工作面过空巷基本顶超前破断机制及控制技术

以工作面进入平行空巷、回撤通道时顶板超前破断、巷道被掩埋、支架压架的事故为研究对象,通过相似模拟试验对比了工作面过不同宽度空巷、充填与否时围岩破坏特征、应力变化和支架载荷变化,展现了工作面过大断面空巷基本顶超前破断及其灾变演化过程。研究表明：超前破断会导致基本顶一次性破断长度增加、上覆亚关键层同时破断。一旦发生超前破断,现有支护技术很难避免压架,故预防出现超前破断最为重要。鉴于此,运用Winkler地基梁理论对基本顶中弯矩和挠度进行了计算,解释了试验中围岩破断特征、支承应力和支架载荷的变化,给出了基本顶超前破断的机制：煤柱失稳是导致出现超前破断的主要因素,提高煤柱强度有利于预防超前破断。据此提出了局部注浆充填技术使煤柱由单轴压缩变为三轴压缩,提高煤柱支撑能力,并在现场实践中得到了验证。     

大采高综放面区段煤柱合理留设研究

侧向支承压力分布、资源回收率以及煤柱和巷道的稳定性是大采高综放面区段煤柱宽度留设要兼顾的因素,为了确定大采高综放面区段煤柱宽度,以某矿8103面为工程背景,首先,采用理论计算和现场应力监测等方法确定大采高综放工作面倾向支承压力分布规律,得出应力降低区宽度约为8 m,原岩应力区为巷帮侧28 m外。其次,采用工程类比方法确定大采高综放工作面巷帮外侧煤体严重破裂区宽度约为4 m。最后,采用FLAC3D数值软件分析了下区段工作面回采时窄煤柱（6、8 m）和宽煤柱（28、30 m）的应力场、位移场及塑性区特征,获得不同煤柱宽度时巷道和煤柱力学特征。研究表明：当煤柱宽度6 m和8 m时,在采动支承压力下煤柱几乎无承载能力,且巷道变形量较大;当煤柱宽度28 m和30 m时,在采动支承压力下煤柱中央仍有一定的弹性核,煤柱保持稳定且巷道变形量较小。综合考虑资源回收、巷道稳定性、次生灾害控制等因素,确定大采高综放工作面区段煤柱宽度为28 m。     

松软煤层综放面顶底板采动应力分布规律研究

以某矿综放采场为背景,通过现场实测、相似材料模拟等手段,研究了松软煤层综放开采中液压支架受力状态、两巷单体支柱受力特征和顶底板的采动应力分布规律,结果表明液压支架在工作面不同位置受力状态不同,处于中部位置的支架受力最大,同一支架前立柱受力大于后立柱;风巷围岩应力大于机巷围岩应力,两巷的超前采动应力峰值位置在工作面前3～11m;顶板岩层同一层位中采动应力分布随工作面的距离不同而不同;不同层位应力分布也不同,离煤层越近的岩层中应力集中系数越大;底板岩层在工作面前方6m左右处应力达到最大,在工作面处应力为零。该研究结果有效地指导了该矿井同一煤层综放面巷道布置、两巷支护及工作面顶板管理。     

宽断面预留墩柱沿空留巷墩柱支护阻力计算研究

针对常规沿空留巷技术在工作面回采速度和采空区作业危险性方面存在的局限性,提出了一种新型沿空留巷技术——宽断面预留墩柱沿空留巷技术,该技术的实施步骤为：首先掘进一条宽断面巷道,随后在巷道断面中心安设一排墩柱,墩柱的一侧为本工作面的运输巷,另一侧作为下一工作面的轨道巷,墩柱作为巷旁支护体使下一工作面的轨道巷保留下来以供使用。结果表明：在掘巷时设立墩柱能够维持宽断面巷道围岩的稳定,同时避免了传统沿空留巷在工作面后方作业,安全性得到了较大提高。在巷道掘进阶段,采用二次成巷技术和锚杆-墩柱联合支护技术可保证巷道的稳定;在留巷阶段,高强度的墩柱对沿空留巷顶板的切断和支撑有较好的控制效果,当墩柱间距为1.5 m时,切顶所需墩柱阻力为21.53 MPa,小于墩柱抗压强度（42 MPa）,墩柱承载力满足沿空留巷要求,顶底板相对移近量为652 mm,墩柱压缩量最大值为164 mm,墩柱能起到一定让压作用,同时对顶板有较好的支撑,可以很好地适应沿空留巷顶板活动规律,现场应用效果良好。     

