Origin and Accumulation of Natural Gases in the Upper Paleozoic Strata of the Ordos Basin in Central China

The natural gases in the Upper Paleozoic strata of the Ordos basin are characterized by relatively heavy C isotope of gaseous alkanes with δ 13C1 and δ13C2 values ranging mainly from ?35‰ to ?30‰ and ?27‰ to ?22‰, respectively, high δ13C excursions (round 10) between ethane and methane and predominant methane in hydrocarbon gases with most C1/(C1-C5) ratios in excess of 0.95, suggesting an origin of coal-derived gas. The gases exhibit different carbon isotopic profiles for C1-C4 alkanes with those of the natural gases found in the Lower Paleozoic of this basin, and believed to be originated from Carboniferous-Permian coal measures. The occurrence of regionally pervasive gas accumulation is distinct in the gently southward-dipping Shanbei slope of the central basin. It is noted that molecular and isotopic composition changes of the gases in various gas reservoirs are associated with the thermal maturities of gas source rocks. The abundances and δ13C values of methane generally decline northwards and from the basin center to its margins, and the effects of hydrocarbon migration on compositional modification seem insignificant. However, C isotopes of autogenetic calcites in the vertical and lateral section of reservoirs show a regular variation, and are as a whole depleted upwards and towards basin margins. Combination with gas maturity gradient, the analysis could be considered to be a useful tool for gas migration.     

Characteristics and Natural Gas Origin of Middle−Late Triassic Marine Source Rocks of the Western Sichuan Depression, SW China

A scientific exploration well(CK1) was drilled to expand the oil/gas production in the western Sichuan depression, SW, China. Seventy-three core samples and four natural gas samples from the Middle–Late Triassic strata were analyzed to determine the paleo-depositional setting and the abundance of organic matter(OM) and to evaluate the hydrocarbon-generation process and potential. This information was then used to identify the origin of the natural gas. The OM is characterized by medium n-alkanes(n C_(15)–n C_(19)), low pristane/phytane and terrigenous aquatic ratios(TAR), a carbon preference index(CPI) of ～1, regular steranes with C_(29) C_(27) C_(28), gammacerane/C_(30) hopane ratios of 0.15–0.32, and δD_(org) of-132‰ to-58‰, suggesting a marine algal/phytoplankton source with terrestrial input deposited in a reducing–transitional saline/marine sedimentary environment. Based on the TOC, HI index, and chloroform bitumen "A" the algalrich dolomites of the Leikoupo Formation are fair–good source rocks; the grey limestones of the Maantang Formation are fair source rocks; and the shales of the Xiaotangzi Formation are moderately good source rocks. In addition, maceral and carbon isotopes indicate that the kerogen of the Leikoupo and Maantang formations is type Ⅱ and that of the Xiaotangzi Formation is type Ⅱ–Ⅲ. The maturity parameters and the hopane and sterane isomerization suggest that the OM was advanced mature and produced wet–dry gases. One-dimensional modeling of the thermal-burial history suggests that hydrocarbon-generation occurred at 220–60 Ma. The gas components and C–H–He–Ar–Ne isotopes indicate that the oilassociated gases were generated in the Leikoupo and Maantang formations, and then, they mixed with gases from the Xiaotangzi Formation, which were probably contributed by the underlying Permian marine source rocks. Therefore, the deeply-buried Middle–Late Triassic marine source rocks in the western Sichuan depression and in similar basins have a great significant hydrocarbon potential.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部气田上古生界致密砂岩气藏气源对比

本文通过碳同位素数据比对、常规天然气组分分析,结合区域地质背景,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部气田的气源进行了研究。结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地东南部气田的主力烃源岩为煤层,含气层位出现碳同位素倒转现象,山西组山2段和本溪组主要为煤型气中混入少量油型气,而山西组山1段和石盒子组盒8段则是成藏期经历了多期充注所导致;CH_4、CO 2和iC_4/nC_4三个指标在近源和远源层位之间分馏效应明显,层位之内分异不明显,这与致密砂岩近源的“幕式”充注和远源的“准幕式”充注有关。通过对气源的研究,认为优质煤层和近源厚层砂体叠合的区域是本地区未来勘探开发的首选区域。     

Geochemical Characteristics of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin, China and its Significance for Hydrocarbon Accumulation

