热泵在多年冻土地区工程中的应用

The inclement climate and permafrost have a strong influence on human activities and life in cold regions. It is important to adjust to these conditions in such a way as to minimize adverse environmental impacts. In order to maintain the ecological equilibrium, various technologies have been developed which involve the use of the natural cold for solving difficult engineering problems. Heat pumps hold much promise in this context. They can help protect the environment from the thermal effects of human activities and, unlike the conventional refrigeration devices; the produced heat can be utilized. They also provide a solution to another problem vitally important for the northern regions - saving of fuel and energy resources. In case of global warming with an increasing need for artificial refrigeration, the use of heat pumps will be the most economical solution, preventing catastrophic loss of structural stability virtually without additional costs.     

探测冰盖和多年冻土层的融冰探头研发

The exploration of ice sheets by melting vertical holes into the ground has some tradition in terrestrial glaciology. Such probes have been used since the 1960's to investigate the vertical structure of the ice in Greenland and Antarctica and in alpine glaciers. In this paper we look into the possibility to develop similar devices for use on extraterrestrial icy bodies, like e.g. the polar areas on Mars or the icy satellites of the outer solar system. We report on some basic experiments performed in the cryo-vacuum laboratory of the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz. In these experiments the penetration of a simple melting probe into compact and porous water ice (with a snow-like texture) was monitored, both under vacuum conditions and under air pressure. The observed penetration speeds for a given power supply are compared with a simple mathematical model. We conclude that a miniature melting probe with small overall dimensions and a reasonable power demand could well be part of the payload of a future planetary mission, for example to the poles of Mars. Such missions are currently under discussion in several space agencies. Moreover such probes could also e? ectively be used in terrestrial environments. A possible design is presented at the end of the paper.     

北极圈数据库及为何需要

Many factors, such the great changes of temperature, which will be expected at the high latitudes, increased pressure from humans to extract the natural resources in cold regions, seriously affect the cold environment. Many meetings have been held about the classification of cold soils, ideas and concepts of cold soils. These facilitate the need for developing a database of soils of the circumpolar region. The database can help offering information for potential problems in cold regions and for selecting the best areas for placement of new road and towns.     

多年冻土地区建筑物地基的热稳定性技术

Thermal stabilization of soils (including freezing of thawed soils and cooling of permafrost) is known to be the effective method providing stable support for buildings and structures in cold regions.Seasonal thermo-stabilizers (STS) are mainly used in construction. The predicted climate warming because of natural and man-caused factors determines wide application of STS in permafrost regions. A STS transfers heat from its underground part (evaporator) to the aerial part (condenser) owing to natural temperature difference between them during a cold season. We have been working out and manufacturing different types of two-phase, vapor-liquid STS. Aluminum alloys are used in our STS to prevent corrosion and to increase their efficiency. They are successfully used in the northern regions of Western Siberia, in particular, at the railway Obskaya Bovanenkovo. The paper presents some technical parameters of new STS, the results of their experimental study and computer simulation, as well as experience features.     

修筑寒区小型水利工程的经验回顾

The paper provides a review of experience with the construction of hydraulic projects in the permafrost regions. Principles for construction, operation and maintenance of earth dams are refined and formulated. High priority needs for improving the stability of structures are identified.     

结合全球气候模型预测结果概率分析融化深度

A probabilistic approach may be adopted to predict freeze and thaw depths to account for the variability of (1) material properties, and (2) contemporary and future surface energy input parameters (e.g.air temperatures, cloud cover, snow cover) predicted with global climate models. To illustratc the probabilistic approach, an example of the prediction of thaw depths in Fairbanks, Alaska, is considered, More specifically, the Stefan equation is used together with the Monte Carlo simulation technique to make a probabilistic prediction of thaw penetration. The simulation results indicate that the variability in material properties, surface energy input parameters, and temperature data can lead to significant uncertainty in predicting thaw penetration. The Taylor series method was performed to determine the mean and standard deviation of thaw penetration and the results were compared to the Monte Carlo simulation results. The close comparison of the results suggests that the simpler Taylor series method may be applied to many cold regions problems to account for the variability of input parameters.     

不透明矿物的反射光谱鉴定

Reflection spectrum of mineral is a curve of the reflectance of the mineral against the wave-lengths of reflected light. It reflects the variation of reflectanee with changing wave-length and provides some useful information on other optical properties of the mineral under linear polarized light such as eolour, bineflection, reflection pleochroism, etc.Each mineral is characterized by its unique reflection spectrum. A set of nine reflection speetrum diagrams are compiled by the author for more than 200 common minerals.Reflection spectrum is markedly lines of different patterns for minerals with isotropism,bireflestion, reflection plcoehroism and the overlapping of Rg and Rp. Only one spectrum is given for each mineral and only Rg spectrum is presented for anisotropic minerals. These diagrams afford a practical means of opaque mineral determination on the basis of reflective property of minerals.     

