阪崎克洛诺菌还原蒙脱石中Fe~(3+)实验研究

为研究阪崎克洛诺菌(Cronobacter Sakazakii)还原普通钙基蒙脱石中Fe3+的过程与机理,测定了体系中总蛋白与Fe2+含量变化,应用同步辐射XRD(SRXRD)与X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)研究反应产物。总蛋白与Fe2+数据表明在厌氧条件下Cronobacter sakazakii以乙酸作为电子供体,利用钙基蒙脱石中Fe3+作为电子受体进行生长代谢,还原蒙脱石中Fe3+形成Fe2+。反应中蒙脱石晶体结构部分破坏,原始的d001峰消失,出现一系列与新生矿物有关的衍射峰。XANES结果显示蒙脱石中Fe主吸收峰向低能量方向移动0.5 e V,边前峰峰位中心向低能量方向移动且峰面积减小,Fe氧化态降低,蒙脱石晶体结构发生变化。研究探讨了自然界中广泛分布的钙基蒙脱石可能受到的微生物还原作用。     

单晶菱锰矿的压缩性研究及方解石型碳酸盐的高压行为

碳酸盐矿物在地幔温压条件下的稳定性和结构变化对理解地球内部碳的存在形式、建立深部碳循环模型具有重要的指示意义。本文利用金刚石对顶砧装置,借助同步辐射X射线衍射和拉曼光谱技术,对天然菱锰矿单晶的结构稳定性和弹性性质进行了研究。结果表明:菱锰矿在压力达到~10 GPa时结构保持不变,但c轴方向的压缩性大于a轴。菱猛矿的等温状态方程参数为V_0=308.8(2)~3、K_0=104(1)GPa和K'_0=4(fixed)。[CO_3]~(2-)基团对称伸缩振动(ν_1)和平面内振动(ν_2)引起的拉曼峰分别位于1 087.9 cm~(-1)和720.5 cm~(-1),基团外振动峰(ν_3)出现在293.8cm~(-1),三者的拉曼位移均与压力呈良好的线性正相关关系,且外振动对压力的响应比内振动敏感。计算得到内振动的模式Grüneisen参数γ_(ν_1)=~0.29和γ_(ν_2)=~0.26,远小于外振动γ_(ν_3)=~1.57。进一步证明菱锰矿的压缩取决于[MnO_6]体积的减小而非[CO_3]~(2-)基团的压缩。结合前人的研究结果,本文对方解石型碳酸盐的弹性性质及其变化规律进行了总结。     

透视石的原位高压单晶X射线衍射研究

采用同步辐射光源和金刚石对顶砧(DAC)技术,对透视石进行了室温下的原位高压单晶X射线衍射研究。实验的最高压力为11.7 GPa,在实验压力范围内,未观察到透视石发生相变。随着压力的升高,晶胞体积逐步被压缩,体积压缩率符合三阶Birch-Murnaghan状态方程,拟合获得体模量K0为114.6(5.3)GPa。压力低于9.3 GPa时,c轴的压缩率大于a轴;在9.3~11.7 GPa压力范围内,限制于透视石结构中的水分子在高压下会阻碍硅氧四面体六元环沿c轴方向的扭曲变形,导致c轴的抗压性增强,最终a轴与c轴的被压缩程度趋于一致。通过分析多种含水环状硅酸盐矿物的高压行为,发现高压下结构中水的存在形式对含水环状硅酸盐矿物的弹性性质有重要的影响。     

白钨矿的原位高压X射线衍射研究

使用金刚石对顶砧高压装置(DAC)和同步辐射光源,对天然白钨矿进行了原位高压能量色散X射线衍射(EDXD)研究,实验最高压力为16.0 GPa.在实验压力范围内观察到了一次白钨矿结构→钨锰铁矿结构的可逆相变:压力小于5.3 GPa时为白钨矿结构(I4_1/a),在5.3～12.3 GPa压力区间内为白钨矿结构与钨锰铁矿结构(P2/c)并存,大于12.3 GPa时完全相变为钨锰铁矿结构.从键长、配位数和配位多面体角度对白钨矿→钨锰铁矿结构的相变机制进行了解释.     

