青藏铁路通风路基边界条件研究

In permafrost regions, many methods about active cooling embankment are put forward, one of these representations is ventilated embankment, its cooling effect is the result of the air convection in the duct, and this leads to reducing the annual average ground temperature. The present work in this article is to determine the boundary conditions of the ventilated embankment and natural ground in numerical work. There are several effects which influence boundary conditions, they are: radiation, evaporation,phase change, convection and embankment material etc. Radiation and convection are the main effects in those. We mainly consider sun radiation in this article. The added-surface effect in ventilated embankment lowers its temperature, so the temperature on the wall of the ventilated embankment is different from the temperature in atmosphere. There are two methods in determining the surface temperature, experimental method and experiential method. Detailed research is discussed in the article.     

倾斜布管采控天然冷量的青藏铁路路基温度场演变规律

Aiming at the stabilization of Qinghai-Tibetan Railway embankment during its construction and run, the method using tilt pipes to keep the permafrost embankment stabilization is put forward in the paper. By gathering natural cold energy in the winter and release it in the summer the tilt pipes can keep the permafrost embankment stabilizing. The temperature fields of the embankment and the stratums below are studied according to the condition of pipes diameter 250mm, length 7. 0m and tilt angle 30°,45°, 60° until the railway working for 20 years. It is shown that the embankment field using tilt pipes will eliminate the thawing core and come into subzero temperature phase ahead of 9 years compared with the original model. Different tilt angles have different efforts on the embankment and stratums, synthesis analysis of thermal income and expenses of the embankment and stratums should be carried out     

应用等效纬度-海拔模型进行地温及多年冻土制图

This research presents a method for permafrost mapping in discontinuous permafrost regions based on equivalent latitude/elevation concept in interior Alaska. In winter months, study site has a strong temperature inversion in air up to 700 m elevation. Air temperature data and the effects of slope, aspect and elevation were used to create an equivalent latitude/elevation model. This model was well correlated with mean annual surface temperature (0.79). In this watershed, the thawing index (It≈1 400 ℃*days) at the ground surface and snow depth do not vary greatly from south facing to north facing slopes. The primary controlled factor that determines the mean annual surface temperature was the winter surface temperature. The permafrost stability is effectively controlled by the freezing index. We determined 37.5% of Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed has unstable or thawing permafrost. At least 2.1% of the permafrost in this watershed may have disappeared in the last 90 years due to climate warming. This method makes it possible to evaluate the permafrost stability in the present, past and future.     

青藏铁路可调式通风管路基的数值仿真分析

Finite Element Method has been used to operate the numerical analysis and comparison between the traditional ventilated embankment and the adjustable ventilated embankment adopted in Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction. The numerical results show that: 1) The adjustable ventilated embankments can prevent the thermal entry from air into ducts during summer from thawing the permafrost beneath the embankments; 2) The cooling effects of the adjustable ventilated embankments on permafrost is much better than the traditional ventilated embankments although two kinds of embankments can generate the thawing bulbs at the beginning of finishing construction; 3) The drop of the mean temperature of permafrost under the adjustable ventilated embankments keeps faster than that of the mean temperature of permafrost under the traditional ventilated embankments. It is clear that the adjustable ventilated embankments can keep the embankment more stable than the traditional ventilated embankments.     

具有经济性前景的粗岩屑堆天然冷能集聚分析

The coarse-detrital deposits have the properties of cold accumulation and maintenance of cold for a long time. Now, at some place where the mean annual temperature of air is positive, one even can get the permafrost by artificial formation of the burial mound. According to these properties, some lowenergy storehouses are built for various purposes.     

沱沱河连续4年降水中稳定同位素研究(英)

The relationship between δ18O in precipitation and climatic factors is analyzed based on　the observation of δ18O in precipitation and meteorological data in the four years from 1992 to 1995 at Tuotuohe Meteorological Station, Tibetan Plateau. Almost all the precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau is concentrated on the warm period of the year, while in the dry cold period, there is only a few precipitation events. Because the factors affecting δ18O in precipitation is rather complicated and the air temperature does not change too much in the precipitation season, the distribution of δ18O in precipitation with air temperature is therefore scattered. In this paper, the relationship between the averages of each meteorological factor and the corresponding δ18O in precipitation is analyzed. The analysis results indicate that there is an obvious positive correlation between the monthly δ18O and temperature in the 4 years: whenever the air temperature increases 1℃, δ18O in precipitation will increase 0. 5‰. No correlation can be observed between relative humidity and B18O in precipitation. There still can not find any correlation between the annual air temperature and annual δ18O in precipitation in the 4 years probably due to the very short time series of the observation and the little annual air temperature variations.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711600030X