寒区路面

The article mainly discusses several essential problems of cold region pavement, including thermal cracking of asphalt concrete, cracking deterioration and heaving, frost heave, seasonal and long term roughness induced by different frost heave, frost heave cracking, bearing capacity loss during spring thaw. The reason for these problems is that cold region pavements are subjected to intense solicitation by climatic and environmental factors. The author offers several models corresponding to the solicitation. Furthermore in conclusion of the article the author indicates future research for cold region.     

Selenium contamination in the Colorado River Basin, western USA: Remediation by leaching and nanofiltration membranes

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient to biota, but can become a potent toxicant at elevated concentrations. The natural sources and chemical properties of Se species make the boundary between deficiency and toxicity narrow for some biota, with both…     

多年冻土区路桥过渡段的一种新结构

The design of roadbed-abutment transition part is always a challenging problem in transportation engineering, especially in permafrost distribution zone. A new type of roadbed-abutment transition part on permafrost was presented, and long-term observation was conducted for the deformation and the thermal regime of a roadbed-abutment transition part in the constructing Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In this paper, a new structure was presented and the observed settlements both in the subgrade and the base and its dependency with the thermal regime (permafrost table) were analyzed. In conclusion the roadbed-a-butment transition method for permafrost distribution zone was evaluated.     

冻土工程与环境研究的新进展——第八届国际冻土工程会议回顾

2009年10月在西安召开第八届国际冻土工程会议, 就冻土地区工程设计与建设、季节冻土区工程冻害防治、冻土物理力学特性、 模型发展及其应用、寒区气候、环境及冷生变化、多年冻土水文学、寒区水资源和土地应用等主要议题进行了广泛交流, 报告了近年来冻土工程与环境研究方面的一些新进展. 从冻土工程设计、施工和评价、普通冻土研究、冻土的物理力学性质、冻土模型发展及应用、 气候变化及冰冻圈环境等方面对该次会议交流的成果进行了总结. 与会研究者认为今后的研究一方面要加强理论研究、工程措施机理研究;另一方面要加强寒区环境对气候变化的响应及反馈、以及环境变化与冻土工程措施之间的相互作用研究.     

Changes in physicochemical properties of biodiesel after degradation and remediation

Biodiesel is the main substitute for petrodiesel being constituted by several alkyl esters including unsaturated compounds. It can undergo partial oxidation when stored for long periods and transported over long distances. The aims of this study were to analyze the impact of the oxidation process on the physicochemical properties of biodiesel and its remediation through distillation and esterification. Due to its high susceptibility to oxidation, sunflower biodiesel was used as a model. Specific mass, cloud point, cold filter plugging point, oxidation stability and iodine value were the properties analyzed. The results revealed that the treatments affected each sample differently, and in some cases the product after remediation had properties close to or even better than the initial biodiesel. The results reported here indicate that although biodiesel undergoes degradation during storage and transport, this does not mean the affected fuel cannot be marketed. Some important properties can be recovered with simple treatment.     

深海微生物多样性形成机制浅析

随着全球人口、资源与环境问题的加剧,人类把目光投向海洋。深海包含在极酸、极碱、极热、极冷、高盐、高压等极端环境下能够生存繁衍的微生物。与陆地微生物比较,它们可能具备某些不同的代谢途径和遗传背景。对极端环境微生物生存与适应机制的研究将加深我们对深海微生物乃至深海生物圈对全球气候影响的理解,也将促进我们对深海微生物资源和深海矿产资源的开发。在综合以往对各种极端环境下微生物研究的基础上对深海微生物的生存及适应机制进行了分析与阐释,为深海微生物的研究提供参考。     

海底冷泉系统中的钙同位素示踪研究进展

海底冷泉系统中的钙同位素及其与天然气水合物形成关系的研究已有少量报道,现有的研究均表明,冷泉系统中钙同位素的分馏受多种因素和过程的控制,孔隙水及碳酸盐中的钙同位素不仅可以用来识别甲烷缺氧氧化界面的位置,也可以用来探讨冷泉系统中钙同位素分馏的控制机制。阐述了冷泉系统的基本特征、研究现状及其钙同位素示踪的研究进展,并据此分析了冷泉系统的形成演化与天然气水合物的关系,指出了钙同位素研究中存在的主要问题,旨在为国内学者进一步深入开展冷泉系统与天然气水合物关系的研究提供一些参考。     

关于唐代气候冷暖问题的讨论

本文就历史文献记载的资料详细讨论了唐代气候冷暖两方面的证据。从现有支持气候温暖的证据来分析,它们难于确定相应的气候限制因子,并且类似的证据存在于不同的气候条件下。从有关的寒冷资料分析,唐代气候至少可分为两大阶段,8世纪50年代以前大体与现代相差不大,但8世纪60年代以后气候变冷,某些时段寒冷的特征可与明清小冰期相似。     

