于1. 1(0. 88~0. 93),为钙碱性I型花岗岩;正长花岗岩和碱长花岗岩具有高硅(SiO2=76. 89%~77. 82%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=6. 36%~8. 5%)、富铁贫镁(FeOT/MgO=6. 2~20. 6)的特征,并且稀土总量高、Eu负异常明显(δEu=0. 01~0. 74)、轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,属于A2型花岗岩。对张广才岭南部早—中侏罗世花岗岩的研究表明,早侏罗世早期(172. 7~182. 4Ma),由于古太平洋板块的俯冲及后续的岩石圈拆沉效应, 导致地幔上隆及幔源岩浆的板底垫托造成古老地壳和新生地壳的部分熔融,由此形成具壳幔混合成因的花岗岩体;早侏罗世晚期(172. 7Ma),东侧佳木斯板块与张广才岭地块碰撞造山作用形成黑云母二长花岗岩体;中侏罗世早期(168. 1Ma),东侧大洋板块的俯冲作用持续,形成具壳幔混合成因的黑云英云闪长岩;中侏罗世晚期(166Ma),构造环境逐渐由挤压造山向造山后伸展环境转变。     

华北板块北缘西段东升庙岩体地球化学特征及其构造意义

华北板块北缘具有复杂的构造演化历史,沿板块北缘发育有上千千米的近东西向晚古生代—早中生代岩浆岩带,东升庙岩体是该岩浆岩带西段上具有代表性的岩体之一。但对该岩体系统的地球化学研究基本没有开展。为揭示华北板块北缘复杂的构造演化历史,本文对该岩体白云母二长花岗岩进行了系统的岩石地球化学和Lu-Hf同位素研究。结果表明,东升庙岩体富含SiO2(70.70%~76.46%)、Al2O3(12.66%~14.98%)和Na2O(3.60%~5.49%),而贫TiO2(0.02%~0.08%)、MgO(0.07%~0.49%)和Fe2O3(0.02%~2.46%),其A/CNK值为0.90~1.15,为弱过铝质-准铝质高钾钙碱性系列。岩石相对富集Rb、U、K、Hf,亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、Ti;稀土总量很低(18.50×10-6~63.15×10-6),具负Eu异常和M型四组分效应。176 Hf/177 Hf值为0.2821~0.2823,εHf(t)=-13.4~-17.3,tDM2=1.9~2.1Ga。结合其他资料,可以认为东升庙岩体是典型的壳源S型花岗岩,岩浆源区为古老的古元古代陆壳物质,在岩浆演化过程中经历了高度的结晶分异作用,形成于华北—欧亚板块同碰撞末—后碰撞初的转换构造时期。     

两广交界地区壶垌片麻状复式岩体的年代学和地球化学：对云开地块北缘早古生代构造-岩浆作用的启示

本文对两广交界地区发育的壶垌片麻状复式岩体进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和岩石学、地球化学、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素的分析研究。该复式岩体主要由片麻状英云闪长岩、片麻状花岗闪长岩和片麻状二长花岗岩组成,获得片麻状花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为443.1±2.0Ma。其中片麻状英云闪长岩和片麻状花岗闪长岩总体具有较低硅(SiO2=62.92%~67.54%)、较低碱(K2O+Na2O=3.98%~5.17%)、准铝质(A/CNK=0.83~0.93)的化学组成特征,属于中钾含角闪石钙碱性花岗岩类(ACG);而片麻状二长花岗岩具有高硅(SiO2=71.55%~72.78%)、高碱(K2O+Na2O=6.65%~7.57%)、准铝-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.92~1.05)的化学组成特征,属于高钾钙碱性花岗岩类(KCG)。岩石表现出富集大离子亲石元素(如U、Ba、Rb和Th)和轻稀土元素,而Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素明显亏损,并具有较高的锶同位素初始比值((87Sr/86Sr)i=0.71268~0.71482)和较低的εNd(t)值(-9.4~-2.6),反映其具有俯冲消减作用形成的岛弧岩浆岩地球化学特征。结合区域地质特征分析认为,壶垌片麻状复式岩体很可能是在扬子板块和华夏板块之间的洋壳岩石圈向南俯冲的地球动力学背景下,引发软流圈地幔上涌,其所带来的热能诱发了岩石圈地幔和上覆云开地块的古老地壳物质重熔,形成以壳源为主的壳幔混源母岩浆,再经历不同程度分离结晶作用,从而形成了本区大陆边缘弧型岩浆岩。因此,壶垌片麻状复式岩体是云开地块北缘早古生代洋陆俯冲-碰撞的地质记录。     