Proterozoic(pre-Ediacaran) glaciations occurred under strongly seasonal climates near sea level in low palaeolatitudes.Metre-scale primary sand wedges in Cryogenian periglacial deposits are identical to those actively forming,through the infilling of seasonal(winter) thermal contraction-cracks in permafrost by windblown sand,in present-day polar regions with a mean monthly air temperature range of40 ℃ and mean annual air temperatures of-20 ℃ or lower.Varve-like rhythmites with dropstones in Proterozoic glacial successions are consistent with an active seasonal freeze-thaw cycle.The seasonal(annual) oscillation of sea level recorded by tidal rhythmites in Cryogenian glacial successions indicates a significant seasonal cycle and extensive open seas.Palaeomagnetic data determined directly for Proterozoic glacial deposits and closely associated rocks indicate low palaeolatitudes:Cryogenian deposits in South Australia accumulated at 10°,most other Cryogenian deposits at 20° and Palaeoproterozoic deposits at 15° palaeolatitude.Palaeomagnetic data imply that the Proterozoic geomagnetic field approximated a geocentric axial dipole,hence palaeolatitudes represent geographic latitudes.The Cryogenian glacial environment included glacier-free,continental permafrost regions with ground frozen on a kyr time-scale,aeolian sand-sheets,extensive and long-lived open seas,and an active hydrological cycle.This palaeoenvironment conflicts with the 'snowball Earth' and 'slushball Earth' hypotheses,which cannot accommodate large seasonal changes of temperature near the equator.Consequently,their proponents have attempted to refute the evidence for strong seasonality by introducing Popperian'auxiliary assumptions'.However,non-actualistic arguments that the Cryogenian sand wedges indicate diurnal or weakly seasonal temperature changes are based on misunderstandings of periglacial processes.Modelling of a strongly seasonal climate for a frozen-over Earth is invalidated by the evidence for persistent open seas and glacier-free continental regions during Cryogenian glaciations,and gives a mean monthly air temperature range of only 10 ℃ for 10° latitude.By contrast,a strongly seasonal climate in low palaeolatitudes,based on the actualistic interpretation of cryogenic sand wedges and other structures,is consistent with a high obliquity of the ecliptic(54°) during Proterozoic low-latitude glaciations,whereby the equator would be cooler than the poles,on average,and global seasonality would be greatly amplified.     

Long-term thermal stability study of the typical embankment along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in warm permafrost regions北大核心CSCD

Using the long-term ground temperature monitoring data of the permafrost zone along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway from 2006 to 2020,three types of typical roadbed structures were analyzed. Traditional embankment（TE）,U-shaped crushed rock embankment（UCRE）and crushed rock revetment embankment（CRRE）were included the three types of typical roadbed,which were selected to the long-term monitoring sections within the warm permafrost zones. The evolution of ground temperature field,mean annual ground temperature （MAGT）and annual maximum ground temperature（AMGT）in the depth range of 20 m under the embankment were analyzed and studied since 15 years of operation. The monitoring and analysis results show that：the growth rate of MAGT under the left and right shoulders of the TE is always higher than that of the same depth in the natural site. The MAGT under the UCRE is always lower than the natural site and always maintains a certain difference,whereas,the difference in ground temperature under the left and right shoulders is also not negligible. The MAGT of the left shoulder in the CRRE is not much different from that of the natural hole,while the MAGT of the right shoulder is always lower than that of the natural hole,and the differ in ground temperature between the left and right shoulders is smaller than that of the UCRE. The artificial permafrost table（APT）under the TE is always lower than that of in the natural site. Both the UCRE and CRRE,the APT in the left and right shoulders of them has been elevated into the embankment,and the differ of APT between the left and right shoulders is about 1. 0~1. 5 m. the differ of APT between the left and right shoulders in the CRRE is slightly lower than that of UCRE. Overall,because of the influence of thermal disturbance about engineering and climate warming,the TE in the warm permafrost zones cannot keep the thermal stability of permafrost under the embankment. Some active-cooling and reinforcement measures need to be taken. Both of the UCRE and CRRE,have a certain active-cooling effect on the permafrost under embankment,but the differ in ground temperature between the left and right shoulders still needs to be taken seriously. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

