新疆西昆仑地区大型铜矿成矿条件分析

新疆西昆仑地区地质与矿业开发的地理条件较差,地质工作程度较低。目前发现的铜矿（化）主要分布于布伦口及外围地区、昆盖山地区。前铜矿（化）赋存于前寒武纪变质岩中,是产于菱铁矿层或铁白云岩中的层状铜矿床,属Ｓｅｄｅｘ型;后受控于石炭纪双峰式火山岩系,铜矿分布有“二位一体”的特点,较有意义的铜矿（化）是产于下石炭统中枕状玄武岩中的ＶＨＭＳ型即塞浦露斯型铜矿。通过对上述两地铜矿成矿地质特点的分析以及控矿     

黔西北地区威宁铜厂河玄武岩型铜矿化特征及矿化规律

铜厂河铜矿产于大陆溢流钙碱性玄武岩中,铜矿化主要产于第三喷发旋回中晚期,即第8喷发层(P3em3-8)中上部,赋矿岩石主要为杏仁状玄武岩,矿体呈似层状产出,经详查以估算资源量矿石量约115万t,铜金属量1.1万t,铜品位0.98%,为一小型铜矿床。通过总结铜矿化特征与矿化规律,对我国西南地区广泛分布的同期玄武岩,特别在黔西北地区具有相似成矿地质背景,对其找矿可提供借鉴。     

峨眉山大火成岩省与玄武岩铜矿--以贵州二叠纪玄武岩分布区为例

贵州晚二叠世玄武岩是峨眉山大火成岩省的组成部分，并位于其东区。全属高钛玄武岩。它是地幔柱边部或消亡期局部熔融产物。产物我省玄武岩中的铜矿床（点），与北美大陆同类铜矿有相似之处，可统称为玄武岩铜矿，属于“与陆相镁铁质喷发岩有关的铜矿床成矿系列”。     

贵州西部峨眉山玄武岩铜矿特征及成矿作用

通过对峨眉山玄武岩含铜性及与铜矿的关系研究,提出玄武岩铜矿存在两个阶段成矿作用,即火山活动阶段和后期热液活动阶段成矿。控矿条件有：(1)喷发中心地区火山沉积富铜矿源层;(2)具相当规模的水循环系统;(3)与矿源层有较大接触面的容矿构造。     

大兴安岭中南段铜矿成矿背景及找矿潜力

大兴安岭中南段主要铜矿类型为斑岩－热液脉型,其成矿与燕山早期浅定位中酸性侵入体有成因联系,成矿时代集中１８０Ｍａ￣１６０Ｍａ,与中生代早期岩石圈伸展背景下幔源岩浆底侵－同熔－分异作用有关,由于其形成于区域大规模火山喷发之前,深部岩浆来不及进行彻底分异,对铜的大规模成矿不利。因此,寻找大型以上规模的铜矿床必须综合考虑岩浆条件和矿源层两个主要因素。本区大规模岩浆作用晚期（燕山晚期）形成的紫金山式铜矿应     

个别元素找矿地球化学讲座——第五讲 铜的内生找矿地球化学(续)

(三)火山岩铜矿化火山岩铜矿的硫同位素测定,表明成矿物质来自壳下层或上地幔,与火山作用有关.火山作用表现为多期多旋回,而与铜矿化有关的则是喷发后长期活动的含矿气液对喷发物的交代.火山岩成矿作用与侵入、次火山、大陆或海底喷发-沉积作用都有联系.火山气液可与地表水、地下水、特别是海水作用而使铜质集中.与铜矿化有关的火山岩,有玄武质岩浆分异物和安山质岩浆分异物两大类.(1)"黄铁矿型"铜矿化地槽发育早期.玄武岩浆沿基底断裂喷溢成海底枕状熔岩     

