Simulation of land subsidence using finite element method: Rafsanjan plain case study

Land subsidence caused by the excessive use of groundwater resources has caused serious damage to Rafsanjan area. In this study, using finite element method, a 2D plain strain simulation of land subsidence has been conducted. A linear elastic constitutive law has been used for the simulation of the soil material skeleton. Actual water level during the analysis period has been modeled via specifying nodal water pressure at piezometer wells situation. The solution procedure consists of two parts. First, an initial static analysis is carried out in order to find initial steady-state solution for the pore pressure and stress distribution. Then, the above solution is used as initial condition for dynamic computation of consolidation equations during pumpage period. Tectonic effect has been considered as a rigid body motion. Numerical results showed that if the rate of pumpage remains constant in the future, settlement due to water withdrawal near Rafsanjan city will reach up to 110 cm by the year 2022.     

The time–deflection behaviour of a rigid under-reamed anchor in a deep clay layer

The behaviour of an under-reamed anchor in a consolidating soil is examined by approximating the anchor as an impermeable circular plate embedded in a deep soil layer. Hankel and Laplace transforms are applied to the equations governing the consolidation process, and this greatly simplifies the equations, allowing a solution to be obtained for the transformed variables. Numerical inversion of both the Hankel and Laplace transforms is used to obtain the solution at any time. A particular feature of the solution method is that the unknown contact stress between the anchor and the soil and the unknown flows in the plane of the anchor are approximated as a series of simple functions with unknown coefficients. By determining the coefficients of the terms in the series, the complete solution may be found. Computations have been carried out using the method proposed, and results are presented for the time–settlement behaviour of an impermeable anchor. These results are compared with some published and some recomputed finite element data, and this highlights some of the difficulties encountered in using such numerical techniques.     

Numerical Simulation of Moisture Movement in Unsaturated Expansive Soil Slope Suffering Permeation

INTRODUCTION Theinfiltrationandevaporationofwaterinasoil slopeareofparamountimportanceindetermining slopestability.Previousengineeringcasesandstud ieshaveshownthatrainwaterisoftenamajorfactor intheslopefailureofexpansivesoils.Expansivesoils intropicalandsubtropicalzonesareoftenunsaturat ed,andsoilslopesareinastablestateinnormalcli mateconditionsbecauseofthehighsuctionandshear strengthofthesoilmass.However,oncepermeation happensrainwaterwillinfiltrateintothesoilmasswhichleadstoanincreasein…     

山东黄河冲积平原区地氟病与地球化学环境相关性研究

山东黄河冲积平原区是山东省地氟病的重病区,危害严重。选择其中的郓城、嘉祥、博兴3县进行土壤氟含量、饮水氟含量、儿童尿氟、儿童氟斑牙检出率、氟斑牙指数、成人尿氟、成人氟骨症检出率等指标进行调查,结果表明区内土壤、饮水氟含量和群体的尿氟含量普遍较高,高氟的危害和地方性氟中毒病情十分严重。在分析氟元素在土壤、饮水中的分布及变化规律的基础上,开展地方性氟中毒病与生态地球化学环境相关性研究,认为地方性氟中毒病与土壤中氟含量、饮水氟含量呈正相关关系。     

应用土壤水模拟模型研究区域干旱

旨在应用平原地区土壤水模拟模型，给出区域旱精分析所需的干旱信息。以多年平均土壤含水量为判断旱情发生的临界函数，经过统计分析后，提出了一种适用于平原地区分析 区域旱情严重程度的实用方法和拟定评价旱情的定量标准。     

蒸发条件下土壤水分响应模拟

基于有限元(FEM)和改进的积分型Richards方程解法(IRE方法)对蒸发条件下5种土体土壤水分响应进行了研究.数值实验结果表明:在土壤表面潜在蒸发量0.50 cm/d的情况下,5种土体土壤含水率变化曲线均呈现单拐点两阶段的特点,拐点出现在地表下20cm左右,拐点上部区域曲线曲率大于下部区域,两阶段的划分以15d左右为界,前阶段比后阶段的土壤水分变化快;蒸发模拟结果很好的证明了蒸发三阶段理论.总蒸发量和下边界排水量与土壤结构密切相关,而总水量变化量和变化率与土壤质地有关.IRE方法与FEM模拟结果基本一致,解法相对简单,模拟结果可靠性高.     

