清原太古代花岗—绿岩区花岗岩的稀土地球化学

一、引言 清原地区太古代花岗岩是该区花岗—绿岩带的主要组成部分,它与绿岩一起形成稳定的太古代克拉通。 国外对太古代花岗岩的研究已较深入。近年来,还提出了稀土元素(REE)和大半径不相容元素(LIL)的数学计算模式。一些研究表明微量元素模式可以很有效地确定花     

华北地台太古代绿岩型金矿床铅同位素特征及其在构造分区和矿床成因上的意义

华北地台是我国最重要的原生金矿产地,主要金矿类型是与太古代变基性火山岩(绿岩)有关的绿岩型金矿.本文对华北地台太古代绿岩型金矿床铅同位素组成进行了研究,认为铅同位素组成具有下地壳-地幔铅的演化特征.无论是太古代地层,还是重熔花岗岩及有关的金矿床,都具有低比值、低μ值、大模式年龄的特征.太古代地层(绿岩)、交代重熔花岗岩、绿岩型金矿三者铅同位素组成十分相似,揭示了一脉相承的演化关系,即花岗岩由太古代地层重熔形成,金矿成矿物质也来自太古代地层(绿岩).不同绿岩带的绿岩型金矿铅同位素组成有一定的差异,反映这些绿岩带应分属不同的绿岩地体.在同一绿岩地体,不同成因的金矿床铅同位素比值也略有不同.     

新书介绍

太古代绿岩带(Archean Greenstone Belts),该书由K.C.Condie编著,是近年来较全面论述太古代绿岩带问题的一本书。全书共分十章。第一章太古代花岗岩—绿岩区,主要论述太古代花岗岩—绿岩区的总特征,太古代高级区的特征,太古代克拉通盆地组合、基底问题,地球物理特征,太古代花岗岩—绿岩省等。第二章绿岩带地层,本章介绍了有代表性的地层剖面,旋回特征,绿岩带之间的关系以及总的地层特征。第三章火山岩和浅成岩,主要介绍超镁铁和镁铁火成岩,安山岩,长英质火山岩和浅成岩。第四章沉积岩,主要介绍碎屑岩和非碎屑沉积岩,论述了太古代海洋和大气圈问     

吉林省早前寒武纪地质研究

吉林省早前寒武纪地质包括太古宙花岗－绿岩带、早元古代集安群和中元古代老岭群。太古宙花岗－绿岩带,划分为早太古代和晚太古代花岗－绿岩带,二者在岩石组合、变质变形特片,岩石化学、地球化学等方面均有一定差别,为不同火山－沉积旋回产物,花岗质岩石属高铝型英云闪长岩－奥长花岗岩类;早元古代集安群,通过构造解析和变质变形的研究,从下至上重新划分为蚂蚁河组、荒岔沟组和大东岔组,为解决地层重复划分和金属找矿工作提     

津巴布韦CHAMPION金矿地质特征

津巴布韦CHAMPION金矿位于津巴布韦Odzi成矿带上,绿岩呈残留体存在太古代结晶基底中。矿体严格受太古代绿岩带控制,变质片岩内的剪切构造是成矿最有利部位;其次在片岩和含铁建造金、与绿岩带接触的花岗岩体内的石英脉也有金矿产出;在绿岩带与花岗岩接触面的金矿经济价值不大。     

清原树基沟英云闪长岩40Ar/39Ar年龄谱

清原太古代花岗-绿岩地体位于华北断块北缘,辽宁地块铁岭-靖宇古隆起中部,分布面积约8,000平方公里,花岗岩与绿岩出露面积比为2.5:1。绿岩地层自下而上分为石棚子组、红透山组和南天门组。石棚子组与红透山组整合接触,南天门组不整合于红透山组之上。     

内蒙大青山早前寒武纪变质岩和早期陆壳的演化

将大青山地区早前寒武纪变质岩石分成三个岩性构造组合.即(1)麻粒岩—紫苏花岗岩组合;(2)角闪片麻岩—英云闪长岩组合;(3)富铝片麻岩—钾质花岗岩组合.其中,组合(1)是区内最古老的物质组成,其形成时代至少应在晚太古代以前(>2800Ma).组合(2)是具花岗—绿岩带特征的晚太古代中、低级变质岩系.组合(3)是经早元古造山变质作用形成的岩石组合.根据重新排定的地质事件顺序,对本区早期地壳演化的有关问题进行了讨论.     

