黄铁矿成因形态学

在1981—1986年野外工作的基础上,作者对胶东三县四个金矿床黄铁矿晶体形态进行了系统研究,对其中2495粒晶体进行了统计,对300粒晶体进行了测角,对60粒晶体进行了微形貌观察。根据以上实际工作及国内外有关资料提出了黄铁矿晶休常见单形出现频率的定量资料与晶体微形貌的特点,特别是{210}面上负条纹的特征与成因探讨。并讨论了黄铁矿晶体形态与分带性,与形成温度,与主、微量成分,与共生组合及与矿化等的关系。查明黄铁矿形态及其晶面微形貌的发育与硫逸度、温度、冷却速度等密切相关。在以上基础上提出了胶东四个金矿床中蚀变岩型金矿及石英脉型金矿两种成因类型黄铁矿形态特征上的五点差异。最后对黄铁矿研究方法要点进行了总结。     

小秦岭金矿含金石英脉中石英晶体微形貌研究

利用微分干涉显微镜等手段对小秦岭金矿含金石英脉中不同成矿阶段的石英晶体微形貌进行了研究。石英晶体{101^-1}、{011^-1}、{101^-0}单形晶面上不同特征的微形貌对了解石英晶体的生长机理、生长速率、生长环境的变化及成矿溶液的过饱和度具有重要意义，同时也可提供成矿阶段划分及晶体生长时热力学条件的信息。     

广西龙头山金矿床黄铁矿标型特征及其地质意义

广西龙头山金矿床是大瑶山成矿带内重要的金矿床,矿区发育大量不同类型的黄铁矿。根据黄铁矿的产出特征,将黄铁矿划分为5个世代,对应着5个成矿阶段:电气石-石英-硫化物阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-黄铁矿-黄铜矿阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)、石英-黄铁矿-闪锌矿阶段(Ⅳ)、石英-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅴ)。不同阶段黄铁矿晶形均以{100}为主,少见{210};金含量与{210}含量呈正相关。黄铁矿晶胞参数为5.411 86~5.415 52,变化幅度不大,与钴含量呈正相关,主成矿阶段受金含量影响而变大。形貌及砷含量变化特征表明,{210}和金含量随砷含量降低而升高,说明砷含量降低利于{210}的出现,且金与砷不存在正相关关系。形貌特征及微量元素特征均反映主成矿阶段温度应220℃,且多集中于300℃的范围;δFe—δS图解及矿床地质特征表明,成矿热液主要为岩浆热液。综合分析认为,龙头山金矿床为中-高温岩浆期后热液矿床。     

黄铁矿成因形态学

1981—1986年,我们对玲珑金矿、夏甸金矿、栖霞金矿和三山岛金矿的黄铁矿晶体形态进行了野外和室内研究。其中,晶形统计2495粒,晶体测角300粒,用扫描电子显微镜对60粒晶体进行了微形貌研究。对四个金矿床的研究表明,黄铁矿晶体单形以立方体{100}最常见,出现频率为92.47%,其次为五角十二面体{hko}(其形号包括{210}、{310}、{410}、{810}、{830}、{910}及{11,1,0})出现频率为57.27%;其次为八面体{111},出现频率为16.88%,较少见的为偏方复十二面体{hkl}(其形号包括{321}、{421}、{10,6,5),{18,24,25)及{34,     

新疆齐求Ⅰ金矿床黄铁矿找矿矿物学研究

本文所研究的黄铁矿形成于两个成矿阶段。早期成矿阶段形成的黄铁矿不含金,其晶体形态主要为{210};晚期成矿阶段所结晶的黄铁矿以富含金为特征,主要形态为{100}、{100}+{210}、{320}等。黄铁矿化学成分中Co/Ni>>1,As/Sb>60以及显微硬度低于1000kg/mm~2,,也是矿区含金黄铁矿的显著标志之一。利用成矿阶段形成的黄铁矿所求出的产矿系数,可以很好地圈定矿体。其产矿系数大于60％者,为工业矿体。     

四川平武富碱型绿柱石晶体的晶格缺陷与生长机制

在低饱和度，碱性，气成一热液条件下形成的四川平武绿柱石宝石晶体，具有特征的扁平板状几何外形，在绿柱石晶体的{0001},{1010},{1121}面上，普遍发育螺旋位错，束合螺旋位错，层错及接触双晶，它们共同构成了绿柱石晶体生长的主要台阶源，微分干涉显微镜，扫描电镜和透射电镜研究结果证实，由填隙变形，位错滑移和水解弱化等综合作用，直接导致绿柱石硅氧四面体六方环结构和铍氧四面体 结构的局部畸变，并相应引起多面体体积，化学键力，键合能及晶面的法向生长速率发生变化，从而决定了该区绿柱石晶体生长的形 态，由绿柱石晶体中的线缺陷（螺旋位错），而缺陷（层错，双晶）及点缺陷（空位，包裹体）的协同作用，是导致四川平武扁平板状绿柱石晶体形成的主要原因。     