综采工作面回撤巷强矿压显现机理及控制技术

为保障厚煤层综采工作面回撤巷的安全使用,以鄂尔多斯纳林河二号井31102工作面回撤巷强矿压显现为背景,通过现场监测与理论分析相结合的方法,对厚煤层综采工作面开采过程中回撤巷强矿压显现进行研究。结果表明:厚煤层综采工作面回撤巷强矿压显现,主要为工作面采动引起的超前支承压力、相邻采空悬顶引起的双向支承应力,以及回撤巷开掘引起的静载三者耦合作用的结果。根据强矿压发生机理,提出回撤巷道及相邻巷道钻孔卸压和补强支护相结合的控制方案,使其处于“强支、强卸”状态。在相邻31103工作面回撤巷实施强矿压控制技术,通过现场观测和数据分析,表明强矿压控制技术效果良好,可有效保障回撤巷的安全使用。      

断层面摩擦强度对工作面开采影响数值模拟分析

断层面摩擦强度是评价煤炭开采中应力扰动诱发断层滑动危险性的依据。依托晋城矿区成庄井田,采用理论分析和数值模拟计算方法,分析了断层面摩擦强度对深部地应力的约束机制,研究了成庄井田F13断层及其在不同摩擦强度条件下对回采工作面顶板稳定性、超前支承压力分布和断层滑动的影响规律。研究结果表明:地壳深部最大与最小主应力比值受断层面摩擦强度的限制,当其达到临界方向断层的摩擦强度极限时,断层就会发生滑动;断层破碎带的存在导致初始应力场扰动,形成断层带低应力区及高应力集中区,在回采过程中将直接影响煤层顶板移动变形和采动应力分布;断层面摩擦强度较小时,工作面开采至断层附近顶板下沉量及断层上下盘错动位移较大,支承压力峰值由大变小明显,断层面上剪应力与正应力的比值易达到断层面的摩擦系数,断层滑动的危险性较大。      

辛安煤矿1402工作面临空窄煤柱采掘响应及动态加固

随着我国煤炭资源去产能整合煤矿的增多,复采工作面临空窄煤柱采动失稳问题日益凸显,已严重制约矿井安全高效生产。为此,针对辛安煤矿复采1402工作面辅运巷道5号钻场临空窄煤柱稳定性控制的工程难题,运用数值模拟与理论分析相结合的方法,探究5号钻场临空窄煤柱稳定性采掘扰动响应特征,提出5号钻场临空窄煤柱动态注浆加固技术方案并开展现场应用和效果检验。研究结果表明:1402工作面辅运巷道掘进对5号钻场临空窄煤柱稳定性影响较小;在1402工作面回采期间,距5号钻场18~6 m范围,临空窄煤柱集中垂直应力由非对称马鞍形分布逐渐过渡为拱形分布;距5号钻场6 m时,临空窄煤柱承载叠加垂直应力超过煤体强度,塑性区完全贯通,极易破坏失稳;现场采用MP364型注浆材料及专用注浆设备对5号钻场临空窄煤柱前后5 m区域进行加固,动态注浆始终超前工作面10 m,通过深孔窥视和气体监测手段验证临空窄煤柱良好的封堵固化效果,保障了工作面安全回采,为我国整合矿井类似条件下煤柱稳定性控制提供借鉴和参考。移动阅读      