晚太古代绿岩中层状电气石岩的发现

1986年—1988年间,笔者进行华北地台北缘“金城洞—夹皮沟晚太古代花岗岩—绿岩区成矿作用及找矿方向”的研究中,在夹皮沟地区原定的晚太古代绿岩中发现层状电气石岩。而后查阅了该区几乎所有的地质资料,均未见记载和报导,因此当属首次发现。该电气石岩产于夹皮沟晚太古代绿岩层序的中上部层位中。所谓电气石岩(Tourmalinite)是指与围岩大致整合,含有15％～20％或更多电气石的层控岩性单位,且在多次变形和变质中整合形态仍保持完好     

津巴布韦太古宙花岗-绿岩型金矿类型与资源潜力

津巴布韦太古宙花岗-绿岩型金矿床受构造的控制,金矿可分为褶皱控矿型、剪切带控矿型、层控型、深成花岗岩控矿型和构造-蚀变岩型等5类。津巴布韦花岗-绿岩型金矿多产于花岗质片麻岩与绿岩带的接触带上,金以自然金或金的硫化物形式产出。金矿成矿时代大致分为(2660±50)Ma和(2410±70)Ma(米德兰德绿岩带北部白钨矿Sm-Nd测年)2个时段,分别与新太古代TTG事件和大岩墙侵入相关。津巴布韦花岗-绿岩型金矿较多,但发现的中-大型绿岩型金矿较少,具有较好的金矿找矿前景。     

莫桑比克马尼卡绿岩带金矿成矿条件和类型分析

莫桑比克黄金产区位于马尼卡绿岩带,该绿岩带是马尼卡(Manica)-穆塔雷(Mutare)-奥德兹(Odzi)绿岩带的一部分,从津巴布韦东部奥德兹经过穆塔雷一直延伸到莫桑比克西部马尼卡地区,使马尼卡地区成为莫桑比克最重要的金矿成矿带。金矿主要富集在太古代镁铁质和超镁铁质火山岩中的剪切带、条带状含铁建造或在表壳岩与周边花岗岩之间的断裂接触带中。     

Geochemistry of the Archean low- to high-grade transition zone,Southern India

The transition zone between Archean low- and high-grade rocks in southern India represents eroded crustal levels representative of 15–20 km. It is comprised chiefly of tonalitic gneisses with some varieties showing incipient charnockitization and of minor amounts of granitic gneiss and charnockite, both of which appear to have developed from the tonalitic gneisses.Tonalitic gneisses and charnockites are similar in major and trace elements composition while granitic gneisses are relatively enriched in Rb, K, Th, Ba and light rare earth element (REE) and depleted in Cr and Sc. All three rock types exhibit enriched light REE patterns with variable positive Eu anomalies. Total REE content decreases with increasing Eu/Eu and SiO₂ and with decreasing Fe₂O_3T and MgO in the tonalitic gneisses and charnockites.An internally consistent model for the production of the tonalitic gneisses involves partial melting of an enriched mafic source with variable ratios of hornblende to clinopyroxene. This source, in turn, is derived from an ultramafic mantle relatively enriched in incompatible elements. Granitic gneisses form from tonalitic gneisses by alkali metasomatism from chloride-bearing fluids with high H₂O/CO₂ ratios purged from the lower crust by CO₂, and charnockites are produced from tonalitic gneisses (and granitic gneisses) by ischochemical CO₂ metamorphism following the alkali metasomatism.     

冀东迁安英云闪长质杂岩体的成因与演化

迁安地区英云闪长质杂岩是部分熔融产生的岩浆沿迁西群与单塔子群两个变质地体之间的接触部位上侵形成的,经历了结晶分异作用演化,构造应力场对杂岩体有着重要影响,岩石学,地球化学等方面的特征反映着杂岩体的形成是该区太古代末期地壳活动中的重要地质事件之一.     

Origin of granites in an Archean high-grade terrane,southern India

Archean deep-level granites in southern India are similar geochemically to young granites from continentalmargin arc systems. They exhibit light REE enriched patterns with variable, but chiefly positive Eu anomalies. This is in striking contrast to the negative Eu anomalies typical in high-level Archean granites. In addition, the deep-level granites are relatively enriched in Ba and Sr and depleted in total REE and high field strength elements (HFSE). One pluton, the Sankari granite, has unusually low contents of REE and HFSE. Most of the deep-level granites appear to represent cumulates with variable amounts of trapped liquid and of minor phases, resulting from fractional crystallization of a granitic parent. Such parental granitic magmas can be produced by batch melting of Archean tonalite at middle to lower crustal depths. The Sankari granite requires a tonalitic source depleted in REE and HFSE. Archean tonalites and tonalitic charnockites exhibit original igneous geochemical signatures and their average composition does not show a significant Eu anomaly. Hence, they cannot represent the positive Eu-anomaly complement to the negative Eu-anomaly, high-level granites. Our results suggest that Archean deep-level granites may represent this complement. Such granite may form in waterrich zones in the middle or lower crust and be produced in response to dehydration of the lower crust by a rising CO₂-rich fluid phase.     