内蒙古东部央格力雅山中酸性岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

内蒙古东部央格力雅山岩体岩性为正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩和英云闪长岩。正长花岗岩U-Pb年龄为130.4±1.1Ma,英云闪长岩U-Pb年龄为126.6±3.0Ma、二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为131.6±1.1Ma和130.7±1.5Ma,显示岩体侵位时间为早白垩世。地球化学研究表明,该花岗岩体具有富硅、富碱、贫钙的特征,属准铝质-过铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石;稀土元素总量较低、轻重稀土元素分馏明显,(La/Nb)N值在9.14～24.86之间、正Eu异常显著(δEu值为1.03～1.53);微量元素K、La、Sr、Gd等明显富集,Nb、Pr、P、Ti等亏损;大离子亲石元素相对高场强元素富集。岩石分异指数平均为80.63,岩石成因类型属高分异I型花岗岩,岩浆来源于下地壳岩石的部分熔融,形成于伸展环境,与古太平洋板块俯冲作用密切相关。     

冈底斯西段萨果花岗岩地球化学和年代学特征及其地质意义

萨果花岗岩位于冈底斯西段中、南亚带交界位置,主要岩石类型有二长花岗岩和花岗闪长斑岩,岩石总体上富Si,K,贫Mg,Ca,w(Si O2)=64.84%~70.1%,w(K2O)/w(Na2O)=1.21~1.75,A/CNK=0.99~1.2,w(Al2O3)介于14.48%~15.52%,属过铝质岩石,稀土总量(ΣREE)变化范围为256.1×10~(-6)~428.8×10~(-6),LREE/HREE>10,轻稀土富集,δEu=0.77~0.85,弱的铕负异常。Rb、Th和K等大离子亲石元素富集,而Ba、U和Ta等高场强元素亏损。岩石学特征表明岩石总体上具岛弧花岗岩特征,仅少数岩石显示碰撞花岗岩的特点,结合区域花岗岩浆演化和构造环境等地质背景,推断萨果花岗岩体可能形成于俯冲向同碰撞的过渡环境。二长花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(88.6±1.5)Ma。萨果花岗岩是新特提斯洋向北俯冲的产物,表明印亚大陆碰撞起始时间晚于88.6 Ma。     

浙东地区东园花岗岩体年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

浙东地区岩浆岩广泛分布,受区域构造控制较明显,总体沿北东向余姚-丽水断裂带分布。本文对东园花岗岩体开展了详细的年代学和岩石地球化学研究。东园岩体主要由二长花岗岩、石英二长岩和少量花岗岩组成,主岩体二长花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为235.6±0.7 Ma(MSWD=0.97,2σ),花岗岩为238.1±0.8 Ma(MSWD=1.3,2σ),均属中三叠世产物。二长花岗岩和石英二长岩为准铝质-弱过铝质的钙碱性花岗岩,具高硅(62.94%~75.29%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=8.17%~9.34%)且富钾(K_2O=4.54%~5.63%)的特征,轻重稀土分馏明显,具有较强的Eu正异常(δEu=0.94~2.43),明显亏损高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、P、Ti,而相对富集Th、Hf,富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb,相对贫Ba。岩体属高(-中等)分异I型花岗岩,岩浆来源于具弧属性的加厚地壳部分熔融,形成于同碰撞向后碰撞阶段转变的大地构造环境,可能与太平洋板块向华南板块俯冲作用事件有关。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.