平武板状绿柱石{0001}晶面的溶蚀像特征与晶体生长

板状绿柱石产于花岗岩云英岩化边部或晶洞壁的白云母-钠长石-绿柱石-水晶的矿物组合中,钠长石呈自形晶,绿柱石的洁净度与透明度相对较差。晶体测量表明,晶体的单形晶面发育依次为c{0001}→s{11 2-1}→p{10 1-1}→m{10 1-0}→v{21 3-1}、n{45 9-4}、a{11 2-0}。微分干涉显微镜(DIC)及扫描电镜(SEM)研究表明:各单形晶面上生长纹(微形貌)反映面网结构的对称性,c{0001}单形晶面上的六边形溶蚀坑(50～170μm)是由平行晶体C轴的各单形晶面生长层从晶体中心向外叠堆组成,层生长机理制约晶体生长全过程,平行双面(c)的生长层较薄(5～8μm)且较稳定,六方双锥(s)生长层较厚且圆滑,六方柱(m)生长层由晶体中心往外其厚度由厚逐渐变薄(12～20μm),台间隔由窄变宽。晶体溶蚀是从面网密度最大的c{0001}开始,溶蚀面积依平行双面(c)、六方双锥(s)单形晶面由大变小,六方柱(a)、复六方双锥(v、n)单形晶面因面网密度小而未受到溶蚀。据矿物共生组合、流体包裹体均一法测量与拉曼光谱(LRS)分析表明板状绿柱石是在中–高温(303℃)、过饱和度较大、成矿介质的钠长石化发育且热动力环境相对稳定的条件下形成,气液包裹体主要由H2O、CO2及微量CH4、N2组成,CO2及微量CH4、N2可能与碳酸盐围岩有关。     

陕川丁家林-太阳坪金矿床黄铁矿标型特征

金矿床中黄铁矿的化学元素、晶体形态、粒度等标型特征与其形成的物理化学环境及介质条件密切相关.通过对陕川丁家林-太阳坪金矿区主要载金矿物黄铁矿在韧性剪切变形-构造分异热液期与脆性剪切变形-构造分异热液期化学元素含量对比,以及黄铁矿形态、粒度分析,研究黄铁矿与金矿物关系.丁家林-太阳坪金矿黄铁矿形态以{100}、{210}单晶及{100} {210}聚晶为其标型.黄铁矿在空间分布特征来看,深部成矿的可能性不大.应沿丁家林-太阳坪脆-韧性剪切带寻找金矿.     

锆石柱面中Hf、Y的配位差异性及其对晶型的控制效应

天然锆石的形态并不简单地依照PBC理论发育,它同时受到生长温度 、熔体扩散系数等物理参数的影响,以及置换Zr的杂质离子的种类和浓度等化学因素的制约 ,即杂质离子选择性地置换Zr而降低晶面的生长速度。通过对{100}和{110}柱面的半定量分 析发现,Hf4+、Y3+离子同O2-离子的成键数目在{100}与{110}生长层 上是不同的,且Hf-O的键强比Zr-O的大,而Y-O的键强比Zr-O的小。如果假定晶体与岩浆熔体并未达到真正的平衡,而是各晶面与岩浆熔体分别达到平衡,按热力学中浓度与能量变化的指数律去处理Hf和Y在{100}与{110}晶面上的配分可以得到,{100}晶面上趋于富Hf贫 Y,{110}晶面上趋于富Y贫Hf,从而导致富Hf的锆石上{100}优先发育,富Y的锆石上{110}优 先发育。     

矿物学填图揭示金矿脉的隐蔽分带性：以玲珑金矿52号脉为例

胶东许多金矿脉的矿物组合很简单,几乎全是石英、黄铁矿,难于进行分带性研究。通过对玲珑金矿52号脉的矿物学填图研究,发现该矿脉从上向下,黄铁矿的晶体形态{111}减少而{210}增加,+α值减小,P导型减少而N导型增加;石英的热发光强度增大。这些物性参数在矿脉空间的规律性变化,揭示了外观很单一的矿脉内部隐蔽着的空间分带性,并发现与金矿化强度有密切关系。研究结果还表明,52号脉在海拔+170m以上主要为上部矿体特征,受剥蚀程度不大,深部远景还大;成矿热液近于直立运移并具有水平方向的等距波动性;预测三个区段深部应保持良好矿化。以后的钻探工程证实了预测。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the