太平洋波高成份研究

利用Topex／Poseidon卫星高度计1992年10月到1998年12月连续75个月，230个重复周期的有效波高资料对南北太平洋的波高成份进行了分析，结果显示所有的月份，频数密度峰值对应的波高成份因子为1．4，以赤道太平洋海域最高为1．6，南北太平洋海域为1．2左右。7、8、9、10月份太平洋涌浪成份占频数密度累积率的比例大于95％，其余各月占90%左右，表明太平洋海域波高成份以涌浪为主。     

应用Argo资料分析西北太平洋冬、夏季水团

应用Argo剖面浮标观测的温、盐度资料，分析了西北太平洋海域冬、夏季的温、盐度分布、水团结构及其分布。首先采用T-S点聚图法分析了该海域水团分布的基本情况，由点聚分析结果可知，该海域至少存在6种以上水团；再用模糊聚类软化法对水团作进一步划分，分别计算了该海域6至11类水团的F和△F值，结果表明，冬、夏季的△F值都以划分为8类时为最大，这与大洋水团的稳定性是一致的，因此，该海域冬、夏季水团以划分为8类最佳，它们分别是北太平洋热带表层水、北太平洋次表层水、北太平洋中层水、北太平洋副热带模态水、北太平洋深层水和赤道表层水，以及南太平洋次表层水和南太平洋中层水。     

利用主成分识别相似法作长期天气预报

本文提出一个利用气象场的主成分识别环流演交相似法作长期天气预报,根据500hPa侯平均资料,在20°-70°N,120°E-120°W范围内的143个网格点上,首先进行主成分分析,并以80%的累积分差贡献率确定前几个主成分表示气象场.然后利用这些主成分选择与目前环流形势相似的过去的环流形势,最后根据过去的天气演变规律制作未来的预报,用此方法对北太平洋海域试作了15-20天的长期天气预报.实践证明,利用主成分能找到较好的相似并构筑一个预报的框架,而且方法客观简便.     

基于朴素贝叶斯的西北太平洋柔鱼渔场预报模型的建立

西北太平洋是中国进行柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)捕捞生产的重要海区,准确预报渔场出现的位置对提高渔业捕捞产量、节省燃油有重要的意义。本研究利用2002—2011年中国在该海域的历史产量数据、渔场时空数据以及包括海表温度、叶绿素浓度a、表温梯度强度和叶绿素梯度强度在内的海洋环境数据,基于朴素贝叶斯方法,建立了西北太平洋柔鱼渔场的预报模型。为满足朴素贝叶斯方法对条件独立性的假设,利用独立成份分析,重新获得相互独立的属性变量。通过求Cohen′s Kappa系数最大值的方法,确定3种CPUE类型的先验概率,建立可用于渔场预报的朴素贝叶斯预报模型。作为实际验证,将2012年7~11月我国柔鱼渔船在西北太平洋实际生产数据与预报的高CPUE渔场位置进行叠加,平均综合预报精度达到69.9%,表明该模型对西北太平洋渔场的预报具有较好效果和可行性。     

驱动大洋海浪模式的两种海面风场对比分析研究

海面风场在海浪模拟和预报中起着重要作用。文中分别利用CCMP风场和Q/N混合风场驱动WAVEWATCHⅢ海浪模式对北太平洋海域的海浪过程进行了模拟。利用NDBC(美国国家浮标资料中心)提供的浮标资料和Jason-1卫星高度计资料对模拟结果进行了检验分析。分析表明:在北太平洋海域,CCMP风场较Q/N混合风场与浮标风速资料有更好的一致性,更能代表该海域的海面风场状况;CCMP风场驱动下的海浪模拟结果总体上优于Q/N混合风场的结果。     

1994年西太平洋副高异常的前期特征分析

本文通过相关普查，分析了影响夏季西太平洋副热带高压的北太平洋海温场和北半球５００ｈＰａ高度场的前期特征，找出了影响１９９４夏季酉太平洋副热带高压异常的强信号及其所在区域．以较高的信度和精度建立了夏季逐月副高强度和脊线位置两特征量的预报方程，进一步发现，中、东部太平洋海温场存在与副高强度高相关的对偶相关区，该区同前一年６月加利福尼亚寒流和北赤道暖流间形成的海温梯度相对应，而初夏副高脊线位置则决定于前一年１０～１２月赤道东太平洋一线的海温分布．     

热带中东太平洋海域10°N断面水团分析

本文基于实测温盐数据等资料，利用水团的浓度混合分析等方法，揭示了热带中东太平洋海域10°N断面的水团构成自上而下分别为东部赤道–热带水团、北太平洋中央水团、加利福尼亚流系水团、南太平洋中央水团、太平洋亚北极水团和太平洋深层水团。分析发现，受热带辐合带影响，9°～10°N海域常年持续的正风应力旋度诱发上升流出现，北太平洋中央水团、加利福尼亚流系水团、南太平洋中央水团和太平洋亚北极水团4个通风潜沉水团经向运动至该纬度带时被抽吸至次表层和中层，并散布在不同深度。以往研究仅指出上述4个水团在海表通风形成后将潜沉并向赤道方向运动，本研究进一步阐明了4个水团潜沉后向热带海域运动的动力机制及其在热带中东太平洋10°N断面的散布深度。研究成果揭示了热带中东太平洋水团与北太平洋副热带、亚极地和南太平洋副热带海区中上层水团间的循环过程，对认识北太平洋高–中–低纬度间物质和能量的交换和再分配具有重要科学价值。     