滇黔交界地区峨眉山玄武岩铜矿化蚀变特征

滇黔交界地区蛾眉山玄武岩铜矿化具层控特征,主要发育于上二叠统蛾眉山玄武岩组第四岩性段下部。矿化主岩为玄武岩流顶部的淬碎玄武质角砾岩和玄武岩流之间的含炭沉积岩;矿石矿物主要为自然铜及其表生氧化产物黑铜矿、赤铜矿、孔雀石等;脉石矿物主要有沥青、炭质物、石英、沸石、方解石、绿帘石等,此外还有少量绿泥石、钠长石、铁阳起石、榍石、辉铜矿、硅孔雀石、铜蓝、褐铁矿等。以玄武岩为主岩的铜矿石典型矿物组合为自然铜 沥青 石英及不含沥青等有机质的自然铜 石英 绿帘石,以含炭沉积岩为主岩的铜矿石典型矿物组合为自然铜 炭质物 沸石 石英( 辉铜矿);原生铜矿化有2个期次：早期铜矿化发生于有机质流体贯人之前,晚期铜矿化发生于有机质流体贯人之后。该类铜矿化的同生火山热液特征不明显,以后生热液矿化为主。淬碎玄武质角砾岩不仅是有机流体的良好储层,也为成矿流体提供了就位空间,是铜矿化层控特征的主要控制因素。有机流体及含碳沉积岩中碳质为成矿物质以自然铜形式沉淀提供了还原条件。     

云南个旧卡房铜矿床地质地球化学特征及其成因探讨

云南个旧是世界上最大的锡多金属矿田,卡房铜矿是个旧矿田主要的产铜区。卡房铜矿主要的矿床类型有两类:玄武岩层中或玄武岩与大理岩层间的似层状矿体以及花岗岩与围岩接触带矿体。围岩蚀变主要有夕卡岩化、阳起石化和金云母化。电子探针分析结果显示,卡房铜矿夕卡岩中的辉石主要为透辉石-钙铁辉石系列,石榴子石端元组分以钙铝榴石-钙铁榴石为主。流体包裹体及氢、氧同位素研究显示,从主成矿期到后成矿期,流体温度有显著降低(从260～360℃到160～280℃),而流体盐度则基本保持不变(从1.74%～12.51%到1.74%～11.93%)。氢、氧同位素组成表明,早期成矿流体主要以岩浆水为主,而晚期成矿流体可能在上升过程中与地层中的大气降水相混合。硫同位素分析结果表明,卡房铜矿似层状矿体中硫化物的硫来源于三叠系玄武岩,而燕山期花岗岩和三叠纪玄武岩共同为卡房铜矿接触带矿体提供了成矿所需的大部分的硫。铅同位素分析结果显示,卡房铜矿似层状矿体的成矿物质主要来源于三叠系玄武岩,而接触带矿体的铅可能主要来源于燕山期花岗岩。     

卡房玄武岩铜矿地质特征

个旧卡房铜矿具有火山喷发沉积矿床的一些基本特征。矿体呈层状、似层状多层次产于玄武岩中,并随地层一起褶皱。矿石主要为磁黄铁矿型,具层纹构造。成矿物质大多来自玄武岩。     

新疆准北地区铜矿床主要类型控矿条件及找矿前景分析

准北地区铜矿床已发现有岩浆熔离铜镍硫化物型，海相火山岩型，隐爆角砾岩型和陆相火山岩型，那林卡拉－喀拉通克铜镍矿带受控于海沟岛弧盆地内基性岩带的控制，岩浆分异程度对铜矿形成具有明显的控制作用，海相火山岩铜矿受火山机构制约，常产出于海底火山喷发中心及附近洼地，将准北地区划分冲乎尔－麦兹铜多金属，阿舍勒铜锌，额尔齐斯铜（镍）金－萨吾尔－加波萨尔铜（钼）和谢米斯台－阿尔曼台－北塔山铜等五个具找矿前景的成矿     

