基于植被分布的河道糙率分区及率定方法

天然河流的河道综合糙率呈现出空间上的差异性和随水位（或流量）变化的动态性,但目前缺乏相关参数化方法来定量描述河道糙率的动态变化规律。尝试通过参数化方法开展受河道植被影响显著河流的糙率反演研究,用以提升模型精度。基于植被分布将河道断面划分为若干糙率不同的子区,通过率定河道断面各分区的糙率,从而反演糙率—水位曲线。在此基础上通过分析河道植被覆盖情况与河道断面特点对糙率曲线变化的影响,推求了基于分区糙率的河道断面综合糙率计算公式,从而定量描述分区糙率与综合糙率的关系。以漓江干流为例,采用该方法率定漓江干流（大溶江至阳朔段）水动力模型。结果表明:漓江干流综合糙率随水位在0.022~0.180间变化;在1.5 m的临界水深下,断面可划分为底床植被区（n=0.210）与非植被区（n=0.006）,能较好地反演糙率—水位曲线并获得理想的水位模拟效果。漓江底床植被繁茂是糙率随水位变化的根本原因,断面边滩的坡度变化是糙率与水位曲线梯度变化的主要驱动因素,两者的共同作用使得糙率随着水位呈现两段式的非线性变化。     

流动型态对曼宁糙率系数的影响研究

根据明渠水流流动型态的概念,通过对实验资料的分析,得到均匀流时糙率系数随水深增加而减小,形成M1型水面线的非均匀流时糙率系数随水深、水力坡度的增大而增大的规律。提出的糙率系数的二步计算法,可以解决因非均匀流水深沿程变化,难以建立糙率系数与水深关系的困难,为在水力计算中修正糙率系数提供了依据。     

贯彻新规范中对有关糙率应用问题的探讨

通过对现行新规范糙率计算方法的深刻理解，并对过去均匀流中断面法计算糙率进行对照探讨，提出了将历史糙率资料修正为恒定非均匀流情况下河段的糙率成果，既满足新规范规定的糙率应用，同时使推流精度提高。     

通用模型参数率定技术研究

在介绍当前模型参数优选技术的基础上，设计了模型参数同优选方法相耦合的一系列数据接口定义，实现了人工试错和自动优选相耦合、多模型多参数同时自动优选的模型参数率定功能。应用实例表明，通用模型参数率定功能具有简便、快捷、准确的优点，大大提高了参数率定的效率。     

冰盖下矩形河道的综合糙率

综合糙率是采用曼宁公式确定河道水位和流量关系的关键参数。在河道冰封期,冰盖的出现增加了流动的阻力,明流条件下确定的综合糙率不再适用,需要重新估算。基于Einstein阻力划分过流断面的原理,冰盖下矩形河道的过水断面可划分为冰盖区、河床区和边壁区。根据总流的连续性方程,在确定各分区糙率系数、水力半径和断面面积的基础上,提出了冰盖下矩形河道综合糙率的计算公式。采用已有的试验水槽测量数据和天然河道实测资料对公式进行了验证,结果表明:公式计算的综合糙率与实测值吻合较好,与Einstein公式和Sabaneev公式相比,计算精度更高;对于冰封水流,宽浅河道采用分区水深代替水力半径进行简化计算的条件有别于明渠水流,在宽深比大于20时,计算结果才满足精度要求。     

浅水方程模拟中确定糙率的回归系数法

基于水流模拟本身就是模拟模型回归求真(即实体原型)过程的认识,从模拟模型和实体原型之间的相关关系出发,应用统计学中的线性回归分析方法,通过回归系数建立了模型与原型糙率系数之间的关系式,提出了二维浅水方程模拟中糙率确定的回归系数法。数值试验表明,该方法并不依赖于糙率系数的初值,具有稳定性好、收敛速度快的特点;对磨刀门水道水流的数值模拟应用显示,该方法能有效地改善模拟计算的精度,具有较好的适应能力,简便实用,为二维浅水流动模拟计算时率定糙率系数提供了一种有效途径。     

矩形明槽宽深比和边壁糙率对于流速分布和阻力影响的实验研究

本文通过矩形水槽试验,改变宽深比和边壁糙率,系统地研究了明渠恒定均匀流水力学特性.试验表明,根据断面上各条垂线流速分布的特征,可将断面划分为对数流速分布区和抛物线流速分布区.文中给出了两区流速分布的表达式以及两区分界线和垂线最大流速点位置随宽深比和边壁糙率而变化的规律.本文还分析了光滑明渠流和粗糙明渠流阻力系数的变化、阻力系数的分割以及剪切应力沿床面和边壁的分布规律.     