天然黝帘石原位高压X射线衍射和拉曼光谱

黝帘石属于绿帘石族矿物[Ca2(Al,Fe)3Si3O12(OH)],产出于各种不同地质环境(比如大陆碰撞带和俯冲带)的高压和超高压变质岩中。不同于其他绿帘石族矿物属于单斜晶系矿物,黝帘石属于斜方晶系(空间群Pnma)。本文采用金刚石压腔装置(DAC)结合同步辐射X射线衍射及拉曼光谱技术对天然黝帘石[Ca2(Al2.71Fe0.29)(Si O4)(Si2O7)O(OH)]进行了原位常温高压实验研究,以期增进对黝帘石在常温高压下的稳定性以及Fe含量的不同对于其弹性性质影响的认识。原位常温高压X射线衍射实验在上海同步辐射装置(SSRF)的BL15U线站上完成。实验采用DAC高压装置结合单晶X射线衍射实验技术,实验最高压力约为30 GPa,衍射谱图采用黝帘石标准谱(JCPDS85-1631)进行指标化,衍射斑点的位置用来计算其在不同压力下的晶胞参数。随着实验压力的升高,所有的衍射晶面间距逐渐减小,当压力达约15.2 GPa,在衍射图谱上出现一新的衍射晶面信号(晶面间距d=2.238 3),并在之后的压力范围内一直存在。此外当压力达约22.6 GPa,又有一晶面间距d=2.689 6的新衍射信号出现,并一直保持存在到最高压力。据此推断黝帘石在压力约15 GPa时存在结构的变化。同时,在常温最高压力约为40 GPa条件下,对黝帘石进行了拉曼光谱测量。随着实验压力的增加,黝帘石的拉曼振动峰向着高波数方向移动,在压力约为15.7 GPa,低压下存在的波数为1 083 cm-1和1 098 cm-1的两个振动峰消失,与此同时,在波数为247 cm-1、303 cm-1、339 cm-1、和379 cm-1位置分别出现了新的拉曼谱峰,其中,339 cm-1峰于27.6 GPa时消失,其余新峰一直保持到实验最高压力值。因此,本文推测天然黝帘石样品在15~16 GPa压力范围内存在有结构的变化。对于变化后的结构和性质还有待于进一步研究。另外,本文利用三阶Birch-Murnaghan状态方程拟合了发生结构变化前(0~14.4 GPa)的p-V数据,得到V0=908.1(9)3、K0=108(2)GPa和K'0=6.5(6),其中V0、K0和K'0分别表示零压晶胞体积、等温体积模量及其压力导数值。综合上述获得的实验结果并结合前人对黝帘石的研究成果,本文探讨了含Fe量的不同对于黝帘石弹性性质以及晶体结构性质的影响。与不含Fe黝帘石的等温体积模量[Ca2Al3Si3O12OH(]122.1(7)GPa,123.4(4)GPa)以及低含Fe量的黝帘石[Ca2Al2.88Fe0.12Si3O12OH]的体积模量(119.1(7)GPa)相比,本次实验样品黝帘石[Ca2(Al2.71Fe0.29)(Si O4)(Si2O7)O(OH)]的体积模量(108(2)GPa)明显偏小,说明含Fe会增加黝帘石矿物的可压缩性,并且,含铁量越大其体积模量越小。     

霞石NaAlSiO_4的压缩性及其机理研究

NaAlSiO_4高压相CF相的结构和性质近年来被广为关注,然而对其低压相霞石的高压行为研究并不深入。为进一步认识碱金属在CF相中的赋存状态,采用金刚石压腔和同步辐射X射线衍射,开展了霞石NaAlSiO_4(P63,Z=8)常温、20GPa时的压缩性质研究。结果显示,在实验压力范围内,霞石没有发生结构相变,其三阶等温状态方程参数为:V0=0.715(2)nm~3,K0=53(3)GPa,K'=4.1(3),a和c轴的压缩系数Ka=3.8(1)×10~(-3)nm/GPa,Kc=2.42(6)×10~(-3)nm/GPa。通过第一性原理计算模拟,印证了实验压缩性的结果,揭示了霞石的压缩机制,即SiO_4和AlO_4四面体呈刚性行为,这些四面体之间的扭转导致结构中伪正交空隙通道的畸变。     