冻土地区三角形块石路基与水平块石路基的保冷效果研究

Time varying temperatures and pore-air velocities in two gravel embankments, horizontal and triangular gravel embankments, are studied using the "Rock-Block model" and the results are visualized in the form of isotherms and velocity vectors for different times of the year. Simulation results show that for both the two embankments there is a counter-clockwise rotation of pore-air extending throughout most of the embankment during winter months, whereas in summer the pore-air rotation changes to the opposite. The pore-air velocities in the triangle gravel embankment are somewhat higher than those obtained from the horizontal gravel embankment. The stronger convection in winter enhances the upward transport of heat out of the triangle gravel embankment, thus having more apparent cooling effect than the horizontal gravel embankment. During summer months, the pore-air velocities are nearly the same for both the two embankments. The results of the present study show that though the two gravel embankments have the effect of cooling the permafrost beneath, the temperature fields in the triangle gravel embankment are a little lower and more stable compared with those gotten from the horizontal gravel embankment, showing that the triangle gravel embankment has more apparent cooling effect than the horizontal one.     

1958-2008年山西气温变化的特征及趋势研究

With the original meteorological record, monthly report and informationized manufacture data of 109 stations during 1958-2008 archived by Shanxi Meteorological Information Center, the authors studied the variation trend and characteristics of average air temperature, average maximum and minimum air temperature, and average daily range of air temperature in Shanxi, the results show that: during the resent 51a, the warming trend of average air temperature, average maximum and minimum air temperature separately was 0.306℃/10a,0.337℃/10a and 0.363℃/10a in Shanxi, which was much higher than that of the corresponding period of the whole nation; the warming trend in winter, spring and autumn separately was 0.46℃/10a、0.35℃/10a和0.26 ℃/10a, the warming range was obviously higher than that of the whole nation, though, the warming range in summer was lower than that of the whole nation; the average daily range: was on descending trend in winter, summer and the whole year without exception, while in spring and autumn it was on weak upward trend. North Shanxi is not only the area where the seasonal and annual warming is the most obvious, but also is the area where the decreasing scope and extent of average daily range are maximum, Southwest Shanxi is the area where the increasing scope and extent of average daily range are maximum all the year round, in summer the air temperature appeared obvious dropping trend in the southeast of Shanxi; The contribution that the enhancing factor of urban heat island effect made to the seasonal average air temperature rising of moderate cities and above, is the highest in summer, and the lowest in winter.     

边界条件对多年冻土路基热稳定性的影响分析

多年冻土区的年平均气温是影响冻土路基边界条件的重要因素. 在附面层原理的基础上,考虑采用带有相变的控制方程和数值方法,以相同尺度的路基模型为前提,选取不同的年平均气温为影响因素,对青藏工程走廊公路路基的人为冻土上限和年平均地温进行了研究. 结果表明：公路路基下年平均地温随着年平均气温的升高而升高,人为冻土上限随着年平均气温的升高而显著下降. 在年平均气温为-7.16 ℃时,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温为-3.61 ℃,其人为冻土上限为-0.97 m;年平均气温为-3.21 ℃的条件下,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温仅为-0.1 ℃,其人为冻土上限也降至-13.11 m. 因此,可以看出：在未来气候持续变暖的背景下,现有处于稳定状态的冻土路基将逐渐变得不稳定.     

青藏铁路块石气冷结构路堤下冻土温度场变化分析

基于青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区温度监测断面,选取了不同冻土分区中的8个块石路堤结构(块石路基、块石护坡、块石路基加块石护坡)断面,对其下温度场的变化分析研究.结果表明:经过2~3个冻融循环后,块石结构路堤下冻土上限已抬升了1.4~5.3 m,说明块石路堤结构已起到了积极调节下伏冻土温度的作用.结果也显示,在上限抬升的同时,其下部的冻土地温也在升高,但是这种过程已逐渐被块石路堤结构的降温所抑制,而这种抑制程度受控于不同的冻土区域.在不同的冻土分区中,无论是何种形式的块石路堤结构,其降温趋势是不同的.Ⅳ和Ⅲ冻土区块石路堤基底的负温积累比较明显,而I和Ⅱ区的较弱.     