山区型河道一维水力数值模拟糙率确定方法

糙率参数取值是河道水流一维数值模拟的关键技术。山区型河道因河势变化急剧而产生的局部阻力对水流流态影响较大。根据山区型河道的水力特性，提出了综合反映子河段内河底切力及局部阻力的综合糙率的确定方法，并通过算例对该方法进行了测试，取得了预期的效果。该方法使得水流一维数值模拟时的计算子河段划分趋于方便，同时对于缺少历史观测资料的河道糙率参数的确定，提供了一种新的方法。     

草皮护坡水力糙率实验研究

生态护岸工程可以在保护河岸的同时对河道生态系统起到良好的维护作用,其中草本植物因其生长快、易存活成为生态护岸的重要工程材料。草皮护坡糙率实验对36组草皮试件的糙率进行了系统的实验研究。研究表明,草皮糙率的大致范围为0.020~0.090,主要与土壤类型、肥沃程度、水流条件等有关。通过实验数据分析发现:草皮糙率随生长期而增加;加筋草皮(基土中设置三维加筋材料的草皮)的糙率普遍大于天然草皮糙率。     

二维平面非恒定流数学模型的遥感水位数据同化

为了在水流计算中定量化利用遥感水位数据,基于偏微分方程最优化控制理论建立了变分模型来融合二维平面非恒定流的数学模型和数据。根据遥感数据空间信息密集的特点,提出遥感水位数据同化的新算法。采用人工合成数据考察了面域遥感数据对于定常参数和时变两类参数的反演效果。试验结果表明,遥感数据提供的空间分布式信息有利于空间分布式参数的反演识别,而且通过引入考虑水面空间变化信息的附加项,可以改善观测信息的同化,更好地辨识时变参数(流量过程)。以Moselle河的RADARSAT卫星遥感水位数据检验了模型的实用性。     

水位演算模型及其在水位预报中的应用

将单一河道洪水演算系统视为单输入一单输出系统,基于时间序列分析中的ＡＲＭＡＶ（２,１）模型,应用时间序列分析最优控制理论建立了水位演算模型和水位预报方法。证明若采用水位作变量,则可采用无约束的最优化方法确定参数;若采用水深作变量,则可采用以水量平衡为约束的寻优方法确定参数。本文所建立的水位预报方法用于黄河下游水位预报,得到了满意的预报精度。     

分布式降雨径流物理模型的建立和应用

根据流域降雨径流的主要过程,考虑流域气象及下垫面要素的空间异质性,建立了具有物理基础的分布式降雨径流模型。模型将流域离散为栅格计算单元,并按水流特性分栅格单元为坡面单元和河网单元。在坡面单元上主要计算降雨、下渗、坡面流、壤中流等水文过程,而河网单元则主要计算河道汇流过程。模型利用空间权重插值方法将雨量站点的降雨量插值到各个计算单元,采用运动波方程来计算坡面流,将壤中流概化为垂向流和侧向流,分别用Green-Ampt公式和运动波方程来模拟,河道汇流也采用运动波方程。模型结构简单、参数的物理意义明确,大多数参数可利用DEM、土壤类型图、植被类型图直接获取,少数敏感参数通过率定确定。模型在浙江省甬江上游黄土岭流域和皎口流域进行了应用和检验,其结果令人满意。     

非恒定水流计算的最优控制问题及其变分求解

为综合利用各类可用的信息源(如水流运动规律,观测资料和统计信息),在反问题的框架下构建了非恒定水流计算的变分模型.针对模型预测的可能误差来源,给出了初始条件、边界条件、物理参数三类独立参量及综合控制问题的定义.在此基础上,阐述了变分法求解这类偏微分方程最优化控制问题的基本原理及模型求解步骤.同时,为便于应用参考,选取初始条件、边界条件和物理参数作为控制向量,以实际常用的水流运动微分方程为基础,导出了一、二维非恒定水流计算的通用伴随方程.并以珠江黄浦至大虎段二维潮流计算为例,展示了变分模型的应用.     