The alternative development of coal-bearing hydrocarbon source rocks and low-porosity and low-permeability tight sandstone reservoirs of the Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin is favorable for near-source hydrocarbon accumulation. The natural gas composition of the Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin is dominated by hydrocarbon gases, of which the methane content is80.16%-98.67%. Typically, the C_2~+ content is larger than 5% in main wet gas. The dry gas is mainly distributed in the western and northern regions of the basin. The non-hydrocarbon gases mainly contain nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and helium, with a total content of 2%. The carbon isotope ranges of methane and its homologues in natural gas are: δ~(13)C_1 of-43.8‰ to-29.6‰, δ~(13)C_2 of-35.4‰ to-21.5‰, δ~(13)C_3 of-27.6‰ to-19.8‰,and δ~(13)C_4 of-27.7‰ to-18.8‰. δ~(13)C_3δ~(13)C_4 occurs in some natural gas with a low evolution degree; such gas is mainly coal-related gas from humic-type source rocks of the Xujiahe Formation. As for the natural gas, δ~2 H_(CH4) values ranged from-195‰ to-161‰,δ~2 H_(C2H6) values ranged from-154‰ to-120‰, and δ~2 H_(C3H8) values ranged from-151‰ to-108‰. The dry coefficient,δ~(13)C and δ~2 H_(CH4) are all positively correlated with the maturity of source rocks. The higher the maturity of source rocks is, the larger the natural gas dry coefficient is and the larger the δ~(13)C and δ~2 H_(CH_4) values are, indicative of the characteristic of near-source accumulation. The δ~2 H_(C2H6) value of natural gas is influenced by paleosalinity to a relatively large extent; the higher the paleosalinity is, the larger the δ~2 H_(C2H6) value is. The Pr/Ph value of the condensate oil ranged from 1.60 to 3.43, illustrating light oxidization-light reduction and partial-oxidization characteristics of the depositional environment of coal-bearing source rocks of the Xujiahe Formation. The natural gas light hydrocarbon(C_5-C_7) from the Xujiahe Formation presented two characteristics: the first was the relatively high aromatic hydrocarbon content(19%-32.1%), which reveals the characteristic of natural gas with humic substances of high-maturity; the second was the low content of aromatic hydrocarbon(0.4%-9.3%),reflecting water-washing during the accumulation of the natural gas. The reported research outcomes indicate a potential mechanism for natural gas accumulation in the Xujiahe Formation, which will further guide natural gas exploration in this region.     

四川盆地海、陆相烃源岩有机质稳定碳同位素组成变化及其地球化学意义

采用质谱和色谱-同位素质谱技术,测定了500余个干酪根及饱和烃、芳烃组份、正构烷烃的δ13C值,以此揭示了四川盆地海、陆相烃源岩有机碳同位素组成随地质时代的变化特点及其在高成熟阶段的演化特征,并结合其他相关分析资料,应用碳同位素剖析了不同类型海、陆相烃源岩的有机质生源及沉积环境。研究结果表明,该盆地从震旦系灯影组到中三叠统雷口坡组的海相地层中,干酪根的碳同位素组成随层位变新呈逐渐变重的趋势,可能的原因之一是浮游植物的进化作用;而上三叠统须家河组至中侏罗统千佛崖组的陆相有机质碳同位素组成则有反向的年代变化,主要与生源构成和沉积环境性质有关。这些海、陆相烃源岩的有机源难以用干酪根δ13C值进行区分,而可用饱和烃与芳烃组份的δ13C及其CV值来区别。海洋和湖泊不同沉积相带烃源岩的干酪根具有明显不同的δ13C值,结合其他相关资料可识别其有机质来源。煤系地层中煤与泥岩在干酪根碳同位素组成上没有可区分性,而两者有不同的正构烷烃碳同位素分布曲线。从成熟晚期到高-过成熟阶段,海、陆相干酪根的碳同位素均变重1~2‰,煤系泥岩的正构烷烃碳同位素分布曲线由负向线型分布向平直型演变。这些碳同位素的变化特征为油气源对比和烃源识别提供了依据。     