灌水定额对玉米膜孔灌土壤水氮运移特性影响试验研究

通过玉米膜孔灌测坑试验,分析了灌水定额条件下的膜孔灌农田土壤垂直剖面水氮分布规律。经研究表明：灌水定额越大,土壤含水量越大,分布范围越广,土壤80~100 cm层的含水量越高;灌水定额越大,土壤表层（0~20.0 cm）含水量变化越大,硝态氮含量越小,变化越大,对深层80~100 cm硝态氮含量影响越大;随灌水定额的增加,硝态氮累积峰越靠下,低、中、高灌水定额的硝态氮累积峰分别出现在30 cm4、0 cm5、0 cm左右,高灌水定额时,增加了硝态氮的淋失,不利于作物对水氮的吸收。     

土壤湿度与气候变化关系的研究进展与展望

总结和分析了土壤湿度与气候变化关系研究的现状和存在问题。首先,详尽的描述了土壤与气候变化关系的数值模拟研究,在总结和评述土壤湿度对气候变化作用的同时,对与土壤湿度变化有关的陆面模式的类型和三种蒸发的计算公式进行了详细的讨论。     

Nonlinear analysis of footings on granular bed–stone column improved soft soil

In this paper, a model for the analysis of footings having finite flexural rigidity resting on a granular bed on top of stone columns improved saturated soft (clayey) soil has been proposed. Soft soil has been modeled as a Kelvin–Voigt body to represent its time dependent behavior. Pasternak shear layer has been used to represent the granular layer and the stone columns have been idealized by means of nonlinear Winkler springs. Nonlinear behavior of granular fill, soft soil and stone columns has been invoked by means of hyperbolic constitutive relationships. Governing differential equations for the soil–foundation system have been obtained and finite difference method has been adopted for solving these, using the Gauss-elimination iterative scheme. Detailed parametric study for a combined footing has been carried out to study the influence of parameters, like magnitude of applied load, flexural rigidity of footing, diameter of stone column, spacing of stone column, ultimate bearing capacity of granular fill, poor foundation soil and stone column, relative stiffness of stone columns and degree of consolidation, on flexural response of the footing.     

湿胀条件下合肥膨胀土土-水特征研究

膨胀土在吸水时会产生体积膨胀,研究湿胀条件下膨胀土的土-水特征具有重要意义。以合肥地区9种弱膨胀土为研究对象,采用滤纸法和渗析法试验测定了膨胀土的土-水特征,采用蒸汽加湿法试验测定了膨胀土在吸湿过程中的体积变化。基于土-水特征曲线（SWCC）试验及加湿试验,获得了膨胀土在吸湿过程中的体积变化规律,得到了湿胀条件下膨胀土的重力含水率?基质吸力曲线（w-ψ曲线）及体积含水率?基质吸力曲线（θw3-ψ曲线）,分析了膨胀土吸湿过程中的体积变化对体积含水率?基质吸力曲线的影响,探讨了w-ψ与θw3-ψ曲线拟合参数的变异性及参数间的相关性。结果表明：蒸汽法加湿土样是一种较为理想的增湿方式;湿胀条件下,w-ψ曲线与考虑体变的θw3-ψ曲线的差异程度与吸湿结束后的土样含水率有关;w-ψ曲线的变异性小于θw3-ψ曲线的变异性;拟合参数n的变异性小于参数a及m的变异性;w-ψ曲线及θw3-ψ曲线的对应拟合参数间呈线性关系。     

Modelling seasonal variations in nitrate and sulphate concentrations in a vulnerable alluvial aquifer

The Eisden–Meeswijk region in Belgium has been affected by mining subsidence due to the deep coal mining activities. Groundwater levels in the alluvial plain of the Meuse River are maintained below the ground surface by drainage installations and municipal well fields. A correlation between the water level in the Meuse River and the variation in nitrate and sulphate concentrations in the aquifer has been observed. A transient groundwater model is developed for the period May 1998–May 2002 and advective transport simulations have been carried out using this model. During dry periods, the major groundwater flow is directed towards the Meuse River, thereby feeding the river. During wet periods, however, groundwater flows in the opposite direction. Due to these variations in groundwater flow direction and to the extraction of groundwater, zones of higher solute concentration exist of which the position and extension vary both spatially and temporally.     