吉林省太古宙TTG岩石的两种演化趋势

吉林省太古宙ＴＴＧ岩石形成于２．７～２．８Ｇａ，其母岩浆来自于下地壳角闪质岩石的部分熔融。母岩浆通过结晶分异作用形成了英云闪长质片麻岩类和花岗闪长质片麻岩类两大类岩石，早期的英云闪长质片麻岩类构成奥长花岗岩演化趋势，晚期的花岗闪长质片麻岩类则构成钙碱性演化趋势。研究表明这两种演化趋势的形成与岩浆结晶分离矿物相的种类及其比例有关。     

Trace-element geochemistry of archean greenstone belts

Progressive alteration, diagenesis, and low-grade metamorphism of Archean greenstone belts often leads to redistribution of alkali and related trace elements. Transition metals and rare earths are relatively resistant to these processes and hence are most useful in evaluating petrologic problems.Depleted Archean tholeiite (DAT) exhibits flat REE distributions and low LIL-element contents while enriched Archean tholeiite (EAT) exhibits slightly enriched REE patterns and moderate LIL-element contents. DAT is grossly similar to modern rise and are tholeiites and EAT to cale-alkaline and oceanic island tholeiites. Archean and esites fall into three categories: depleted Archean andesite (DAA) exhibits flat REE patterns, negative Eu anomalies and low LIL-element contents; low-alkali Archean andesite (LAA) shows minor light REE enrichment and low LIL-element contents; and high-alkali Archean andesite (HAA) shows light REE enrichment and high LIL-element contents. LAA is grossly similar to modern cale-alkaline andesites, but DAA and HAA do not have modern analogues. Archean depleted siliceous volcanics (DSV) exhibit depletion in heavy REE and Y compared to modern siliceous volcanics whereas undepleted varieties (USV) are similar to modern ones. Almost all Archean volcanic rocks, regardless of composition, are enriched in transition metals compared to modern varieties. Archean graywackes are similar in composition to Phanerozoic graywackes. Rock associations in Archean greenstones suggest the existence of two tectonic settings.Magma model studies indicate that partial melting has left the strongest imprint on trace-element distributions in greenstone volcanics. Three magma source rocks are necessary (listed in order of decreasing importance): ultramafic rock, eclogite, and siliceous granulite. Trace-element studies of Archean graywackes indicate a mixed volcanic—granitic provenance with minor ultramafic contributions.Alkali and related trace-element contents of Archean volcanics have been interpreted in terms of both undepleted and depleted upper mantle sources. Preferential enrichment of transition metals in Archean volcanics may have resulted from upward movement of immiscible liquid sulfide droplets with Archean magmas, depleting the source area in these elements. Initial Sr isotope distributions in Archean volcanics indicate the upper mantle during the Archean was heterogeneous in terms of its Rb/Sr ratio.     

Geochemistry of the Archean Yellowknife Supergroup

The Archean Yellowknife Supergroup (Slave Structural Province. Canada) is composed of a thick sequence of supracrustal rocks, which differs from most Archean greenstone belts in that it contains a large proportion ( ~ 80%) of sedimentary rocks. Felsic volcanics of the Banting Formation are characterized by HREE depletion without Eu-anomalies, indicating an origin by small degrees of partial melting of a mafic source, with minor garnet in the residua. Granitic rocks include synkinematic granites [HREE-depleted; low (${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$)_I], post-kinematic granites [negative Eu-anomalies, high (${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$)_I] and granitic gneisses with REE patterns similar to the post-kinematic granites. Sedimentary rocks (turbidites) of the Burwash and Walsh Formations have similar chemical compositions and were derived from 20% mafic-intermediate volcanics, 55% felsic volcanics and 25% granitic rocks. Jackson Lake Formation lithic wackes can be divided into two groups with Group A derived from 50% mafic-intermediate volcanics and 50% felsic volcanics and Group B, characterized by HREE depletion, derived almost exclusively from felsic volcanics.REE patterns of Yellowknife sedimentary rocks are similar to other Archean sedimentary REE patterns, although they have higher $\text{La}{}_{\mathrm{N}}\text{Yb}{}_{\mathrm{N}}$. These patterns differ significantly from typical post-Archean sedimentary REE patterns, supporting the idea that Archean exposed crust had a different composition than the present day exposed crust.     