川东宣汉地区天然气地球化学特征及成因

依据10余口探井60多个气样的化学成份和碳同位素组成数据,结合烃源岩和储层沥青分析资料,系统剖析了四川盆地东部宣汉地区普光、毛坝场等构造带天然气地球化学特征,并探讨了其成因及来源。研究结果表明:这些构造带中飞仙关组—长兴组天然气为高含硫化氢的干气,天然气化学成份表现出古油藏原油裂解气的特点。其烃类气体中以甲烷为主(高于99.5%);富含非烃气体,CO₂和H₂S平均含量分别达5.32%和11.95%。甲烷碳同位素较重(-33‰～-29‰),表征高热演化性质;乙烷δ¹³C值主要分布在-33‰至-28‰范围,属油型气。这些天然气与川东邻近气田的同层位天然气具有同源性,而与石炭系气藏天然气在化学成份、碳同位素组成上有所不同,意味着有不同的气源。硫化物硫同位素和沥青元素组成证实高含量的H₂S是气藏发生TSR作用所致。δ³⁴S值表征层状沉积成因的硬石膏是TSR作用的反应物,而脉状硬石膏则是其残余物。储层的孔隙类型可能与TSR作用强度和H₂S含量高低有联系,裂缝型气层中H₂S少,孔洞型储层中H₂S丰富。乙烷、沥青和各层系烃源岩干酪根碳同位素对比表明研究区飞仙关组—长兴组气藏天然气主要来自二叠系烃源层。     

准噶尔盆地深层油气成藏条件与勘探潜力分析

近年我国在深层、超深层领域获得一系列重大突破,深层油气勘探的重要性日益突出。而准噶尔盆地深层的勘探尚处于初期阶段,有必要对准噶尔盆地深层油气形成条件开展系统研究梳理。在前人研究认识的基础上,结合新钻井资料对深层源岩成烃、成储及成藏的关键地质条件进行系统分析。研究表明：(1)深部存在多套烃源岩并且达到成熟高成熟阶段,受到多期构造运动、异常高压等外部环境的影响,深部源岩的生烃过程复杂,但整体生烃潜力大,能够提供充足的油气;(2)在深埋条件下,深部致密的储层受到多期构造活动叠加造缝、风化淋滤、烃类生成造成的有机酸溶蚀及早期充注、异常高压4个方面改善作用的影响,依然存在优质储集层;(3)油气的成藏受控于深部源岩的成烃及成储过程,表现为多期油气充注的特点,油气的富集类型受控于源岩母质的供烃类型,不同深层领域的油气成藏有其差异性;(4)盆地富烃凹陷内及斜坡区的深大构造与地层岩性目标,以及盆地深部含致密油、致密气资源的二叠系与盆地腹部含致密砂岩气的侏罗系煤系均具有利的成藏条件,是盆地深层油气勘探的有利领域。     

非常规源岩层系油气形成分布与前景展望

经过十余年理论技术持续攻关,中国陆上实现了致密砂岩气规模发展、页岩气快速发展、煤层气持续发展、致密油稳步发展和页岩油加快探索,源岩层系油气已成为中国非常规油气增储上产的主要组成部分.源岩层系油气包括源岩油气和致密油气2种资源类型,普遍具备有效配置的烃源岩、储集层和聚集保存3个方面基础地质形成条件,展现出源内或近源大面积连续分布标志特征,海相页岩气主要分布于深水陆棚区,致密砂岩气和煤层气一般分布于主要聚煤期煤系,页岩层系石油一般主要发育于长期持续沉降的富油湖盆.源岩层系油气开发追求“平面甜点区”“纵向甜点段”较好经济资源条件,页岩气需含气量高、孔隙度高、TOC含量高、热演化程度适中、气层埋藏适中、保存条件好、储层可压性好、储量规模大,致密砂岩气需全天候气源、中粗粒砂岩、含气层系多、大面积聚集、稳定斜坡区、中浅层埋藏,致密油甜点区段一般具有烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、成缝性和经济性“六特性”经济资源条件.中国非常规源岩层系油气资源丰富,源岩层系天然气是天然气上产的“主力”,源岩层系石油是石油稳产的“砝码”,实现地下原位“煤岩燃烧气化、页岩熟化气化”“2个革命性领域”突破是推进源岩层系油气领域“跨越式”发展的关键路径.      