一种寒区地温能高效换热器的研制

随着近年来地温能开发利用的不断发展,地源热泵系统关键部分的换热器的形式和种类也在增加。与此同时,在寒区地温能开发利用方面,由于传统换热器在结构设计及使用上的一些缺陷,使寒区地源热泵系统很难达到设计工作目标,急需研制一种适应寒区地温能采集的经济、高效的换热器。因此,根据寒区地质条件特点和对换热器的性能要求,研制了一种寒区地温能高效换热器。介绍了该换热器的结构形式、技术参数、安装应用等情况。     

青藏高原末次冰消期气候演化特点及其与格陵兰、欧洲的异同

根据生物、湖泊及冰川地层记录,分析了青藏高原末次冰消期的气候演化特点,并将其与格陵兰、欧洲气候演化序列进行了对比分析.结果表明,末次冰消期的气候演化大致可分为两个阶段:前一阶段为暖期,但波动频繁;格陵兰、欧洲在经历了H1事件后,迅速转暖,Bolling期比Allerod期气候更为适宜;而青藏高原渐趋回暖,夏季风降水逐渐增加,存在由冰融水与降水增加所形成的高湖面,气候温湿,进入一次湖泊扩涨期;大部分记录指示Allerod期比Bolling期气候更为适宜.后一阶段为冷期,格陵兰、欧洲气候恶化并显示出有回返冰期的气候特点;青藏高原气候严酷、荒漠扩展、冰流推进、湖面下降.气候演化的这种异同性表明:格陵兰、欧洲与青藏高原气候系统彼此存在联系,特别是在冷期;而在暖期,气候演化表现出各自的特点.气候演化格局所呈现的可比性,可能是通过冷期的一致而体现的.     

冻土三轴蠕变特性试验研究及平面冻土墙厚度的确定

主要是对冻土的三轴蠕变特性进行分析研究,从而进一步确定具有明显流变特性的平面冻土墙的厚度。通过对冻土的流变特性进行理论分析,建立了冻黏土在复杂应力状态下的对数型蠕变方程。采用“低温箱-三轴压力室”轻型试验设备系统对人工配制的冻黏土试件进行了三轴蠕变试验,获得了冻黏土在复杂应力状态下的蠕变曲线。根据试验结果,对冻黏土的对数型非线性蠕变方程进行回归分析,得到了冻黏土对数型蠕变方程参数的数值。根据冻土流变理论和所建立的蠕变方程,以及平面冻土墙的厚度计算公式,利用Visualc++ 6.0和Matlab 6.0技术开发了冻土墙厚度计算的计算机应用软件。分析研究了平面冻土墙厚度与跨度、基坑暴露时间、基坑开挖深度的关系。平面冻土墙厚度随时间的延长在短期内具有急速增长的趋势,而后随时间的延长逐渐趋于稳定;平面冻土墙厚度受其跨度的影响较小,但随基坑开挖深度的加深具有逐步增长的趋势;温度对平面冻土墙厚度的影响显著,温度越高,厚度越大,所以,控制温度是平面冻土墙设计中的关键。从而为蠕变变形较大的平面冻土墙的厚度确定提供了依据。     

冻土静力学室内试验研究进展

冻土力学是冻土工程学的理论基础,以解决冻土工程问题为归宿。冻土力学分为冻土静力学和冻土动力学两个方面,而冻土静力学是冻土力学的重要部分。为此,对常规冻土静力学室内试验的研究进展进行了总结,系统地阐述了其在冻土的强度特性、变形特性及理论模型等方面所取得的重要研究成果,并指出研究中存在的一些不足之处。最后结合冻土静力学研究的特点及实际冻土工程建设的需要,对冻土静力学研究的未来发展进行了展望。     

尾砂胶结含盐冻结充填体力学特性研究

矿山充填开采正逐步向寒区甚至永久冻土区发展,这些区域含盐地下水分布非常广泛。同时,极端寒冷条件下往往需要向充填材料中加入一些防冻盐以防止料浆在输送过程中发生冻结。通过室内测试分析了?6 ℃环境下不同盐分（NaCl）膏体充填体力学特性（强度和初始弹性模型）随时间演化特征。利用单轴压力机测得了龄期为7、28、90 d膏体充填体的强度和初始弹性模量,结果表明NaCl的加入会降低冻结充填体的强度,其影响程度取决于胶结料类型。试样的强度随着养护时间的增加而增大。此外,不论盐分浓度、养护时间和胶结料类型,试样的强度与初始弹性模量之间存在显著的线性关系。该研究结果可以为寒区含盐膏体充填技术的开展提供一些依据。