断裂结构面对回采工作面矿压及顶板稳定性的影响

通过对现场观测和数值模拟分析,系统研究了断裂结构面对回采工作面矿压分布和顶板稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,回采工作面顶板断裂结构面有3种典型组合类型,即“正三角形”结构、“川字形”结构和“倒三角形”结构。在工作面开采过程中,“正三角形”结构顶板稳定性差;“倒三角形”结构顶板稳定性好;而“川字形”结构顶板能形成结构平衡且稳定。由于断层使介质不连续,导致初始应力场挠动,局部产生附加应力,在断层带附近形成低压力区和高应力集中区带,比较明显的影响范围距断层面大约10~30 m。当工作面推进到高应力集中区带时,工作面前方煤(岩)体中支承压力明显增大,支承压力峰值位置向前方煤岩体中转移,易于发生冒顶事故和其他矿井动力地质现象;当工作面推进到低应力区带时,压力峰值降低,顶板稳定性差。      

基本顶断裂形式对倾斜煤层沿空半煤岩巷围岩稳定性影响研究及工程应用

倾斜煤层沿空半煤岩巷由于围岩结构的非对称性和非均质性,受采掘扰动影响,巷道围岩呈现更严重的变形破坏。为揭示不同基本顶断裂形式对倾斜煤层沿空半煤岩巷围岩稳定性的影响规律,采用数值模拟方法针对该类巷道4种基本顶断裂形式下巷道围岩变形特征进行了研究。结果表明:基本顶断裂线位置对该类巷道围岩稳定性的影响程度由小到大依次为:采空区侧、煤柱上方、实体煤侧、巷道上方;基本顶断裂线位于采空区侧时,煤柱轴向、横向应力增速均小于其他情况,垂直位移也最小,煤柱变形在允许范围内,可保持后期对顶板的支承能力,对巷道维护最有利。在此基础上,以贵州某矿1511工作面回风巷为工程背景进行了工业试验,通过理论计算和现场钻孔探测综合分析得出,为避免基本顶断裂线位于煤柱上方靠巷道侧,下一步掘进时煤柱宽度应由3 m改为5 m。掘采期间断面检测结果显示,断面最大收缩率为23.3％,最大非对称变形率为5.2％,巷道整体均匀协调变形,进一步验证了研究成果的可靠性。      

沙曲矿区地应力及采场地压的综合监测与分析

作为典型复合型顶板的矿山,沙曲矿区的工程地质条件受到多条构造带影响,采煤工作面顶底板均为不稳定性软岩,并含少量裂隙水。为了调查该矿区的地应力条件及地压规律,本文在沙曲矿区的主要开拓巷道中开展了6个地点的地应力测试,结果表明该矿区的地应力场比较均匀,属于准静水应力场。采用现场应力套孔解除和室内围压率测定的方法得到最大水平主应力数值在20.11～22.87(MPa)之间,侧压系数在2.25～2.85范围内,属较高应力;针对24101等工作面的大采高综采巷道进行了煤柱支承压力的现场监测,结果表明24101工作面的巷道煤柱应力分布特点可以分为塑性破坏区、峰值应力区和原岩应力区;同时,对南翼14204工作面顶板进行了离层监测和锚杆测力计载荷观测,结果进一步揭示了随着时间的推移,巷道顶板稳定性的衰减主要是由于离层数量的增加所造成的规律。该地应力及采场地压的综合监测及分析结果对沙曲矿区的支护设计和安全生产具有重要指导和实用价值。     

深井孤岛工作面巷道围岩采动应力分区演化特征

针对深井孤岛工作面煤巷大变形问题,采用现场实测手段研究了回采过程中巷道和采空区应力动态演化规律以及巷道围岩变形破坏演化特征。研究结果表明：深井孤岛工作面巷道围岩应力演化与变形破坏具有显著的阶段性特征,工作面前方大于250 m范围,巷道围岩未受采动影响,围岩应力变化较小且变形主要集中在底板与煤柱肩窝;工作面前方100～250 m支护结构受力增大,巷道浅部围岩破碎,顶底板移近及煤柱内挤变形突出,巷道出现明显的非对称变形破坏;工作面前方100 m为强烈采动影响阶段,尤其是在工作面前方20～22 m围岩垂直应力与空间主应力变化比较剧烈,顶底板移近与两帮内挤变形更加突出,巷道围岩表现出明显的大变形破坏特征。根据采空区应力分区特征分析了顶板覆岩结构的动态演化过程。结合应力与变形破坏演化特征,提出了巷道支护对策,以期为深井巷道围岩控制提供一定指导。     