从源控论到源储共生系统 ——论源岩层系油气地质理论认识及实践

中国非常规油气正实现整体战略发展,源岩层系油气已成为非常规油气增储上产的主要组成部分。基于中国源岩层系油气地质条件和工业实践历程,本文主要取得4项研究认识:(1)源岩层系油气包括源岩油气和致密油气两种类型,纵向分布新生界、白垩系、侏罗系—三叠系、上古生界、下古生界等5个油气聚集域;(2)源岩层系油气地质是研究陆上源岩层系油气资源类型、赋存机理、富集规律、分布特征、产出机制、评价方法、关键技术及发展战略的一门新兴油气地质学科,核心是研究和评价源岩层系油气"甜点区(段)""烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、成缝性和经济性""六性关系";(3) 10余年来,中国源岩层系油气研究和生产取得重要进展,致密砂岩气规模发展,致密油稳步发展,页岩气快速发展,页岩油加快探索,煤层气及油页岩油持续发展,2020年中国源岩层系油气产量已占总产量的18%;(4)未来主要攻关方向,建议聚焦解决制约中低压致密油、含水致密砂岩气、中低阶煤层气、陆相及过渡相页岩气、中低熟页岩油等中国陆上源岩层系油气资源规模动用和开发的瓶颈问题,探索创造页岩原位转化和煤炭地下气化两大地下"人工油气藏"颠覆性工程。源岩层系油气将成为"稳油增气"最具潜力的现实资源,预计2030年页岩层系天然气有望超天然气总产量的50%,页岩层系石油约占原油总产量的10%-15%。     

我国油气资源潜力、分布及重点勘探领域

我国地质结构具有3大板块、3大构造域多旋回构造演化特征,造就多种类型叠合沉积盆地,构成克拉通+前陆、断陷+坳陷、前陆+坳陷3种主要类型。大型叠合盆地是油气资源分布与勘探开发主体。我国常规与非常规油气资源十分丰富,常规石油地质资源量1 075×10⁸ t,常规天然气地质资源量83×10¹² m³;致密油地质资源量134×10⁸ t,致密砂岩气地质资源量21×10¹² m³,页岩油地质资源量335×10⁸ t,页岩气地质资源量56×10¹² m³。陆上油气资源主要分布于渤海湾(陆上)、松辽、鄂尔多斯、塔里木、四川、准噶尔、柴达木7大盆地。海域油气资源主要分布于渤海湾(海域)、东海及南海北部的珠江口、北部湾、莺歌海、琼东南6大盆地。未来我国油气勘探应始终坚持“资源战略,稳油增气”战略,坚持“非常并进、海陆统筹”积极进取勘探思路;常规勘探领域,陆上地层-岩性、前陆、海相碳酸盐岩与潜山领域;海域为渤海海域构造与基岩潜山,深水构造与岩性;非常规油气主要是立足陆上7大含油气盆地,立足致密油气与页岩油气,强化勘探开发与技术配套。     

Geological characteristics and co-exploration and co-production methods of Upper Permian Longtan coal measure gas in Yangmeishu Syncline,Western Guizhou Province,China

Coal measure gas (also known as coal-bearing unconventional gas) is the key field and development direction of unconventional natural gas in recent years. The exploration and evaluation of coal measure gas (coalbed methane, coal shale gas and coal measure tight sandstone gas) from single coalbed methane has greatly expanded the field and space of resource evaluation, which is of positive significance for realizing the comprehensive utilization of coal resources, maximizing the benefits and promoting the innovation of oil and gas geological theory and technological advances in exploration and development. For the first time, in Yangmeishu Syncline of Western Guizhou Province, the public welfare coalbed methane geological survey project of China Geological Survey has been carried out a systematic geological survey of coal measure gas for the Upper Permian Longtan Formation, identified the geological conditions of coal measure gas and found high quality resources. The total geological resource quantity of coalbed methane and coal shale gas is 51.423×10⁹ m³ and the geological resource abundance is up to 566×10⁹ m³/km². In this area, the coal measures are characterized by many layers of minable coal seams, large total thickness, thin to the medium thickness of the single layer, good gas-bearing property of coal seams and coal measure mudstone and sandstone, good reservoir physical property and high-pressure coefficient. According to the principle of combination of high quality and similarity of key parameters of the coal reservoir, the most favorable intervals are No.5⁻², No.7 and No.13⁻² coal seam in Well YMC1. And the pilot tests are carried out on coal seams and roof silty mudstone, such as staged perforation, increasing hydraulic fracturing scale and “three gas” production. The high and stable industrial gas flow with a daily gas output of more than 4000 m³ has been obtained, which has realized the breakthrough in the geological survey of coal measure gas in Southwest China. Based on the above investigation results, the geological characteristics of coal measure gas in the multi-thin-coal-seam-developed area and the co-exploration and co-production methods, such as the optimization method of favorable intervals, the high-efficiency fracturing and reservoir reconstruction method of coal measures, and the “three gas” drainage and production system, are systematically summarized in this paper. It will provide a reference for efficient exploration and development of coal measure gas in similar geological conditions in China.     