前置掺气坎式阶梯溢洪道掺气水深及消能率的计算

在前置掺气坎式阶梯溢洪道水力特性、消能特性、掺气效果、抗空蚀特性研究的基础上,运用动量矩方程推导出阶梯溢洪道形成均匀流时的掺气水深和消能率计算公式,建立了不同单宽流量下掺气水深与阶梯尺寸之间的关系以及阶梯尺寸、阶数与消能率的定量关系。研究表明,前置掺气坎式阶梯溢洪道具有掺气量与掺气浓度宜于控制,底部掺气充分,抗空蚀性能优越,消能率高,适宜于大单宽流量溢洪道等显著特点,可作为进一步推广应用阶梯式溢洪道的理论和试验基础。研究成果得到模型试验的验证并应用于实际工程中。     

Flash flood inundation map preparation for wadis in arid regions

Flood inundation maps are dependent on the topographic and geomorphologic features of a wadi (drainage basin) in arid regions, which are most susceptible for potential flash flood occurrences, such as in the southwestern part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is not possible to control the potential flood hazards by using only technological instruments that forewarn the occurrences or imminence. Additionally, it would be better to prepare flood risk maps so as to delineate the risky areas to educate the administrators and local settlers. The availability of these maps is the key requirement for any urban development that entails land use allocation, identification of dam, tunnel, highway, bridge sites, and infrastructure locations for sustainable future. This paper suggests the necessary steps in flood inundation map preparation after determining the possible flood discharge. For this purpose, a set of critical cross-sections along the possible flood plain are taken in the field with surveying methods and measurements. The calculation of the average flow velocity in each section is calculated according to the cross-section geometric, hydraulic, and material properties. Synthetic rating curves (SRC) are prepared for each cross section, which are very useful especially in arid and semi-arid regions where there are no perennial surface water flows for natural rating curve measurements. All the SRCs appear in the form of power function which relates the flow depth to discharge in a given cross section. It is then possible to calculate the flood depth in the cross section through its SRC. Depending on the cross-section shape, the flood width can be calculated. The connection of a series of widths on a scaled topographic map delineates the flood inundation area. If digital elevation map (DEM) is available, then the SRCs can be integrated with these maps and the flood inundation delineation can be achieved automatically. Since DEMs are not available, the topographic maps are used for this purpose in order to delineate flood inundation areas within wadis Hali and Yiba from the southwestern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.     

Discretization of flow contain nitrate in porous media by finite volume technique

One of the most important pollutants of groudwaters is nitrate. Different human activities including the application of chemical fertilizers in agriculture, causes the emission of nitrate into groudwaters. In this paper, the dynamic effect of soil moisture on carbon and nitrogen cycles has been analyzed by presenting a connection between soil moisture sample and nonlinear differential equations. At present, wide researches are carried out on modeling soil moisture control in solution flows contain nitrate. In order to do so, separation of energy conservation law equations is carried out by a particular method. The mathematical model governing the nitrate containing current in non-isotropic environment has been presented in the form of combined equations. Equation for distribution in multiple environments and Darcy rule has been considered in this model. Then, using finite volume method, separation of flows contain nitrate in porous media is carried out. The current flux is obtained from central difference approximations or upwind approximation. Mashad plain has been considered for case study at this research. Carrying out calibration operation, the measured results have been contrasted with numerical results of finite volume method. After testing the model, it is possible to foresee the way of nitrate changes in other nodes of calculation network. Using these forecasts, the quality of drinking water for several next years is determined. Carrying out numerical modeling by finite volume method, it is found out that the quality of drinking water of Mashad plain would be suitable for the next ten years.     