Pressure-Relief Mining of the Working Face Under the Coal Pillar in the Close Distance Coal Seams

Intensive strata behaviors are generated when the No. 8707 working face of the 8# coal seam in a coal mine is advanced by way of the pillars left over of the upper part of 7# close distance coal seam. The theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and filed measurement were utilized to obtain the rule of the stress change when the 8707 working face of the 8# coal seam passes the pillars left over of the 7# coal seam. Meanwhile, a pressure-relief mining (PRM) technology was put forward. According to the research results, when the 8707 working face in the 8# coal seam was advanced to the position that was 20 m in front of the pillar left over, the abutment pressure reached the maximum for 26 MPa and the stress concentration factor was 3.25, which was likely to give rise to the rock burst. With the advance of the working face, the abutment pressure was reduced slowly. As the 8707 working face advanced 15 m away the pillar left over, the transfixed shear failure region of 45° was found in the bedrocks of the upper and lower coal seams, which was readily to give rise to the shear rupture, leading to the rock burst. Based on the aforementioned research, this research carried out the PRM by applying the hydraulic fracturing technology on the coal roof and pillar, which can ensure the safety and efficient mining of working faces.     

Research on reasonable coal pillar width of roadway driven along goaf in deep mine

Driving roadway along a goaf is commonly adopted for mining face of thick seam in a deep mine. Determining a reasonable width of coal pillar is a key scientific problem for driving roadway along a goaf in a deep mine. The paper took a roadway driven along a goaf at Zhaolou coal mine which is a typical kilometer-deep mine in China as engineering background. Field monitoring, model test, and numerical experiment are conducted. Stress and displacement evolution mechanism are analyzed with different pillar widths. The test results show that with the increase of coal pillar width, the peak stress value at the coal pillar working slope and integrated coal beside the roadway increases firstly and then tends to be stable, its position is transferred to the side of the roadway, and the deformation of coal pillar decreases gradually during roadway excavation. The coal pillar deformation and roadway vertical displacement increased as the coal pillar width increases under high abutment pressure. In order to reduce the waste of non-renewable resources and meet the requirements of bearing capacity and stability of coal pillars, a method is proposed for setting a reasonable width of coal pillars and the specific width of coal pillars is designed and applied in engineering practices based on the above research. All the tests are significant in the study of driving roadway along a goaf in a deep mine.     

Measurement of the Strong Pressure Appearance Laws with Hard Roof and Full Mechanized Mining Extra Thick Coal Seam

To master the laws of strong strata behavior of Tashan coal mine under Carboniferous coal mining process, the laws of strong strata behavior in 8107 working face was measured and analyzed. It was shown that the average initial weighting step of 8107 working face was 59.4 m. The average periodic weighting step of main roof was 16.2 m. The maximum working resistance during periodic weighting was 14,711.1 kN. The maximum working resistance during non-periodic weighting was 11,339.9 kN. The average dynamic load factor K during periodic weighting was 1.31. The stress of coal column on the side of the goaf could be divided into four zones (stress stabilization zone, stress slow-increasing zone, significant—increasing stress zone, stress reduction zone) along the strike of 8107 working face. There was a peak of lateral support pressure along the trend of 8107 working face. And the peak position was biased to the side of return airway roadway. With the increase of the distance from the down-side of return airway, the pressure peak of the inner coal body along the strike of 8107 the working face increased and the peak position decreased from the coal wall. The peak stress of coal column tended to be close to the up-side of return airway. And the distance from the down-side of return airway for the peak of inner coal was larger than that for the peak of coal pillar. The peak position of abutment pressure of hard roof was in the range of 10–25 m in front of 8107 working face under full mechanized mining extra thickness coal seam conditions. The relative stress concentration coefficient of k was 1.3–6.5. The range of 10–25 m from the front of the working face to coal wall was stress reduction zone. And the influence range of abutment pressure was about 80 m. It was of great significance to the control and practice of the surrounding rock of the stope for the mining of the hard extra-thick coal seam.     