Origin and depositional environments of source rocks and crude oils from Niger Delta Basin: Carbon isotopic evidence

Thirty-nine crude oils and twenty-one rock samples from Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria have been characterized based on their isotope compositions by elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The bulk carbon isotopic values of the whole rock extracts, saturate and aromatic fractions range from –28.7‰ to –26.8‰, –29.2‰ to –27.2 ‰ and –28.5 ‰ to –26.7 ‰, respectively while the bulk carbon isotopic values of the whole oils, saturate and aromatic fractions range from –25.4 ‰ to –27.8 ‰, –25.9 ‰ to –28.4 ‰ and –23.5 ‰ to –26.9 ‰, respectively. The average carbon isotopic compositions of individual alkanes (nC₁₂-nC₃₃) in the rock samples range from –34.9‰ to –28.2‰ whereas the average isotopic values of individual n-alkanes in the oils range from –31.1‰ to –23.8‰. The δ¹³C isotope ratios of pristane and phytane in the rock samples range from –29.2 ‰ to –28.2 ‰ and –30.2 ‰ to –27.4 ‰ respectively while the pristane and phytane isotopic values range from –32.1‰ to –21.9‰ and –30.5‰ to –26.9‰, respectively. The isotopic values recorded for the samples indicated that the crude oils were formed from the mixed input of terrigenous and marine organic matter and deposited under oxic to sub-oxic condition in lacustrine-fluvial/deltaic environments. The stable carbon isotopic compositions were found to be effective in assessing the origin and depositional environments of crude oils in the Niger Delta Basin.     

Re-Examination of the Oil and Gas Origins in the Kekeya Gas Condensate Field, Northwest China–A Case Study of Hydrocarbon-Source Correlation Using Sophisticated Geochemical Methods

This work discussed the origins, alteration and accumulation processes of the oil and gas in the Kekeya gas condensate field based on molecular compositions, stable carbon isotopes, light hydrocarbons, diamondoid hydrocarbons and biomarker fingerprints. A comparison study is also made between the geochemical characteristics of the Kekeya hydrocarbons and typical marine and terrigenous hydrocarbons of the Tarim Basin. Natural gas from the Kekeya gas condensate field is derived from Middle–Lower Jurassic coal measures while the condensates are derived from Carboniferous–Permian marine source rocks with a higher maturity. In the study area, both natural gas and condensates have experienced severe water washing. A large amount of methane was dissolved into the water, resulting in a decrease in the dryness coefficient. Water washing also makes the carbon isotopic compositions of the natural gas more negative and partially reverse. Considering that the gas maturities are higher than once expected, gas generation intensity in the study area should be much stronger and the gas related to the Jurassic coal measures could promise a greater prospecting potential. As a result of evaporative fractionation, the Kekeya condensates are enriched in saturates and lack aromatics. Evaporative fractionation disguises the original terrigenous characteristics of the light hydrocarbons associated with the natural gas, making it appear marinesourced. Thus, alteration processes should be fully taken into consideration when gas–source correlations are carried out based on light hydrocarbons. With the condensates discovered in the study area all being "migration phase", the pre-salt Cretaceous and Jurassic reservoirs may promise great exploration potential for the "residual phase" hydrocarbons. This research not only is of significance for oil and gas exploration in the southwest Tarim Basin, but also sheds light on the oil/gas-source correlations in general.     

Kinetic Model of Gaseous Alkanes Formed from Coal in a Confined System and Its Application to Gas Filling History in Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, Northwest China

Based on the pyrolysis products for the Jurassic low-mature coal under programmed temperature,and chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas from the Kuqa Depression, the genetic origin of natural gas was determined,and then a gas filling model was established,in combination with the geological background of the Kuqa Depression.The active energy of CH_4,C_2H_6 and C_3H_8 was gotten after the data of pyrolysis gas products under different heating rates(2℃/h and 20℃/h)were fitted by the Gas O...     