多年冻土区道路边坡热状况差异对多年冻土融化形态的影响

用数值方法模拟了在气候持续以0.02℃·a^-1速度增温下,50 a运营年限内不同走向路基的融化形态可能发生的变化趋势.计算了在砂砾路面和沥青路面下,不同高度(0~5.0 m)及不同走向(东西、东北-西南、南北、对称)路基的融化形态.结果表明:非对称热边界路基与对称热边界路基的融化形态差异很大.在呈阴阳坡的路基中,砂砾路面和沥青路面下:1)最大融化深度位置与运营时间关系不大,与路基高度、线路走向及路面类型关系密切,且最大融化深度偏离路基中线的距离与路基高度呈线性关系;2)最大融化深度与运营时间、路基高度、路面类型关系比较密切.路基较低时,最大融化深度与路基走向关系不大.路基较高时,最大融化深度与线路走向关系密切,且随着路基高度的增加、气候变暖及增温速率的增大而加剧;3)同一路基高度和线路走向下,砂砾路面的最大融化深度偏离路基中线的距离大于沥青路面的,沥青路面的最大融化深度大于砂砾路面的.相对于砂砾路面,沥青路面在一定程度上部分的抵消了阴阳坡效应,但加剧了路基下最大融化深度.     

热棒技术在国道214线共和-玉树高速公路宽幅冻土路基中应用的数值模拟研究

高速公路路基幅面宽度的成倍增加,沥青路面的吸热效应更为显著,工程对其下伏多年冻土的热影响更为显著. 热棒、热棒保温板复合结构等传统工程措施能否保护宽幅高速公路下冻土稳定是一个亟待回答的问题. 根据带相变热传导有限元方法,对共和-玉树高速普通路基、热棒路基和热棒保温板复合结构路基在未来全球变暖情形下的地温场特征进行了数值模拟分析. 结果表明：在年平均气温为-3.5℃或地表年平均温度为-1℃的多年冻土地区,普通路基和热棒路基在全球变暖条件下路基下伏冻土都将发生融化,宽幅公路路基将会产生显著融沉变形,不能保证宽幅公路路基20 a使用期内的稳定性. 热棒保温板复式结构显示了较好的冷却路基效果,在第20年路基下多年冻土人为上限高于原天然上限,路基下富冰冻土仍处于冻结状态,可以保证宽幅沥青公路在服务期内的热稳定性.     

青藏铁路块石路基冷却降温效果对比分析

基于现场地温监测数据,对青藏铁路两种主要块石路基（块石护坡及U型块石路基）在不同年平均地温分区的冷却降温效果进行对比分析,发现不论是在低温基本稳定区（年平均温度-2.0 ℃≤TCP<-1.0 ℃）还是高温极不稳定区（TCP>-0.5 ℃）,两种块石路基的应用都能够有效地提升路基下部多年冻土上限。但两种不同块石结构路基表现出不同的冷却降温效果,其中U型块石路基冷却降温效果较好,在路基下多年冻土上限提升及下伏浅层多年冻土降温的同时,深层多年冻土温度保持稳定;而块石护坡路基下人为多年冻土上限的提升及浅层多年冻土温度的降低一定程度上消耗了下伏深层多年冻土的冷量,从而导致其温度有所升高。同时,在不同的年平均地温分区块石路基表现出不同的冷却降温效果：年平均地温较低断面,块石路基冷却降温效果显著。在年平均地温较高的断面,尤其是高温极不稳定多年冻土区,块石护坡路基下伏深层多年冻土温度升高明显,路基长期稳定性难以得到保证。     

青藏铁路抛石护坡和保温材料复合路基温度场特征非线性分析

采用多孔介质中流体的连续性方程、动量方程及能量方程,针对青藏铁路的气温和地质条件,对抛石护坡路基(无保温材料)及其在靠近路基顶部增设保温材料后的温度场特征进行了分析和比较.结果表明:在年平均气温为-4.0℃的青藏高原多年冻土区,考虑未来50 a气温上升2.6℃条件下,抛石护坡路基对其下部多年冻土可起到一定的保护作用;但由于气温升高的影响,路基中心处出现终年融化夹层;计算中发现当抛石护坡达到一定厚度时,单纯依靠增加抛石护坡厚度并不能明显增加其对路基中心处的降温效果;而增设保温材料后的抛石护坡路基可有效减小路基中出现的融化夹层,确保冻土路基的稳定.因此,建议在高温多年冻土区使用抛石护坡路基结构时,应考虑使用保温材料作为一种对抛石护坡路基进行保温补强的措施.     