基于物质点法的土体流动大变形过程数值模拟

土体滑坡作为一种自然地质灾害,受自然因素和人类活动的影响在我国时有发生,给周围居民的生命和财产安全带来了很大威胁,日益受到人们的广泛关注。滑坡防治也逐渐成为工程研究的热点之一。土体本质上是一种具有复杂组成结构的颗粒材料堆积体,通过对颗粒流动的模拟可以深入理解自然界中的土体流动现象,如滑坡、泥石流等,进而预测灾害破坏范围及改进相应工程防护措施。但由于土体流动是一个涉及大变形及大位移的复杂流动过程,传统的基于网格的有限元法（FEM）由于网格畸变,并不适合这类问题的研究。本文采用物质点法（MPM）模拟土体流动大变形问题。作为一种源于particle-in-cell（PIC）法的无网格法,兼具欧拉法和拉格朗日法的优点,因而,物质点法在处理大变形问题上具有独特的优势。目前,国内外利用物质点法模拟边坡滑动问题已有不少研究,但对相关参数进行敏感性分析的较少。本文基于物质点法模拟了黏性土体及无黏性土体流动大变形问题,并进行了参数敏感性分析,包括土体材料的内摩擦角、黏聚力、高宽比、底面坡度对土体滑动距离的影响规律。本文计算中采用Drucker-Prager（DP）弹塑性本构模型描述土的非线性特性。研究结果表明:（1）基于物质点法得到的土体的流动形态、滑动距离以及自然休止角等数值模拟结果均与文献中的实验结果基本吻合,验证了物质点法模拟土体大变形力学行为的精度及有效性;（2）随着内摩擦角、黏聚力的增大,滑动距离相应减小;（3）坡度对边坡稳定的影响是显著的,随着底面坡度的增大,滑动距离相应增大;（4）当土柱高宽比较小时,与滑动距离呈线性增长关系。其中,内摩擦角和黏聚力反映了土体的抗剪切性能,因此通过工程措施提高土体的抗剪能力可以降低土体滑坡带来的危害。研究结果为探索土体滑动破坏规律,降低滑动破坏范围提供了可靠的参考。     

Analysis of beams on tensionless reinforced granular fill‐soil system

In this paper, a beam subjected to end concentrated loads has been modeled and analyzed to estimate its flexural response. The beam has been assumed to rest on reinforced earth beds with reinforcing elements having some finite bending stiffness. The reinforcing elements have been idealized as beams with smooth surface characteristics. The foundation system has been assumed to react only in compression (tensionless foundation), i.e. the separation between the upper beam and the ground surface has been taken into consideration. Winkler springs of different stiffnesses have been used to idealize the upper dense and lower poor soils. As the analysis considers the separation between the upper beam and the soil, the weight of the upper beam has been taken into account. The governing differential equations have been derived and presented in a non‐dimensional form. These equations have been solved using finite difference method with the help of appropriate boundary and continuity conditions. The response of the foundation system has been compared with the case when the beam is in perfect contact with the ground surface. The parametric study shows that the response of the model is greatly affected by the length ratio of beams, ratio of stiffness of upper and lower soil layers, ratio of flexural rigidity of upper and lower beams and weight of the upper foundation beam. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

叶尔羌河流域裸地潜水蒸发的数值模拟研究

利用地表能量平衡原理、微气象学以及土壤水热迁移理论建立了潜水蒸发模型,并采用全隐式有限差分格式进行求解。在求解过程中,对土壤热运动方程的上边界采用了第三类边界条件,同时采用自动调节步长等方法,增加了数值计算的稳定性,提高了计算速度。用本计算模型模拟了1994年5月份新疆叶尔羌河流域地下水均衡场的裸地潜水蒸发过程,并与当地的试验资料进行了比较分析,结果表明,采用的计算模型和方法可以进行较长时间内裸地的潜水蒸发估算。     

Three-Dimensional Back-Analysis of an Instrumented Shallow Tunnel Excavated by a Conventional Method

The excavation of a shallow tunnel induces deformations of the soil volume in the vicinity and above the tunnel and consequently on the nearby buildings. The range of these deformations depends among other on the geological conditions, the geometry of the tunnel, and the excavation method. In this context, this research focuses on the 3D numerical modeling of a shallow tunnel instrumented during its construction, located on the Toulouse (France) subway line B for which the excavation has been carried out in a conventional manner in an over consolidated molassic geological context. The objective of this analysis is to estimate the tunnel behavior in terms of vertical and horizontal movements of the surrounding soil and the deformations of the existing buildings. The explicit finite differences numerical code FLAC^3D is used to model the various implementation phases of the work where the fluid–soil interaction is taken into account through an undrained coupled analysis. The results of this 3D model are compared to those of the in situ measurements in order to validate the geotechnical characteristics of the molasses. The latter are a useful basis for the back-analysis of the different monitoring sections implemented in areas where the tunnel excavation is made by TBM with pressurized front.     