深层海相天然气成因与塔里木盆地古生界油裂解气资源

我国海相地层时代老,演化程度偏高,高过成熟干酪根热降解生气潜力有限。针对深层海相天然气成因,提出了有机质接力成气机理,具体包含3方面涵义,生气母质的转换、生气时机的接替和气源灶的变迁。源内分散液态烃型气源灶继承了原生气源灶的特征,而源外分散和聚集型液态烃气源灶与原生气源灶相比,则发生了空间上的迁移。上述三部分液态烃在高—过成熟阶段均可裂解成气,但后者通常埋藏较前者浅,裂解成气的时机晚于前者,有利于晚期成藏。通过不同有机质丰度、不同岩性烃源岩生排烃模拟实验研究,建立了不同有机质丰度烃源岩的排油率图版,为源内、源外分散液态烃分配比例和数量研究提供了依据;从3个方面,生烃潜力评价指标S1、热成因沥青和储层的荧光特征,论证了塔里木盆地古生界地层中分散可溶有机质的数量、分布、裂解程度,肯定了塔里木盆地古生界海相烃源岩有机质接力成气的现实性;并用正演研究思路计算了塔里木盆地中下寒武统分散可溶有机质裂解成气数量。有机质接力成气机理的应用大大提高了塔里木盆地台盆区古生界找气的潜力和希望。     

四川盆地东部海相二叠系油苗的发现及其地质意义

在四川盆地东部古生界地层发现大量天然气资源,鲜有原油发现。重庆天府磨心坡煤矿下二叠统茅口组石灰岩上部地层裂隙发现沿层间裂隙随水渗出的黄绿色液态轻质油苗。研究表明:油苗碳数分布较窄,为C4~C26,具有明显的姥鲛烷优势,Pr/Ph值为1.64,δ13C值为-26.2‰;油苗所反映的成熟度较高,折算Ro约为1.6%,一维盆地模拟验证二叠系的热演化程度可达与之相当的热演化程度。综合研究认为油苗与二叠系煤系地层关系密切。油苗的发现表明,在四川盆地古生界整体高过成熟的大背景下,某些成熟度相对较低,保存条件适宜的区域仍有发现一些中小型油藏的可能,这对四川乃至南方古生界油气勘探具有一定的启示意义。     

中国非常规油气的战略思考

本文基于非常规油气的内涵,分析了致密砂岩油气和泥页岩油气的成藏地质条件,论述了非常规油气资源潜力巨大,指明中国非常规油气资源战略发展方向。研究表明,中国非常规油气藏是富集在近源储集体或烃源岩的低孔、低渗的微米级纳米级的储集空间中连续油气聚集,淡化了圈闭、油气藏边界的概念。依据成藏地质条件和油气资源潜力的差异,非常规油气藏主要指致密砂岩油气和泥页岩油气藏。致密砂岩油气藏多位于斜坡、坳陷区,具有广覆式有效烃源岩;源、储关联密切,多呈互层式;油气运移距离短,以非达西渗流为主;储集体渗透率、孔隙度极低。泥页岩油气藏圈闭概念淡化,典型的储源一体;多形成于盆地坳陷或斜坡区,泥页岩大面积连续分布;有机质丰度大,热演化成熟度高;多发育纹层结构,纳米级孔隙、裂缝储集系统;储集层脆性系数大,地层压力高。烃源岩呈现多时代、多层系、多沉积环境特征,从震旦系到第三系均有富含有机质的烃源岩发育,沉积环境囊括陆相海、陆交互相海相,非常规油气资源潜力巨大。常规与非常规油气在时、空域的紧密伴生和规律聚集,使得常规非常规油气在平面上和纵向上形成“有序聚集”体系。对“有序聚集”的不同类油气藏进行“整一化勘探、整一化部署、整一化开采”,实现常规非常规油气整一化科学有序开发,避免整体油气资源的破坏和遗漏;从而丰富油气地质理论,促进油气勘探由“点带面”向综合有序三维空间迈进。     

Analysis of Reservoir Forming Conditions and Prediction of Continuous Tight Gas Reservoirs for the Deep Jurassic in the Eastern Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin

The exploration targets in the Kuqa Depression at present are mainly structure traps in Cretaceous-Tertiary. Due to the complexity of mountain distribution and reservoir forming conditions, the exploration of Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has been in a state of semi-stagnation since the discovery of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir. According to the concept and theory of “continuous petroleum reservoirs” and the re-analysis of the forming conditions of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir and regional natural gas in the eastern Kuqa Depression, it is believed that the deep Jurassic has good natural gas accumulation conditions as well as geological conditions for forming continuous tight gas reservoirs. The boundary of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is not controlled by a structural spillpoint. The downdip part of the structure is dominated by gas, while the hanging wall of the fault is filled by water and forming obvious inverted gas and water. The gas reservoir has the normal temperature and ultra-high pressure which formed in the near source or inner-source. All of these characteristics indicate that the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is different from conventional gas reservoirs. The deep Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has multisets of source-reservoir-cap assemblages, which comprise interbedded sandstones and mudstones. These assemblages are characterized by a self-generation, self-preserving and self-coverage model. Reservoir sandstones and coal measure mudstones are interbedded with each other at a large scale. As the source rocks, Triassic-Jurassic coal measure mudstones distribute continuously at a large scale and can generate and expel hydrocarbon. Source rocks contact intimately with the overlying sandstone reservoirs. During the late stage of hydrocarbon expulsion, natural gas charged continuously and directly into the neighboring reservoirs. Petroleum migrated mainly in a vertical direction over short distances. With ultra-high pressure and strong charging intensity, natural gas accumulated continuously. Reservoirs are dominated by sandstones of braided delta facies. The sand bodies distribute continuously horizontal. With low porosity and low permeability, the reservoirs are featured by strong heterogeneity. It is hypothesized that the sandstones of the interior depression tend to be relatively tight with increasing depth and structure stress weakness. Thus, it is predicted that continuous tight gas reservoirs of ultra-high pressure may exist in the deep formations of the eastern and even the whole Kuqa Depression. So, it is worth evaluating the exploration potential.     

准噶尔盆地浅层天然气多种成因地球化学研究

浅层天然气是当前国内外天然气勘探和基础研究的一个热点,在准噶尔盆地是油气勘探的一个重要新领域,但研究程度较低.为给区域勘探和成藏研究提供信息,并为国内外同类研究对比参考,主要以盆地腹部地区为例,着重从地球化学角度,包括系统的天然气组分、烷烃系列碳同位素组成、轻烃等,结合与天然气共生凝析油和储层沥青的研究,揭示了浅层天然气具有多种成因.研究区浅层天然气主要分布在陆梁、滴西、滴北和白家海4个地区.其中,陆梁地区浅层天然气成因为原油次生生物降解气,典型地球化学特征是气组分很干,几乎全为甲烷组成,甲烷碳同位素特别轻(–55‰~–45‰).滴西地区浅层天然气以石炭系来源煤型气为主,兼有二叠系来源煤型气和油型气,典型特征是乙烷碳同位素值变化大(–30.67‰~–22.20‰).滴北地区浅层天然气为石炭系来源煤型气,典型特征是乙烷碳同位素重(–24.54‰~–23.72‰).白家海地区浅层天然气为二叠系来源高成熟煤型气,典型特征是干燥系数大(0.97),甲烷碳同位素重(–30.15‰~–29.45‰),乙烷碳同位素较重(–25.83‰~–25.81‰).因此,研究区浅层天然气具有多种成因,主要包括来自不同烃源的原油次生生物降解气、油型气和煤型气,这预示着成藏的复杂性,需在下一步的勘探中给予充分重视     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界煤层气与致密气联合优选区评价

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界具有煤层气和致密砂岩气成藏的有利条件。上古生界煤层气与致密砂岩气具有相同的烃源岩,且煤层与致密储层垂向上相互叠置,为二者联合勘探开发奠定了地质基础。在综合考虑煤层气与致密砂岩气成藏地质条件的基础上,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地煤层气与致密砂岩气共同勘探选区的评价指标体系,包括煤层厚度、烃源岩热演化程度、生气强度以及致密储层厚度4个指标。依据建立的评价指标体系,对鄂尔多斯盆地内5个区块进行煤层气与致密砂岩气共同选区评价,评价结果为区块Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ为勘探目标区,主要分布在盆地的东西缘,煤层厚度大、烃源岩生气强度大,勘探前景好;区块Ⅰ和Ⅳ为勘探有利区,呈条带状分布在盆地的东北部和西北部,煤层气与致密砂岩气协同勘探潜力较大。