保温法在青藏铁路路基工程中应用的适用性评价

保护冻土原则是多年冻土区路基设计的首要选择.运用带相变瞬态温度场的有限元数值解法,模拟分析了铺设聚苯乙烯(EPS)板后铁路路基下多年冻土最大融化深度在随后50 a内随时间的变化,提出了保温板铺设的适宜位置和合理厚度.总结分析了保温路基中保温板的合理宽度和保温路基合理的施工时间,基于年平均气温给出了多年冻土区铁路路基工程中保温法的适用范围,并对多年冻土年平均地温对保温处理措施适用范围的影响进行了分析.     

青藏工程走廊楚玛尔河高平原区路基边界温度特征

基于青藏高原楚玛尔河地区青藏公路里程K2968+200断面浅层地温监测数据（地表下5 cm）,拟合了边界温度的回归方程,分析了公路路基及铁路路基两侧表层温度的特征.同时对路基坡面温度和理论辐射值的相关性进行了分析.结果表明：边界温度回归方程拟合程度较高,可作为冻土路基数值模拟温度边界选取的参考依据;监测断面公路和铁路路基都表现出显著的阴阳坡差异,公路左右坡面冬季温度差异达11.49℃,年均值差4.77℃,冬季铁路路基左右坡脚温度差异达到5.34℃,年均值差3.33℃,天然地表与气温的差值为5.2℃;根据融化与冻结n系数,位于阳坡一侧的冻结n系数较低且融化n系数大,表现为吸热;阴坡一侧冻结n系数较大,整体呈现出放热效应;路基边坡太阳理论辐射与温度变化趋势基本一致.     

风积沙环境下高等级公路冻土块石路基降温性能分析

青藏高原脆弱的生态系统以及人类工程活动,加剧了青藏工程走廊线性工程两侧沙漠化、荒漠化发展趋势,尤其冻土块石路基面临日益严重的风积沙灾害问题。以多年冻土区高等级公路块石路基为研究对象,采用数值模拟分析风积沙环境下封闭块石路基的降温性能和长期热稳定性。结果表明：风积沙堆积对封闭块石路基下部土层冻土温度的影响程度高于冻土上限,1.0 m湿沙工况降低冻土温度,0.2 m干沙则增大冻土温度。升温背景下,随年平均气温增加风沙堆积对路基冻土上限影响程度增强,干沙增大冻土融化深度,湿沙抬升冻土上限。随冻土含冰量减小,路基中心冻土上限对气候升温敏感性增加,风沙堆积影响减弱。气候升温和风沙堆积条件下,在年平均气温低于-5.5℃时,宽幅沥青路面封闭块石路基能够满足降温要求,使人为冻土上限保持在块石层内。研究成果可为风沙危害区多年冻土块石路基的病害治理和拟建青藏高速公路块石路基设计提供科学依据。     

西安城市地温与气温变化初步分析

地下浅层地温和近地表空气温度存在着必然的内在联系,地面温度变化的信息随着时间推移向下传播并叠加到稳态地温场上,因此通过对现今地温剖面的分析可以重建过去地面温度变化的历史。为了研究西安地区地下和地上的温度变化,本文在西安开展了钻孔温度测量,获得了16个钻孔的地温剖面,同时收集整理了西安气象站1951～2010年气温数据。对1951～2010年气温数据进行回归分析得到西安地区年平均气温、年平均最高气温和最低气温增温率分别为3.71 ℃/100a、2.03 ℃/100a和5.14 ℃/100a,均高于全国和全球平均水平,其中1986～2010年间平均气温增温更是显著,达到9.01 ℃/100a。从钻孔测温曲线中筛选出西安城郊6个传导型地温剖面进行分析,结果表明西安地区钻孔温度记录的地面温度变化趋势与气象台记录的气温变化趋势基本吻合。根据利用钻孔温度剖面下段回归分析得到的地表稳态温度和地温梯度以及25年间西安地区平均气温增温率推算得到钻孔理论地温剖面与实测地温数据总体上具有较好的一致性。对实测地温数据的进一步精确拟合分析显示,西安城郊6个选定的钻孔所在区域地面温度变暖分别起始于20年、24年、26年、28年、30年和30年前,对应的地表增温幅度分别为0.4 ℃、0.72 ℃、2.18 ℃、4.2 ℃、2.4 ℃和2.4 ℃。市区和周边郊区钻孔所在区域在增温幅度上存在明显的差异,市区增温强度明显高于郊区,而城郊结合部介于两者之间。