陕西渭北奥陶系放射虫硅质岩与火山凝灰岩的成因环境

通过对层状放射虫硅质岩的岩石学和火山凝灰岩岩石类型的特征研究，认为渭北奥陶系的放射虫硅质岩是由远源的火山喷发物提供了ＳｉＯ２的来源，造成有利于硅质生物大量繁殖的条件，死后堆积海底，最终转变为层状放射虫硅质岩。从而进一步推断，本区中、上奥陶统的沉积形成于海平面大规模上升的远洋或半远洋的深水环境。火山凝灰岩则是岛弧火山喷发的产物，反映本区曾一度是华北板块活动大陆边缘弧后盆地北部边缘部分。     

贵州西部玄武岩型铜矿成矿规律研究

为打开贵州西部寻找玄武岩型铜矿的新局面,本文通过对玄武岩型铜矿成矿规律进行系统的分析研究,并结合前人的研究成果,为在贵州西部玄武岩分布区寻找玄武岩型铜矿提供理论基础。     

Physical character of archean felsic volcanism in the vicinity of the Helen iron Mine,Wawa, Ontario,Canada

Archean felsic volcanic rocks form a 2000 m thick succession stratigraphically below the Helen Iron Formation in the vicinity of the Helen Mine, Wawa, Ontario. Based on relict textures and structures, lateral and vertical facies changes, and fragment type, size and distribution, the felsic volcanic rocks have been subdivided into (a) lava flows and domes (b) hyalotuffs, (c) bedded pyroclastic flows, (d) massive pyroclastic flows, and (e) block and ash flows.Lava flows and domes are flow-banded, massive, and/or brecciated and occur throughout the stratigraphic succession. Dome/flow complexes are believed to mark the end of explosive eruptive cycles. Deposits interpreted as hyalotuffs are finely bedded and composed dominantly of ash-size material and accretionary lapilli. These deposits are interlayered with bedded pyroclastic flow deposits and probably formed from phreatomagmatic eruptions in a shallow subaqueous environment. Such eruptions led to the formation of tuff cones or rings. If these structures emerged they may have restricted the access of seawater to the eruptive vent(s), thus causing a change in eruptive style from short, explosive pulses to the establishment of an eruption column. Collapse of this column would lead to the accumulation of pyroclastic material within and on the flanks of the cone/ring structure, and to flows which move down the structure and into the sea. Bedded pyroclastic deposits in the Wawa area are thought to have formed in this manner, and are now composed of a thicker, more massive basal unit which is overlain by one or more finely bedded ash units. Based on bed thickness, fragment and crystal size, type and abundance, these deposits are further subdivided into central, proximal and distal facies.Central facies units consist of poorly graded, thick (30–80 m) basal beds composed of 23–60% lithic and 1–8% juvenile fragments. These are overlain by 1–4 thinner ash beds (2–25 cm). Proximal facies basal beds range from 2–35 m in thickness and are composed of 15–35% lithic and 4–16% juvenile fragments. Typically, lithic components are normally graded, whereas juvenile fragments are inversely graded. These basal beds are overlain by ash beds (2–14 in number) which range from 12 cm to 6 m in thickness. Distal basal beds, where present, are thin (1–2 m), and composed of 2–8% lithic and 6–21% juvenile fragments. Overlying ash beds range up to 40 in number.The climax of pyroclastic activity is represented by a thick (1000 m) sequence of massive, poorly sorted, pyroclastic flow deposits which are composed of 5–15% lithic fragments and abundant pumice. These deposits are similar to subaerial ash flows and appear to mark the rapid eruption of large volumes of material. They are overlain by felsic lavas and/or domes. Periodic collapse of the growing domes produced abundant coarse volcanic breccia. The overall volcanic environment is suggestive of caldera formation and late stage dome extrusion.     

安徽青阳峙门口层状硫铁矿矿床地质特征及成因研究

青阳峙门口层状硫铁矿矿床赋存于石炭纪地层中,矿体主要呈似层状、透镜状;尽管经历了热变质与接触变质作用,但矿体中仍残留胶黄铁矿和菱铁矿,矿石中不仅可以见到交代残余结构,还可见到草莓结构和微层理构造.黄铁矿中砷的质量分数和S/Se,Co/Ni比值显示火山热水沉积特征.同位素分析显示,矿石中硫化物的硫同位素组成表现出火山热水沉积和热液改造特征;矿石中铅同位素组成则显示,黄铁矿中铅以上地壳铅为主,混有少量地幔铅.上述研究表明峙门口层状硫铁矿矿床是由石炭纪喷流沉积形成的层状矿床或矿胚层,经燕山期岩浆热液和构造作用改造所形成.     

