断层对顶板稳定性影响相似模拟试验研究

通过相似模拟试验方法分析了不同倾向高角度正断层, 在采动影响下顶板岩体变形破坏和矿压分布规律。结果表明, 在采动影响下断层“活化”,断层带及其影响范围内的岩体破碎, 表现为周期断裂步距小, 冒落带高, 尤其是断层下盘, 顶板稳定性差; 当工作面开采到离断层面22.5~ 30 m时, 直到断层位置的前方煤体中支承压力增大, 煤体被压碎, 且随着距断层面距离的缩小, 支承压力的峰值位置向工作面前方转移; 通过断层后, 顶板岩体中支承压力减小, 比无断层存在的情况要低。      

不同岩性顶板回采工作面矿压分布规律

采用数值模拟技术和现场矿压观测系统,研究了不同岩性顶板回采工作面矿压分布规律及其显现特征。结果表明,在煤炭开采过程中,不同岩性顶板回采工作面最大支承应力存在一定差异,在强度较高的砂岩顶板岩体中,支承压力大,工作面前方支承压力峰值距工作面距离小,初次来压步距和周期来压步距大,矿压显现强烈;而在强度较低的泥岩顶板区,顶板岩体不能和砂岩骨架层一样抵抗覆岩压力,且支承压力小,支承压力的峰值向回采工作面前方岩体内部推移,初次来压步距和周期来压步距小,矿压显现不明显。      

断层面摩擦强度对工作面开采影响数值模拟分析

断层面摩擦强度是评价煤炭开采中应力扰动诱发断层滑动危险性的依据。依托晋城矿区成庄井田,采用理论分析和数值模拟计算方法,分析了断层面摩擦强度对深部地应力的约束机制,研究了成庄井田F13断层及其在不同摩擦强度条件下对回采工作面顶板稳定性、超前支承压力分布和断层滑动的影响规律。研究结果表明:地壳深部最大与最小主应力比值受断层面摩擦强度的限制,当其达到临界方向断层的摩擦强度极限时,断层就会发生滑动;断层破碎带的存在导致初始应力场扰动,形成断层带低应力区及高应力集中区,在回采过程中将直接影响煤层顶板移动变形和采动应力分布;断层面摩擦强度较小时,工作面开采至断层附近顶板下沉量及断层上下盘错动位移较大,支承压力峰值由大变小明显,断层面上剪应力与正应力的比值易达到断层面的摩擦系数,断层滑动的危险性较大。      

采动诱发应力主轴偏转对断层稳定性影响分析

为探究上、下盘不同开采顺序对断层稳定性影响,基于压力拱理论提出应力偏转概念,运用FLAC3D数值方法,模拟工作面分别从断层上盘和下盘向断层推进的过程,分析接触面应力状态和演化规律,验证采动诱发应力偏转,并与断层损伤变量及其增速进行对比分析。研究表明,工作面自上、下盘不同方向靠近断层,顶板主应力起始偏转位置分别为距离断层120 m和40 m处,相差80 m,且下盘最大偏转角是上盘工作面的1.68倍;断层损伤变量的启滑点分别距断层130 m和40 m,下盘工作面相对上盘工作面提前90 m,二者良好的对应关系表明应力偏转与断层滑移失稳显著相关。采动诱发应力偏转产生附加应力概念可以很好解释上、下盘工作面断层稳定性差异,为断层保护煤柱留设及工作面过断层防灾措施制定提供新思路。     

C型采场支承压力分布特征的数值模拟研究

冲击地压的发生与支承压力的分布有重要关系。为研究C型采场支承压力的动态变化规律,采用FLAC3D软件对孤岛工作面推进过程中煤体垂直应力场进行了数值模拟。通过对工作面推进过程中煤体支承压力的平面分布特征、走向支承压力和倾斜支承压力的动态演化特征进行分析,得到以下结论：① 煤体中垂直应力分布呈“C”形;② 孤岛工作面超前支承压力影响距离为正常工作面的3～5倍;③ 双工作面“见方”时,支承压力峰值达到最大值。工程实例验证了结论的可靠性,其结果可为现场冲击地压预测和防治提供依据。     