Coupled Model of Two-phase Debris Flow, Sediment Transport and Morphological Evolution

The volume fraction of the solid and liquid phase of debris flows,which evolves simultaneously across terrains,largely determines the dynamic property of debris flows. The entrainment process significantly influences the amplitude of the volume fraction. In this paper,we present a depth-averaged two-phase debris-flow model describing the simultaneous evolution of the phase velocity and depth,the solid and fluid volume fractions and the bed morphological evolution. The model employs the Mohr–Coulomb plasticity for the solid stress,and the fluid stress is modeled as a Newtonian viscous stress. The interfacial momentum transfer includes viscous drag and buoyancy. A new extended entrainment rate formula that satisfies the boundary momentum jump condition(Iverson and Ouyang,2015) is presented. In this formula,the basal traction stress is a function of the solid volume fraction and can take advantage of both the Coulomb and velocity-dependent friction models. A finite volume method using Roe's Riemann approximation is suggested to solve the equations. Three computational cases are conducted and compared with experiments or previous results. The results show that the current computational model and framework are robust and suitable for capturing the characteristics of debris flows.     

Conceptual data model and method of settlement calculation for deformation and water release from saturated soft soil

Research on the seepage deformation of saturated soft soil has resulted in many achievements based, mainly, on existing seepage-deformation control equations. In reality, however, these control equations and related parameters suffer from many problems. The conductivity coefficient in the seepage control equation and the consolidation coefficient in the consolidation equation clearly resemble each other in form. However, in existing regulations and practice, soil deformation is rarely calculated by substituting the conductivity coefficient obtained from field hydrogeological experiments for the consolidation coefficient. Similarly, seepage is seldom calculated by substituting the conductivity coefficient with the consolidation coefficient obtained from consolidation experiments. This can be attributed to the fact that the two coefficients have some obvious differences. Moreover, the settlement deformation of soil calculated using the existing seepage and consolidation models does not agree very well with the measured deformation. Also, the values calculated using different models usually deviate markedly. Research indicates that these problems derive from the fact that the seepage and consolidation equations are based on different concepts of elementary volume. This study proposes using two separate elementary volume concepts: deformation elementary volume and control elementary volume. The concepts are adopted for saturated soft soil and the results used to analyze the relationships and differences between the two concepts. Moreover, we developed a conceptual data model (CDM) for the water released from and the deformation of the saturated soil. The model discloses the differences between the consolidation and conductivity coefficients both in their physical significances and magnitudes. The inter-relationship between the two coefficients is also revealed. An analytical solution for the deformation and water released from saturated soft soil is deduced based on the CDM model and the relationship between the hydrogeological and consolidation deformation parameters is established. A physical test model for saturated soft soil under certain conditions is also designed to verify the analytical solution using a method of curve fitting. Seepage and deformation tests and case studies show that the parameters calculated using the consolidation model are in agreement with those obtained from the CDM seepage model based on the measured data for flux and settlement vs. time. Furthermore, the relationship between conductivity and consolidation coefficients is verified. The method suggested in this paper is generally applicable to problems involving the consolidation coefficient, volume compressibility, conductivity coefficient, hydraulic conductivity, and specific storage of saturated soft soil, etc. Thus, its potential applications are numerous.     

弯道水流对下游回水响应特征试验研究

弯道水面横比降及断面环流是弯道水流的显著特性。通过U形弯道水流壅水试验,对弯道水面横向比降、横向流速分布、环流强度、紊动能及纵向流速沿程的变化进行了试验研究。结果显示,随着下游回水的抬高,弯道水面横比降、横向流速分布、环流强度、紊动能及纵向流速将发生明显的改变。为深入探讨下游回水对弯道水流结构的影响提供了科学依据。     

泥石流的二维数学模型

泥石流是在重力作用下,由砂粒石块和水等组成的固液混合物,是一种发生于山区的复杂的地质灾害现象。泥石流主要是由暴雨诱发引起的,它沿着复杂的三维地形高速流动,具有流体流动的特性。为了模拟泥石流的运动规律,预测降雨诱发的泥石流的到达距离和泛滥范围,减少和避免泥石流引起的灾害,把泥石和雨水组成的固液混合物假定为遵循均匀、连续、不可压缩的、非定常的牛顿流体运动规律。基于质量守恒方程和Naiver-stokes方程,采用深度积分方法,推导出了一个模拟泥石流运动的二维数学模型。所有方程式可用有限差分法来求解。结合GIS,该模型可用于预测泥石流的流动距离和泛滥范围,以及泛滥范围内的危险房屋和路段,也可以用于泥石流灾害的风险性分析。