Distribution of copper,cobalt and nickel in ores and host-rocks,Ingladhal, Karnataka,India

Stratiform quartz-sulphide lodes in Ingladhal occur in a typical Precambrian green-stone-belt environment comprising metabasalts, tuff, chert and cherty iron-sulphide formation. Unusually high cobalt contents of metavolcanics and of sulphide minerals in orebodies suggest a consanguinity between ores and rocks. 90% of total nickel, 70% of total cobalt but only 30% of total copper in rocks occur in silicate phases and thus indicate an early separation of copper from cobalt and nickel. Unusually high non-sulphide copper in barren bedded cherts implies availability of Cu-rich solution prior to their lithification. Pyrite in sediments, in volcanics, and in orebodies is characterized by a distinctive pattern of Co-Ni distribution in each case. Partitioning of Co and Ni between coexisting sulphide pairs is complex, but gross equilibrium is indicated. Very high trace metal content of orebody pyrite sharply contrasts with very low such values in pyrite from adjacent sediments and points to a higher temperature of formation of orebodies.     

The Hianana Volcanics: Remnants of a Late Permian tuff ring and lava flow,Coombadjha Volcanic Complex,northeastern New South Wales

The Hianana Volcanics consist of bedded tuff and dacitic lava that form a locally mappable unit within the extensive, Late Permian silicic volcanic sequence of northeastern New South Wales. Principal components of the bedded tuff are crystal and volcanic lithic fragments ranging from coarse ash to lapilli, accompanied by variable amounts of fine ash matrix. Well denned plane parallel thin bedding is characteristic. Sandwave bed forms, including low‐angle cross‐beds and wavy beds, are confined to an area of 2–3 km² coinciding with the thickest sections (70 m) of bedded tuff. A high‐aspect ratio flow of porphyritic dacitic lava overlies the bedded tuff in the same area. The setting, lithofacies, extent and geometry of the bedded tuffs of the Hianana Volcanics are comparable with modern tuff rings which are composed of the deposits from base surges generated by explosive phreatomagmatic eruptions at primary volcanic vents. Many of these have also discharged lava late in their activity. Proximal parts of the Hianana tuff ring were buried by the porphyritic lava after the phreatomagmatic eruptions had ceased. In more distal sections, the bedded tuff is less than 10 m thick and dominantly comprises fine grained, plane parallel, very thin beds and laminae; these features suggest an origin by fallout from ash clouds that accompanied the phreatomagmatic eruptions. The distal ash was covered and preserved from erosion by a layer of welded ignimbrite, the source of which is unknown.     