淮南矿区地应力条件及其对煤层顶底板稳定性的影响

通过现场地应力测量和理论分析以及数值模拟计算,研究了淮南矿区地应力分布规律,探讨了圆形硐室围岩应力分布和不同侧压下回采工作面顶板稳定性分布。研究结果表明:淮南矿区原岩应力主要表现为自重应力场,除局部构造应力集中外,不存在高构造应力;区内侧压力系数λ值一般为0.49~1.49,平均为0.92,并且与测点距地表深度有一定的趋向性,表现为在浅部λ值较大,变化范围也大,而在深部λ值渐小,变化范围也缩小;回采工作面顶底板稳定性与侧压系数λ的大小密切相关,且随侧压系数λ的增大,顶板垂直位移减小,顶板岩层易于形成结构平衡而保持稳定,但底板垂直位移量增大,且易于形成底鼓破坏。这些认识为研究区煤层顶底板岩层支护控制提供了科学依据。      

长壁孤岛工作面冲击失稳能量场演化规律

煤矿冲击地压一直是困扰中国煤矿安全的主要问题,而煤矿开采过程中跳采形成的孤岛工作面由于容易产生应力集中,来压强度提高,极容易发生冲击地压。基于唐山矿T2193下孤岛工作面的地质条件,从数值分析的角度研究了煤岩体材料的非均匀性,揭示了孤岛工作面顶板周期来压时煤岩体能量释放的动态特征,分析了工作面前方能量释放激增机制。数值模拟结果显示,长壁工作面回采过程中直接顶的不断垮落造成了老顶悬空距离的不断增大,工作面周期来压时,积聚于老顶岩层内的弹性应变能将瞬间释放,容易引发工作面及巷道的冲击失稳。孤岛工作面由于其特有的矿压显现特征,老顶周期破断时所释放的弹性应变能将更加剧烈,冲击地压势必愈加强烈。孤岛工作面顶底板和煤层的能量释放激增可以作为判断煤岩体冲击失稳的前兆信息。孤岛工作面前方发生冲击破坏的主要原因是由于工作面回采过程中围岩所积聚的大量弹性能在顶板断裂时所伴随的巨大能量释放而造成的。     

断层破裂带附近采场采动效应的流固耦合分析

矿井底板突水是一个复杂的多物理场耦合问题,结合含断层破裂带条件下采场开采的工程背景,通过离散元流固耦合分析,研究了采场工作面推进过程中断层带的变形与受力情况以及底板支承压力、渗流矢量和渗流速度的动态发展规律和分布特征。相关模拟结果表明,采场中煤层的开采与断层破裂带之间是相互影响的,以支承压力为代表的采动应力是底板破坏形成导水裂隙带及断层“活化”突水的一个主要诱因,而断层的存在也使得工作面与断层带范围内的围岩应力更加集中,增大了底板破坏突水的危险性。采动过程中,底板破坏所形成的导水裂隙带主要集中在工作面前方及下方围岩中,这些区域渗流速度较大,是形成突水的主要通道。     

断层作用下深部开采诱发冲击地压相似试验研究

以典型断层型冲击地压矿井为例,采用相似材料模拟试验方法,基于覆岩空间结构失稳与断层活化耦合致灾原理,分析了巨型逆冲断层下盘煤层开采采场覆岩运动过程、工作面倾向支承压力及断层面的应力变化规律,研究了巨型逆冲断层影响下巨厚坚硬顶板易冲击煤层冲击地压显现特征。试验结果表明：煤层开采诱发巨型逆冲断层冲击灾变过程分为3阶段：第1阶段,受煤层采动影响,上覆岩层发生空间运动,煤体中形成明显高应力集中区;第2阶段,覆岩多层空间结构演化诱发断层活化,断层活化导致空间结构外部岩体回转,给空间结构施加外部载荷,造成空间结构失稳加剧,煤岩体的应力激增,影响范围扩大;第3阶段,断层滑移释放能量,提供动载荷。根据应力监测数据变化规律,划分了逆冲断层的明显影响区域,研究结果为断层影响下煤层开采的防冲策略与设计提供可靠依据。     