橄榄石的等温状态方程

利用金刚石对顶砧(DAC)高压装置产生高压,使用16∶3∶1的甲醇、乙醇和水混合液体作为传压介质,在室温下,40 GPa的压力范围内,对橄榄石(olivine)进行了原位高压同步辐射能量色散X射线衍射(EDXRD)研究。实验结果表明,在所研究压力范围内,采自张家口大麻坪天然新鲜橄榄石的结构稳定,未见相变和压致非晶现象发生。用Birch-Murnaghan方程对测得的V-p数据进行了数值拟合,当K′T0=4时,橄榄石的零压体弹模量为KT0=141.3±3.2 GPa。     

锡石的原位高压X射线衍射研究

利用同步辐射能量色散X射线衍射(EDXD)方法和金刚石对顶砧(DAC)高压技术对采于四川平武的锡石进行原位高压(达24.0 GPa)结构研究发现:压力加载过程中,锡石在13.8 GPa时发生了从金红石型结构(P 42/m nm)到C aC l2型结构(P nnm)的位移式相变;在19.9 GPa时又由C aC l2型结构相变为黄铁矿型结构(P a3),此相变为重构式相变。对于第Ⅳ主族元素氧化物(S iO2,G eO2,SnO2和PbO2)及过渡金属氧化物(M nO2和R uO2)的高压行为进行了讨论,它们具有相似的高压相变序列,这些成果对与斯石英同构氧化物的高压行为研究提供了有价值的参考。     

X射线荧光光谱测定荧光粉中硅铁锌钴

采用溶液法配制标准,粉末直接制备样饼,用SRS300型X射线荧光光谱仪测定彩色荧光粉中的SiO2、Fe2O3、Co、Zn组分含量,取得较满意的结果,与已知含量样品比较,所测组分的结果基本相符。精密度检验SiO2、Fe2O3、Co、Zn的RSD均<3%(n=10)。     

盈江铀矿的新资料

本文第一次提供了由单晶X射线衍射分析测定的盈江铀矿的空间群和晶胞参数。该矿物产于广东省下庄铀矿田。斜方晶系,空间群Bmmb(63),a=15.707(3),b=17·424(3),c=13.692(2)?,V=3747?~3,Z=4。Dc=4.60g/cm~3,Dm=4.54g/cm~3。化学式:(K_2,Ca)(UO_2)_7(PO_4)_4(OH)_6·6H_2O。二轴晶,负光性。2Vc=36°,2Vm=36—38°。Ng=1.707(2),Nm=1.703(2),Np=1.666(1)。光性方位:Ng//Y,Nm//X,Np//Z。     

Advances in energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence

Recently, two new instruments for X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) with interesting features for geochemical applications came to the market. Both instruments were designed to improve the peak to background ratio, the principal factor limiting the sensitivity of XRF. Total reflection XRF (TXRF) was designed to analyse extremely small sample amounts. An instrument, using polarised X-rays (P-XRF) for excitation, is designed to reduce scattered background in spectra of bulk samples. The performance of both instruments was compared with conventional XRF-methods and ICP/MS. Results for GXR-1, GXR-2, GXR-3, GXR-4 and GXR-6 obtained with TXRF and P-XRF are in good agreement with literature data. The effective amount of sample, analysed by TXRF was 200 μg only and detection limits of ~ l μg/g were achieved. P-XRF shows considerable improved detection limits (0.25–0.5 μg/g) for bulk samples for elements with atomic numbers 42–51 (Mo-Sb) compared with conventional XRF-methods.     