江西武山铜矿床海底喷流与岩浆热液叠加成矿作用: 控矿地质条件、矿石结构构造与矿床地球化学制约

长江中下游成矿带存在一套产于泥盆系五通组砂岩和石炭系黄龙组白云质灰岩层间的层状含铜硫化物矿体,对其成因存在很大争议。本文以产出典型层状矿体的武山铜矿为解剖重点,结合区域控矿地质要素、矿石结构构造特征及矿石中黄铁矿的稀土元素地球化学,提出层状矿体是海底喷流同生沉积与岩浆热液叠加成矿作用的产物。对武山铜矿层状矿体中的胶黄铁矿和黄铁矿、矽卡岩矿体中黄铁矿和脉状矿体中黄铁矿进行的稀土元素含量分析发现,从层状矿体胶黄铁矿、层状矿体黄铁矿、到矽卡岩和脉状矿体黄铁矿,稀土总量和稀土配分曲线显示递变规律,即层状矿体胶黄铁矿具有较低的稀土总量和轻重稀土分异不明显的较平坦型配分曲线;而矽卡岩和脉状矿体黄铁矿具有较高的稀土总量和轻重稀土分异较明显的右倾型配分曲线。层状矿体黄铁矿的稀土特征则介于两者之间,反映了岩浆热液的叠加作用。根据矿物组合共生关系及矿石结构构造的研究,可将武山铜矿黄铁矿分为3个期次:I期为微球粒、草莓状、条带状、纹层状沉积型黄铁矿; II期为半自形、自形粒状和港湾状黄铁矿,可见与长英质斑晶、岩屑或晶屑凝灰岩伴生或共生, 说明黄铁矿形成与同沉积期火山凝灰岩的密切关系。III期为块状、粗晶状、碎裂状黄铁矿。黄铜矿的形成晚于I、II期黄铁矿,成微粒状、脉状交错穿插或包裹早期球粒状、粒状黄铁矿及长英质矿物。对新发现的灰泥丘构造的详细研究表明,武山铜矿中含矿的灰泥丘与武山外围乌石街出露的不含矿的灰泥丘具有不同的特征,其中前者具有封闭的孔洞系统,而后者为开放的孔洞系统。总之,武山铜矿控矿地质条件、矿石结构构造及不同类型矿石黄铁矿的稀土元素证据表明矿床存在两期成矿事件,即海西期海底喷流同生沉积成矿期和燕山期岩浆热液叠加成矿期。     

Sedimentology of subaqueous volcaniclastic sediment gravity flows in the Neogene Santa Maria Basin, California

Subaqueous tuff deposits within the lower Miocene Lospe Formation of the Santa Maria Basin, California, are up to 20 m thick and were deposited by high density turbidity flows after large volumes of ash were supplied to the basin and remobilized. Tuff units in the Lospe Formation include a lower lithofacies assemblage of planar bedded tuff that grades upward into massive tuff, which in turn is overlain by an upper lithofacies assemblage of alternating thin bedded, coarse grained tuff beds and tuffaceous mudstone. The planar bedded tuff ranges from 0.3 to 3 m thick and contains 1-8 cm thick beds that exhibit inverse grading, and low angle and planar laminations. The overlying massive tuff ranges from 1 to 10 m thick and includes large intraclasts of pumiceous tuff and stringers of pumice grains aligned parallel to bedding. The upper lithofacies assemblage of thin bedded tuff ranges from 0.4 to 3 m thick; individual beds are 6-30 cm thick and display planar laminae and dewatering structures. Pumice is generally concentrated in the upper halves of beds in the thin bedded tuff interval. The association of sedimentary structures combined with semi-quantitative analysis for dispersive and hydraulic equivalence of bubble-wall vitric shards and pumice grains reveals that particles in the planar bedded lithofacies are in dispersive, not settling, equivalence. This suggests deposition under dispersive pressures in a tractive flow. Grains in the overlying massive tuff are more closely in settling equivalence as opposed to dispersive equivalence, which suggests rapid deposition from a suspended sediment load. The set of lithofacies that comprises the lower lithofacies assemblage of each of the Lospe Formation tuff units is analogous to those of traction carpets and subsequent suspension sedimentation deposits often attributed to high density turbidity flows. Grain distributions in the upper thin bedded lithofacies do not reveal a clear relation for dispersive or settling equivalence. This information, together with the association of sedimentary features in the thin bedded lithofacies, including dewatering structures, suggests a combination of tractive and liquefied flows. Absence of evidence for elevated emplacement temperatures (e.g. eutaxitic texture or shattered crystàls) suggests emplacement of the Lospe Formation tuff deposits in a cold state closely following pyroclastic eruptions. The tuff deposits are not only a result of primary volcanic processes which supplied the detritus, but also of processes which involved remobilization of unconsolidated ash as subaqueous sediment gravity flows. These deposits provide an opportunity to study the sedimentation processes that may occur during subaqueous volcaniclastic flows and demonstrate similarities with existing models for sediment gravity flow processes.     