坚硬顶板孤岛工作面冲击地压机理及前兆判别

以忻州窑矿8939工作面为工程背景,运用弹性板理论分析坚硬顶板破断期间释放的弹性能量值,并利用FLAC3D数值模拟划分工作面回采期间的高应力区域,同时根据分形理论分析微震事件的时间分布、空间分布与冲击地压的内部关联。研究结果表明:坚硬顶板断裂前,悬露顶板由于旋转下沉不断对工作面前方煤体缓慢加载,由于过程缓慢,应力与能量不断向煤岩体深部转移,不易发生冲击地压。当顶板断裂时,会瞬间释放大量的弯曲应变能,对工作面周围煤体产生强大的脉冲作用,若脉冲能量超过冲击地压的临界值,则发生冲击地压的可能性较大。且冲击地压发生之前,煤岩体处于非稳定状态,会与外界积极交换能量,此时微震事件处于活跃期,当微震能量超过一定数值或微震事件的分维值低于某临界值时,易发生冲击地压。      

Research on Correlation Between Abutment Pressure and Gas Drainage Flow of Coal Seam

In this paper, based on the field test of No.S3012 working face of Shan Mushu Coal Mine in Sichuan Coal Group, monitoring the abutment pressure and gas drainage flow during the mining process, studying the change law of the abutment pressure and gas drainage flow of the coal seam, and using the numerical simulation method research on the evolution of abutment pressure and displacement of coal seam during the mining process. The results shown that: with the advance of coal mining face, the abutment pressure of coal seam can be divided into stress decreasing area, stress increasing area and original stress area, and the stress state of coal seam and the pore, crack structure and permeability of coal body are obviously changed. With the advance of the mining face, the abutment pressure in front and back of the coal mining face is the moving abutment pressure, and the coal mining face to be in the pressure relief area, the front abutment pressure peak value deep into the coal body 5–10 m, the influence scope reaches the front coal mining face to 90–100 m, this area is the stress increasing area. And the evolution law of the roof displacement of goaf is similar to the elliptical with the axial ratio changes, when the ratio is close to 1, the roof subsidence affected area is similar to the shape of “O”.     

Study of roof stability of the end of working face in upward longwall top coal

Low recovery of longwall top coal caving (LTCC) remains one of the most difficult engineering problems in this mining method and impedes its application. The top coal left in the gob at face end accounts for a large portion of the total coal loss, and the instability of the leftover triangle coal at face end has long been a threat to the safety of miners and the mining equipment. In this paper, based on the engineering background of Ruilong mine, we explore the stability of the roof at the end of the face by using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field measurement. Results reveal that in the inclined longwall top coal caving face, the immediate roof forms an “arch” structure, and the basic roof forms a “masonry beam” structure after the roof collapses; working resistance of the support calculated by the method of ultimate bearing capacity was adequate to meet the requirement of roof load; roof load of coal pillar was related to the length of key block and fracture position; and increasing the size of coal pillar could ensure the stability of both coal pillar and roof.     

Measurement of the Strong Pressure Appearance Laws with Hard Roof and Full Mechanized Mining Extra Thick Coal Seam