REE geochemistry and petrogenesis of some granite bodies related to tin-polymetallic deposits in Nanling region,South China

Tin-polymetallic deposits, with a characteristic elemental association of Sn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag and sometimes Fe, W and Mo, are widespread in the Nanling region, South China. Like W-Sn-Nb-Ta-Be(REE) deposits, they are commonly associated with acid granites. Therefore, it has long been considered that tin-bearing granitic magma derived from anatexis in the tin-rich belt in the sial crust is the only source of primary tin mineralization, including the tin-polymetallic deposits discussed in this paper. Genetically they are related to the continental crust-reworked (I-type and S-type) granites. Based on geologic and geochemical features and, particularly, REE geochemical features, it is proposed that the granite bodies related to tin-polymetallic deposits in this region are products of the derived acid magma generated by partial melting and fractional crystallization from basaltic-andesitic rocks plus a small amount of sial rocks in the lower crust.     

A Paleoproterozoic A—type Rhyolite

The rhyolites in the upper Lueliang Group of Shanxi,China,are Paleoproterozoic weakly alkaline volcanic rocks.They are characterized by high,SiO2,NaO K2O,Zr,Nd,Ga,Y and REE contents and large FeO^*/MgO,Rb/Sr and Ga/Al ratios,and low CaO,Sr and Eu contents,and share much in common with the A-type granitic rocks.They erupted in the rift setting at the continental margin.Chemical features and isotope data,as well as high Nd and low initial Sr ratios,suggest that the original granitic magma was derived from partial melting of Late Archean metamorphic rocks in the lower crust due to the influence of basaltic magma and hot fluid in response to rifting.The A-type rhyolites were finally formed after the fractional crystallization of the dominant mineral feldspar.     

Geochemistry of the tonalitic and granitic rocks of the Nova Scotia southern plutons

In southern Nova Scotia, tonalite, trondhjemite, granodiorite and granite intruded metasedimentary rocks of the Appalachian belt during the Acadian orogeny. The mineral assemblages of these metasedimentary rocks define the staurolite-in (or staurolite + cordierite-in) isograd of the amphibolite facies of the low-pressure, intermediate-type of regional metamorphism.The chemical compositions of these tonalitic to granitic rocks indicate that the magmas before and possibly during crystallization were under relatively high pressures (3.5–6.5 kbar) and at temperatures above ‘minimum melt’ temperatures, possibly in the range 670–730°C, with exception of the tonalitic magma for which a higher temperature of formation is required.These rocks show many geochemical affinities such as relatively high Na/K ratios and similar K/Rb ratios and REE abundances. The REE patterns are moderately fractionated, with a negative Eu anomaly.An origin by partial melting of the metasedimentary rocks of the orogenic belt is postulated for these rocks in the light of the geochemical evidence. This hypothesis has been tested by application of a quantitative model of equilibrium between granitic melts and probable residual material.     

冀东-辽西中-晚三叠世柏杖子花岗质侵入岩地球化学、Sr-Nd-Hf同位素特征及岩石成因

关于冀东-辽西中-晚三叠世具有埃达克质岩石特征的花岗质岩石的源区性质,存在较大争议,且以往对位于其北东向隆起区内的柏杖子岩体的成因研究程度低.对柏杖子花岗质侵入岩进行了系统的年代学、地球化学、Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究,结果显示:柏杖子岩体结晶年龄为233±3 Ma,岩石具有低MgO、Mg#和Co、Ni、Cr含量;富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,显示明显的Pb、Th正异常和Nb、Ta、Ti、P负异常;轻、重稀土元素分馏明显;87Sr/86Sr (t) 为0.704 45~0.705 24,ε_Nd(t) 值为-7.3~-1.7;锆石ε_Hf(t) 为-13.4~-5.9.综合分析认为,高Sr/Y比值和低Y含量的柏杖子岩体属于华北克拉通正常厚度镁铁质下地壳熔融的产物,岩石高Sr/Y比值、低Y含量和Nb-Ta负异常特征为继承的华北克拉通下地壳内在性质,并具有与太古宙-古元古代TTG岩石系列相一致的Nb-Ta解耦特征,表明柏杖子岩体源区物质有TTG岩石的贡献;岩石Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成和低相容元素含量特征同样表明岩浆来源于受改造的下地壳熔融.早中生代玄武岩底侵过程中幔源组分的加入对华北克拉通下地壳形成改造,同时提供热源诱发下地壳物质熔融,形成的熔体向浅表侵位,经历一定程度的斜长石分离结晶,并最终形成柏杖子岩体.