Sulfur, lead and helium isotopic compositions of sulfide minerals from the Dachang Sn-polymetallic ore district in South China: implication for ore genesis

Summary The Dachang Sn-polymetallic ore district is one of the largest tin producing districts in China. Its origin has long been in dispute between magmatic-hydrothermal replacement and submarine exhalative-hydrothermal origin. The Dachang ore district comprises several types of ore deposits, including the Lamo magmatogenic skarn deposit near a granite intrusion, the Changpo-Tongkeng bedded and vein-type sulfide deposit, and the Gaofeng massive sulfide deposit. Sulfide minerals from the Lamo skarn ores show δ³⁴S values in the range between −3 and +4‰ with a mean close to zero, suggesting a major magmatic sulfur source that likely was the intrusive Longxianggai granite. Sulfide minerals from the Gaofeng massive ores show higher δ³⁴S values between +5 and +12‰, whereas sulfide minerals from the Changpo-Tongkeng bedded ores display lighter δ³⁴S values between −7 and −0.2‰. The difference in the sulfur isotope ranges in the two deposits can be interpreted by different degrees of inorganic thermochemcial reduction of marine sulfate using a one-step batch separation fractionation model. Sulfur isotopic compositions from the vein-type ores at Changpo-Tongkeng vary widely from −8 to +4‰, but most of the data cluster around −2.9‰, which is close to that of bedded ores (−3.6‰). The sulfur in vein-type ores might be derived from bedded ores or it represents a mixture of magmatic- and sedimentary-derived sulfur. Pb isotopic compositions of sulfide minerals in the Dachang ore district reveal a difference between massive and bedded ores, with the massive ores displaying more radiogenic Pb isotope ratios. Correlations of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb or ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb for the massive and bedded ores are interpreted as two-component mixing of Pb leached from sedimentary host rocks and from deep-seated Precambrian basement rocks composed of metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary rocks. Pb isotopic compositions of sulfide minerals from vein-type ores overlap with those of bedded sulfides. Similar to the sulfur, the lead in vein-type ores might be derived from bedded ores. Skarn ores at Lamo show very limited variations in Pb isotopic compositions, which may reflect a major magmatic-hydrothermal lead source. Helium isotope data of fluid inclusions trapped in sulfides indicate that He in the massive and bedded ores has a different origin than He in fluorite of granite-related veins. The ³He/⁴He ratios of 1.2–2.9 Ra of fluid inclusions from sulfides at Gaofeng and Changpo-Tongkeng imply a contribution of mantle-derived fluids. Overall our data support a submarine exhalative-hydrothermal origin for the massive and bedded ore types at Dachang. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at Appendix available as electronic supplementary material     

滇黔交界地区玄武岩铜矿中有机质的生物标志物特征及其地质意义

滇黔交界地区玄武岩中赋存的自然铜矿化与沥青密切相伴,玄武岩层间含碳沉积岩中的自然铜矿化发育大量碳质。本文采用有机质抽提、族组分定量及饱和烃色-质分析等方法对这两种产状的铜矿石中有机质的族组分含量和生物标志物进行了研究,并对其地质意义进行了探讨。通过研究取得如下认识：①含沥青铜矿石和含碳质铜矿石虽然产状明显不同,其有机质成因有明显差异,但其有机质族组分含量及生物标志物特征十分类似,反映它们经历了类似的地质作用;②有机质族组分及其生物标志物提供的来源信息较混乱,这可能是成矿流体循环改造导致的;③生物标志物特征表明,含沥青铜矿石及含碳质铜矿石中有机质经历了类似的较还原的高盐度环境,这可能是高盐度成矿流体及还原的成矿条件的指示;④生物标志物特征及氯仿沥青“A”低含量特征表明两类铜矿石中有机质成熟度高,这可能是成矿流体的热力对有机质改造的结果;⑤有机质生物标志物特征显示两类铜矿石中有机质生物降解作用不强,表明沥青的形成是原油受成矿热液热力影响发生热裂解的结果。