Speciation of Cr and V within BOF steel slag reused in road constructions

Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) steel slag is a residue from the basic oxygen converter in steel-making operations, which is partially reused as an aggregate for road constructions. It is essentially composed of calcium, silicon and iron but also contains potential toxic elements present as traces, like chromium (Cr, 2600 mg kg^− 1) and vanadium (V, 690 mg kg^− 1), which can be released. The linked results of chemical analysis, XRD and SEM-EDX enabled to identify the main mineral phases composing BOF slag and EDX micro-analyses indicated that V and Cr were associated to dicalciumferrite. A 47-days static leaching test at a laboratory scale with a controlled pH of 5 (pH_stat leaching test) showed that Cr was little released, while V was significantly released. Finally, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of 3 BOF slag samples were recorded (“raw”, leached 47 days at pH 5 and aged 2 years in a lysimeter). XANES spectra showed that Cr is present at octahedral coordination in the trivalent form, the less mobile and less toxic one, and that its speciation does not evolve during natural ageing and leaching at pH 5. They also indicated that V is predominantly present in the + 4 oxidation state and seems to become oxidized to the pentavalent form (the most toxic form) during natural ageing.     

我国地质分析中X射线光谱技术的回顾与展望

评述了我国地质分析了中Ｘ射线光谱技术的应用与发展,内容包括：Ｘ射线光谱实验室建设、相关技术与实验方法、应用与成果、书刊文献及学术活动、人才培训、Ｘ射线光谱与他地质分析技术的配合,当前地学的震求与Ｘ射线光谱技术的未来发展,收集主要文献１１４篇。     

应用FTIR-XRD-XRF分析测试技术研究新型仿制绿松石的矿物学特征

近年来绿松石及其仿制品的鉴定工作较多局限于应用傅里叶变换红外光谱对仿制品进行简单的筛选,前人报道的仿制绿松石的矿物组成主要为单一的矿物相(如异极矿、三水铝石、磷铝石、羟硅硼钙石、菱镁矿等)。本文应用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)与X射线荧光光谱(XRF)对当前珠宝市场上几种新型仿制绿松石进行了初步分类,并对不同类别的仿制绿松石的具体矿物组成、物相及晶型特征作了对比研究。结果表明,这些新型仿制绿松石可分为三大类:一类主要由硅酸盐(斜硅钙石)与碳酸盐(方解石)两种矿物组成;另一类为白云石与方解石两种碳酸盐矿物的混合相;第三类以硅酸盐类为主要矿物,并含有钡长石、辉石与石英。显然,新型仿制绿松石的矿物组成明显相异于传统仿制品,可见仿制绿松石的矿物组成日趋多样性、复杂化,该现状必然对新型仿制样品的物相鉴定提出了更高的要求。     

即时合成层状双氢氧化物处理高氟水的实验研究

提出了即时合成层状双氢氧化物去除F-的新方法,并初步揭示了反应的基本原理:首先由Mg2 、Al3 水解共沉淀形成LDH,然后F-嵌入LDH层间平衡结构电荷,从而使F-离子以LDH沉淀的形式被去除。研究结果表明,影响处理效果的因素包括Mg/Al比值、pH值、反应时间等。当Mg/Al为2∶1,pH值为9.5,反应时间为120 min时,F-去除率较高,Mg、Al利用比较充分,显示这种废水处理技术具有非常好的研究价值。     

Disposal of wastewater containing Congo Red by synthesizing layer double hydroxide in-situ

Based on the principle of synthesis, a new method was put forward to dispose Congo Red anion-containing dyestuff from wastewater and its feasibility was also examined. The principle of the method is described as follows: Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ are hydrolyzed to form Mg/Al-LDH by adding Mg²⁺, Al³⁺ and NaOH in wastewater containing anion dyestuff, which is selectively intercalated with the interlayer of LDH in order to balance positive structural charge. While Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ are co-precipitated to form LDH, the anion dyestuff in wastewater will be removed by LDH synthesized in-situ, as is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of settlings and chemical analysis of aqueous samples. In this work, we studied the influence of Mg/Al mole ratio, pH value, time and temperature of reaction on the removal of anion dyestuff and the use of Mg and Al. The experimental results showed the maximum removal efficiency of anion dyestuff could be attained when pH value was 9.0, and Mg/Al mol ratio was 2: 1, reaction duration was 2 hours, and the effect of temperature was not remarkable, and the removal efficiency could reach 100%. Meanwhile, the Mg and Al added could be made good use of. This technology has the advantage of extraordinary efficiency of wastewater disposal. Foundation item: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40472026).     

