大陆下地壳物质组成和同位素组成及其指示意义

采用统计方法对20组世界各地大陆下地壳组成的估计值进行分析，其结果表明大陆下地壳组成具双峰式分布特征，峰值代表了A、B两种元组分。组分A为幔源垫托岩浆的结晶分凝产物，组分B为古老的大陆壳物质。大陆下地壳物质组成和同位素成分确定和探讨对建立恰当大陆动力学模型具有深元的指示意义。     

碳酸盐岩中有机质组成特征分析

对碳酸盐岩有机质组分进行分类时，有两种分类标准，一是主要采用煤岩学方法，二是采用孢粉学研究方法。本文使用煤岩学方法作为标准，对碳酸盐岩有机质的组成特征进行分析。按有机质来源和有机组分光性和形态等方面差别划分为内源有机质、次生有机质和陆源有机质三类。内源有机质类中分腐泥组和动物有机组，前者主要来源于菌藻类，后者则主要来源于浮游动物有机体；次生有机质中区分出微粒体、有机包裹体、沥青；陆源有机质类分类术语仍沿用煤显微组分分类系统和术语。碳酸盐岩烃源岩的有机质主要为腐泥型，有机质来源以低等藻类为主，且有机质组成特征与碳酸盐岩烃源岩的地质年代有关。碳酸盐岩还存在着差异演化的特征。     

大陆地壳的组成

按照上地壳：长英质下地壳；铁镁质下地壳为１：０．６：０．４的比例，重新计算了地壳的成分。这一比例源于横穿西欧的一条长３０００ｋｍ的地震折射剖面。西欧的莫霍面深度平均大约４０ｋｍ，该区包括６０％的老地盾区和４０％的年轻褶带区。     

浙江土壤矿物组成特征

对浙江省29种母质和16种土类或亚类构成的69个母质一土类单元共194个土壤样品中的矿物成分进行测定，分析得出矿物种类及矿物百分含量。在此基础上分析了浙江省土壤矿物组成特征。不同土类或亚类土壤中矿物组成存在明显差异，矿物种数和含量变化较大。突出的特征是，相同母质类型土壤含有相似的矿物种类，而且相同母质不同样品中同一矿物含量变化也较小，表现出同母质土壤矿物组成与含量具有相似性。在69个土壤剖面中，由A层到C层矿物种类和含量变化较小，土壤矿物组成明显受基岩影响和控制。宜把地质背景相同、矿物组成相近、土壤环境相似的成土母质作为划分土壤重金属污染评价单元，土壤类型只能作为评价单元的辅助划分依据。     

半组成拉立式四脚钻塔

目前，钻探生产用四脚钻塔大多仍然是“分层拆建式”，拆建塔中，攀扶困难，高空作业多，劳动强度大，不安全。为适应钻探生产日益发展的需要，我队研制成功了一种新型的钻塔——“半组成拉立式”四脚钻塔。这种钻塔经一年多的野外生产试验，共施工13个钻孔，经13次拆、迁、安的实践和很多次强力起拔的考验，证明结构合理，工作可靠，负荷能力大，安装中比较安全、方便，是一种性能良好的新品种，并已在最近通过了技术鉴定。     

宁夏冰块的水同位素组成

1980年2月28日，我国宁夏回族自治区吴忠县境内，从空中降落一不透明乳白色冰块。据距坠落地点20米左右的目击者介绍，冰块降落时曾听到沙沙响声，撞击地面的声音很大，碎块四处飞扬，最太碎块估计直径有20多厘米。自治区一些有关研究所组织进行了现场调查，收集了该冰块标本，并对它     

柴达木盆地氯同位素组成特征

采用正热电离高精度测定Ｃｌ同位素的方法对我国柴达木盆地水体及盐类沉积的Ｃｌ同位素组成进行了精确测定，结果表明，柴达木盆地Ｃｌ同位素组成存在着明显的变化。各种水体的平均δ＾３７Ｃｌ值顺序为：河水（０．９４‰）〉咸水湖水（－０．２‰）〉油田水（－０．６２‰）〉盐湖卤水（－０．９７‰）。卤水具有低的δ＾３７Ｃｌ值，这是盐湖卤水蒸发析盐的结果。盐湖卤水与共存盐类矿物间的分馏系数为１．０００１－１．００２１     

韩国中生代花岗岩氧同位素组成

韩国中生代花岗质岩，根据其时代、产状、岩石化学特征，分为早侏罗－早白垩世的大宝花岗岩和晚白垩－早第三的佛国侍花岗岩。大宝花岗岩的δ＾１８Ｏ值为＋５．０－＋１０．０‰（平均值为８．２‰），佛国寺花岗岩的δ＾１８Ｏ值为＋２．４－４９．１‰（平均值为＋７．０‰）。δ＾１８Ｏ值的大范围变化，表明了在岩浆期后蚀变作用过程中，花岗岩中进入了＾１８Ｏ亏损的天水。可用石英δ＾１８Ｏ、ＳｉＯ２、ＴｉＯ２和Ｓｒ的含量     

张夏黄土组成特征及其成因分析

大沙河沿岸阶地、山麓地带广泛发育厚度不一的黄土层堆积，笔者对张夏黄土剖面研究后认为，张夏黄土物质来源复杂，既有西风漂流、西北气流、莱州湾气流搬运来的物质，又有近地生成的颗粒，堆积期间又经过明显的水流作用。张夏黄土、古土壤的堆积、发育与晚更新世气候变化相吻合，同时又受到当地微地貌的影响，缺失黑垆土和全新世堆积。张夏、淄博均在山东省中部，其黄土成分较细，使山东黄土在宏观上没有规律可循，更加显示出黄土的复杂多样。     

平原河网区域来水组成原理

对于一般树状分布河网，上一级河道总是汇入至下一级河道，位于河道下游断面的流量总是由其上游汇集而至。但对于平原河网地区，特别是人工控制建筑物众多，又受潮汐影响的地区(如太湖流域)，河网错综复杂，水流方向不定，要跟踪某个断面的水流去向，或某个河段的水体、断面流量是从哪里汇集而来的，非常困难。但这样的问题在生产实践中往往对其很感兴趣。例如从常熟枢纽引长江水流进入望虞河后，流向何处?河网各断面流量中或各河段水体中常熟枢纽引江水量占多少比重?对这些问题的研究可以估计常熟枢纽引江的效果和影响范围。因此，平原河网区域来水组成方法在生产实践中具有重要意义。重点介绍了平原河网区域来水组成原理及其在太湖流域的应用。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.