To master the laws of strong strata behavior of Tashan coal mine under Carboniferous coal mining process, the laws of strong strata behavior in 8107 working face was measured and analyzed. It was shown that the average initial weighting step of 8107 working face was 59.4 m. The average periodic weighting step of main roof was 16.2 m. The maximum working resistance during periodic weighting was 14,711.1 kN. The maximum working resistance during non-periodic weighting was 11,339.9 kN. The average dynamic load factor K during periodic weighting was 1.31. The stress of coal column on the side of the goaf could be divided into four zones (stress stabilization zone, stress slow-increasing zone, significant—increasing stress zone, stress reduction zone) along the strike of 8107 working face. There was a peak of lateral support pressure along the trend of 8107 working face. And the peak position was biased to the side of return airway roadway. With the increase of the distance from the down-side of return airway, the pressure peak of the inner coal body along the strike of 8107 the working face increased and the peak position decreased from the coal wall. The peak stress of coal column tended to be close to the up-side of return airway. And the distance from the down-side of return airway for the peak of inner coal was larger than that for the peak of coal pillar. The peak position of abutment pressure of hard roof was in the range of 10–25 m in front of 8107 working face under full mechanized mining extra thickness coal seam conditions. The relative stress concentration coefficient of k was 1.3–6.5. The range of 10–25 m from the front of the working face to coal wall was stress reduction zone. And the influence range of abutment pressure was about 80 m. It was of great significance to the control and practice of the surrounding rock of the stope for the mining of the hard extra-thick coal seam.     

蒙陕深埋矿区工作面涌水量全生命周期演化规律

蒙陕深埋矿区属于新开发矿区,煤炭开采扰动下水文地质特征仍不清楚,基建和生产过程中发生了多种类型的水害问题,其中工作面回采过程中和回采结束后的涌水变化特征研究处于空白,给井下排水系统设置和防治水工作开展增加了难度。为查清工作面回采前后的全生命周期涌水量演化规律,开展顶板含水层分布、导水裂隙带发育、涌水量变化等方面的实测研究。结果表明:煤层顶板地层均属于河流/河湖相沉积,空间上呈含隔水层互层状展布,隔水层的主要岩性为泥岩、砂质泥岩;受控于鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡的单斜构造,含煤地层高程在蒙陕接壤区最低,其顶板侏罗纪煤系含水层属于区域性地下水滞流区。煤层顶板地层在中生代沉积旋回作用下,发育了3层直接充水含水层,其中直罗组七里镇砂岩(Ⅰ号含水层)距离3-1煤层顶板77.4~109.4 m,呈富水强、水压高的特点;导水裂隙带实测高度为103.4 m,裂采比18.8,工作面回采过程中导水裂隙带将发育至Ⅰ号含水层。工作面回采前期,随着导水裂隙带向上发育沟通不同含水层,采空区涌水量呈阶段性增加,工作面回采至300 m左右,采空区涌水出现第一个峰值;工作面回采中后期,导水裂隙带持续周期性发育,导致顶板含水层破坏范围不断扩大,采空区涌水量仍呈台阶式增加;工作面回采结束前后,采空区范围内顶板导水裂隙带发育最强烈、范围最大,出现采空区涌水量最高值;工作面回采结束后,在其顶板隔水层中泥质组分的自弥合作用下,隔水层逐渐再造,导水裂隙宽度变窄、数量变少,采空区涌水量“缓坡式”衰减(每小时几十立方米以内)。对工作面涌水量实现全生命周期演化规律掌握,可以为蒙陕深埋矿区井下工作面防治水工作提供科学依据。      

Pressure-Relief Mining of the Working Face Under the Coal Pillar in the Close Distance Coal Seams

Intensive strata behaviors are generated when the No. 8707 working face of the 8# coal seam in a coal mine is advanced by way of the pillars left over of the upper part of 7# close distance coal seam. The theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and filed measurement were utilized to obtain the rule of the stress change when the 8707 working face of the 8# coal seam passes the pillars left over of the 7# coal seam. Meanwhile, a pressure-relief mining (PRM) technology was put forward. According to the research results, when the 8707 working face in the 8# coal seam was advanced to the position that was 20 m in front of the pillar left over, the abutment pressure reached the maximum for 26 MPa and the stress concentration factor was 3.25, which was likely to give rise to the rock burst. With the advance of the working face, the abutment pressure was reduced slowly. As the 8707 working face advanced 15 m away the pillar left over, the transfixed shear failure region of 45° was found in the bedrocks of the upper and lower coal seams, which was readily to give rise to the shear rupture, leading to the rock burst. Based on the aforementioned research, this research carried out the PRM by applying the hydraulic fracturing technology on the coal roof and pillar, which can ensure the safety and efficient mining of working faces.