Numerical simulation on tendency mining fracture evolution characteristics of overlying strata and coal seams above working face with large inclination angle and mining depth

In order to master the tendency mining-fracture-evolution characteristics of overlying strata and coal seams above working face with large inclination angle and mining depth in mining process, the 1221 working face in Zhao mine is selected as the engineering background and a mathematical model is established. The displacement variation, stress and strain of overlying strata and coal seams are simulated by using ANSYS software. In the mining process, the movement characteristics, displacement variation laws and fracture evolution characteristics of overlying strata and coal seams above working face with large inclination angle and mining depth along inclination direction are discussed. Simulation results show that with the advance of working face, the fracture development of overlying strata and coal seams is larger and larger; the area of gob is gradually expanding and the transverse stress of overlying strata and coal seams is also expanding. Stress contour of overlying strata and coal seams at both ends of gob becomes denser and denser; the activity of the overlying strata and coal seams near the up-roadway side of the gob is violent. The pressure relief zone is formed in the upper part of the strata and the roof above the gob. Large inclination angle of coal seam results in larger supporting pressure in the underside of the gob and smaller supporting pressure in the upper side of the gob. Along the inclination direction of the working face, the pressure relief zone is mainly concentrated in the outlet roadway of the working face; the fracture development and strata separation are obvious, which offer good passage for gas flow and migration.     

Numerical Investigation of the Dynamic Mechanical State of a Coal Pillar During Longwall Mining Panel Extraction

This study presents a numerical investigation on the dynamic mechanical state of a coal pillar and the assessment of the coal bump risk during extraction using the longwall mining method. The present research indicates that there is an intact core, even when the peak pillar strength has been exceeded under uniaxial compression. This central portion of the coal pillar plays a significant role in its loading capacity. In this study, the intact core of the coal pillar is defined as an elastic core. Based on the geological conditions of a typical longwall panel from the Tangshan coal mine in the City of Tangshan, China, a numerical fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in three dimensions (FLAC^3D) model was created to understand the relationship between the volume of the elastic core in a coal pillar and the vertical stress, which is considered to be an important precursor to the development of a coal bump. The numerical results suggest that, the wider the coal pillar, the greater the volume of the elastic core. Therefore, a coal pillar with large width may form a large elastic core as the panel is mined, and the vertical stress is expected to be greater in magnitude. Because of the high stresses and the associated stored elastic energy, the risk of coal bumps in a coal pillar with large width is greater than for a coal pillar with small width. The results of the model also predict that the peak abutment stress occurs near the intersection between the mining face and the roadways at a distance of 7.5 m from the mining face. It is revealed that the bump-prone zones around the longwall panel are within 7–10 m ahead of the mining face and near the edge of the roadway during panel extraction.     

Study of roof stability of the end of working face in upward longwall top coal

Low recovery of longwall top coal caving (LTCC) remains one of the most difficult engineering problems in this mining method and impedes its application. The top coal left in the gob at face end accounts for a large portion of the total coal loss, and the instability of the leftover triangle coal at face end has long been a threat to the safety of miners and the mining equipment. In this paper, based on the engineering background of Ruilong mine, we explore the stability of the roof at the end of the face by using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field measurement. Results reveal that in the inclined longwall top coal caving face, the immediate roof forms an “arch” structure, and the basic roof forms a “masonry beam” structure after the roof collapses; working resistance of the support calculated by the method of ultimate bearing capacity was adequate to meet the requirement of roof load; roof load of coal pillar was related to the length of key block and fracture position; and increasing the size of coal pillar could ensure the stability of both coal pillar and roof.