柴达木盆地土壤湿度的遥感反演及对蒸散发的影响

土壤水分是地下水-土壤水-大气水循环系统的核心与纽带,蒸散是该系统的重要驱动力。从区域尺度上研究土壤含水量的分布特征及土壤含水量对蒸散的影响对干旱区的生态环境保护具有重要意义。基于MODIS数据和GLDAS数据,应用表观热惯量法对GLDAS地表0~10 cm土壤湿度数据降尺度处理,估算柴达木盆地平原区2014年间6—9月的月均土壤湿度,并结合归一化植被指数(NDVI)和实测土壤湿度数据对反演结果进行验证;利用地表能量平衡系统(SEBS)模型对平原区9个子流域的日均蒸散量进行计算,分析了土壤湿度与日均蒸散量之间的关系。结果表明：反演得到的表观热惯量(ATI)与GLDAS地表0~10 cm土壤含水量数据相关性较好,决定系数R2整体在07以上;利用ATI对GLDAS数据降尺度处理,得到的土壤含水量与NDVI和实测土壤湿度的决定系数R2分别为0954和0791,因此使用ATI法对GLDAS土壤含水量数据降尺度反演柴达木盆地平原区土壤湿度是可靠的。平原区日蒸散量与土壤湿度呈明显的正相关关系,决定系数R2整体在096以上,在影响蒸散的各考虑因素中,土壤湿度对蒸散的影响远大于其他因素。     

非饱和膨胀土非稳态渗流方程的参数探讨

在利用有限元方程进行计算非饱和膨胀土地基水分场变化的非稳态渗流问题时,参数渗透系数kw和水体积变化系数mw2取值至关重要.根据膨胀土地基基质吸力与含水量的变化过程,得到了水体积变化系数mw2并非常数,理论与计算说明与干密度的变化存在相关性.通过拟和探讨了渗透系数kw、水体积变化系数mw2与干密度的相关关系,并对比说明不考虑与考虑干密度影响情况下mw2和kw的数值的差别,干密度对这两个参数的影响规律是在吸力大时影响程度小,在吸力小时影响程度大.     

The present situation and evaluation of nitrate pollution in soil in a regional aeration zone: using the proluvial fan agriculture irrigation district of Hunhe River in northeast China as an example

The nitrate concentration in groundwater is associated with the nitrate content in soil. However, nitrate is not in the current list of soil security standards, which makes it difficult to study nitrate pollution in soil. Because the nitrate content in the soil may affect human and ecological health, the evaluation of nitrate pollution in the soil and its current situation are both particularly important. In this study, the background value of nitrate in soil in the proluvial fan agriculture irrigation district of Hunhe River in northeast China was estimated by analyzing the factors influencing the vertical and horizontal, spatial distribution characteristics of soil nitrate. Evaluation and analysis were also carried out on the pollution of soil by nitrate using the single factor index evaluation method along with the Nermero pollution index evaluation method. Results of the study showed that the estimated background value of soil nitrate in this area was 2.58 mg/kg, and the soil was moderately polluted by nitrate.     

前期土壤含水量对水文模拟不确定性影响分析

前期土壤含水量是影响洪水形成的重要流域物理因素,在该次水文模拟中土壤初始含水量采用新安江日模型计算得出.研究中,通过改变日模型模拟的时间长度TP,来研究初始时刻土壤含水量的变化对洪水模拟精度的影响.结果表明:初始土壤含水量对于洪水模拟的精度有显著影响,不同日模型计算时间可以使次洪初始土壤蓄水量W的变化达到42%,而相应的洪峰偏差达到57.7%.土壤和降雨观测数据分析显示,土壤体积含水量与前期累积降雨量有一定地相关关系.为有效解决传统模型与流域真实物理属性数据的融合问题,初步建立了实测土壤体积含水量数据与模型中土壤湿度参数及前期降雨的经验关系.     

土体含水率监测的移动点热源法研究

土体含水率监测的线热源法对加热功率要求较高,当热源强度不稳定时,监测结果容易受到影响。为了解决线热源法的不足,提出了土体含水率监测的移动点热源（point heat source,PHS）法。该方法利用土体热物性与含水率之间的相关性,通过监测土体中PHS的降温规律间接识别含水率。通过数值模拟研究了点热源在含水率均匀分布的土体中的传热规律,根据热源降温曲线的特征,定义了含水率判别指标η,进而建立了含水率与判别指标的拟合关系,并对监测灵敏度的影响因素进行了参数分析。在含水率非均匀分布的土体中开展了点热源降温规律的数值模拟,根据测点降温时程曲线计算含水率判别指标,并利用含水率与判别指标的拟合公式反演含水率分布。结果表明,点热源法反演得到的含水率分布与实际值吻合较好,验证了该方法的理论可行性。通过模型试验进一步验证了该方法的可行性。