Disposal of wastewater containing Congo Red by synthesizing layer double hydroxide in-situ

Based on the principle of synthesis, a new method was put forward to dispose Congo Red anion-containing dyestuff from wastewater and its feasibility was also examined. The principle of the method is described as follows： Mg^2＋ and Al^3＋ are hydrolyzed to form Mg/Al-LDH by adding Mg^2＋, Al^3＋ and NaOH in wastewater containing anion dyestuff, which is selectively intercalated with the interlayer of LDH in order to balance positive structural charge. While Mg^2＋ and Al^3＋ are co-precipitated to form LDH, the anion dyestuff in wastewater will be removed by LDH synthesized in-situ, as is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of settlings and chemical analysis of aqueous samples. In this work, we studied the influence of Mg/Al mole ratio, pH value, time and temperature of reaction on the removal of anion dyestuff and the use of Mg and Al. The experimental results showed the maximum removal efficiency of anion dyestuff could be attained when pH value was 9.0, and Mg/Al mol ratio was 2 ： 1, reaction duration was 2 hours, and the effect of temperature was not remarkable, and the removal efficiency could reach 100%. Meanwhile, the Mg and Al added could be made good use of. This technology has the advantage of extraordinary efficiency of wastewater disposal.     

独居石和磷钇矿晶体结构的精确测定

本文用强功率四圆单晶衍射仪精确地修正了独居石和磷钇矿的晶体结构。独居石［Ｍｏｎａｚｉｔｅ－（Ｃｅ），ＣｅＰＯ４］属单斜晶系，ａ＝６．７８４３（１７），ｂ＝６．９８９１（１２），ｃ＝６．４５９２（１０），β＝１０３．６２６（１６）°，Ｚ＝４，空间群为Ｐ２１／ｎ。使用１１０６个［Ｆ≥３σ（Ｆ）］的独立衍射点，经多轮最小二乘法修正后，最终获得偏离因子Ｒ＝０．０６０。独居石的结构由孤立的［ＰＯ４］四面体构成，Ｃｅ位于［ＰＯ４］四面体包围之中，Ｃｅ的配位数为９，独居石的Ｃｅ—Ｏ平均键长为２．５５２，Ｐ—Ｏ平均键长为１．５２８。磷钇矿（Ｘｅｎｏｔｉｍｅ，ＹＰＯ４）属四方晶系，其晶格常数为：ａ＝６．８７９１（２４），ｃ＝６．０１４７（１９），Ｚ＝４，空间群为Ｉ４Ｉ／ａｍｄ（Ｎｏ．１４１）。使用１４２个［Ｆ≥３σ（Ｆ）］的独立衍射点，经多轮最小二乘法修正后，最终获得偏离因子Ｒ为０．０４８３。磷和氧形成四面体配位，其Ｐ—Ｏ平均键长为１．５４３；稀土钇与氧原子相连构成八次配位，其Ｙ—Ｏ平均键长为２．３３３。     

X荧光分析仪在新疆某地的应用

介绍新一代X射线荧光分析仪在新疆某地的勘查应用,并采用几种方法对基体效应、湿度效应、不平度效应进行效正。该仪器可同时显示20余种元素的含量,测试结果证明,X荧光技术是一种快速、经济、有效的方法。     

x射线荧光光谱无标半定量分析稀土元素方法的改进

在Philips公司提供的x射线荧光光谱基本参数法半定量分析的SemIQ软件基础上引入重稀土元素的分析，用光谱纯的稀土氧化物与四硼酸锂熔融制备标样，重新建立一套半定量分析方法，使原软件不能分析的Dy、Ho、Er元素也可进行半定量分析，并提高了Eu、Gd、Tb、Tm、Yb、Lu元素分析的准确度。应用该方法进行了大量稀土样品的半定量分析，并与原软件方法对照，结果明显改善。