Rossby波模型对西北太平洋海表面高度年际变异的可预测性研究

根据海洋Rossby波的西传特性, 使用一阶斜压Rossby波模型对北太平洋海表面高度的年际变异进行了回报和预测研究。回报结果表明, Rossby 波模型能够较好地模拟北太平洋海表面高度的年际变异。尤其是黑潮延伸区的下游, 模拟结果与卫星观测的相关系数达到0.8以上。预测结果表明, Rossby 波模型在两个纬向分布的海域有显著的预报能力, 分别位于高纬度中部和副热带环流西部。前者可提前5—6年, 后者可提前2—4年。此外, 重点开展了Rossby波模型在西北太平洋的预报能力研究。结果表明, Rossby波模型对中国的边缘海有着很好的预测能力, 包括南海北部、台湾以东和东海黑潮海域, 分别在提前32、40和52个月时能取得最佳的预测效果。     

气候变化对东北大西洋渔获物组成、多样性和营养级的影响

东北大西洋是世界上重要的捕捞海域，气候变化对该海域捕捞产生了重要的影响。本文基于联合国粮农组织所提供的1982?2016年东北大西洋渔获产量数据，对该海域渔获物组成、多样性、平均营养级及主成分变化特征进行时间序列上的分析，并结合东北大西洋海域气候、环境因子，应用广义可加模型探究渔获物组成与气候变化之间的关系。结果显示:渔获物多样性的变化总体上呈下降趋势，2002?2010年间处于较低水平；平均营养级在2002年之前呈平缓下降的趋势，2002年之后开始波动上升，相关性分析表明这两个指标与海域环境因子的变化较为相关。对渔获物组成进行主成分分析显示，第一主成份变化的方差解释率达到35.3%，且与海域气候、环境因素有较高的相关性，第一主成分变化能够较好地表征气候影响下渔获物组成变化的情况。广义可加模型分析结果显示，渔获物组成变化的影响因素按解释率由高到低分别为:海表温度、海平面高度、盐度、海冰和北大西洋涛动指数。该研究有助于认识气候变化对海洋渔业资源及其结构组成的影响。     

江苏外海深水波要素推算

运用第三代海浪模式WAMC4在西北太平洋海域建立了深水波浪数学模型,利用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)再分析气象资料作为风场条件,对该海域波浪进行了长时间序列(1950～2009年)的数值模拟。在模型验证的基础上,采用P-III曲线对数值模拟结果进行了分方向重现期计算,得到了江苏外海13个站点一百年一遇和五十年一遇的重现期有效波高,发现江苏外海深水重现期波浪从南向北呈现递减趋势,强浪向由NE向逐渐向NNE向偏转。     

西北太平洋热带气旋与上层海洋热含量的关系

利用SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)的海温资料和Unisys Weather的热带气旋资料,研究了1960-2008年期间北太平洋上层150 m的热含量分布特征及其与西北太平洋热带气旋发生频次的关系。考虑了纬度的变化对热含量的影响后,北太平洋热含量的高值中心位于10°N左右,与上层海温结构相符,计算结果更加符合物理意义。北太平洋热含量与西北太平洋热带气旋频数年际相关性研究表明在北太平洋中高纬度大洋内区和赤道东太平洋热带不稳定波发生区呈现出前期冬季正相关性。此相关性存在显著年代际的变化,在1970-1975年和1984-2008年期间最强,1976-1983年期间较弱。在北太平洋中高纬度大洋内区,同期春夏秋季同样存在强正相关。在西太平洋暖池区,同期秋季负相关最为显著。赤道中太平洋区域在夏季呈显著的正相关,秋季减弱。赤道东太平洋海域的相关性前期冬季负相关最为显著,春季负相关性减弱,夏季和秋季无显著相关。     

华北5月降水年代际变化

针对华北5月降水的年代际变化特征和成因,用华北5月降水资料、NCEP大气环流资料以及海表温度（SST）资料,采用EOF分析、相关分析、合成分析等方法研究了华北5月降水以及相关海区SST的年代际变化;结果表明从60年代中期至90年代初期华北5月降水存在明显的年代际变化,1965～1981年华北5月降水偏少,1982～1992年华北5月降水偏多;西太平洋暖池相比热带中东太平洋、热带印度洋对华北5月降水年代际变化有更明显的影响;当西太平洋暖池异常发展,热带中东太平洋、热带印度洋海温年代际变化处于暖位相,东亚上空为反气旋性环流异常场,东亚大槽较弱,副热带高压偏强偏西时,华北5月降水偏多;反之,副热带高压偏弱偏东时,华北5月降水偏少.     

北太平洋海温场的时空特征分析

近年来运用海表温度作副热带高压和长期天气预报方面取得了显著效果,为了进一步探讨海洋对气候和长期天气过程的影响,必须重视海温场的特征分析。这几年已有一些工作[1,3,7],从不同侧面对北太平洋海温场进行研究。本文试图从海—气相互作用的角度分析北太平洋海温场的时空分布特征及其年际变动,进而讨论它们对大气的影响。     

A PROBABLE AVENUE TO EFFECT OF POLAR ICE ON NORTH PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH

This paper is based on the data for the period from 1953 to 1977, which are the monthly averaged ice cover in the Arctic area within 160° E-110° W and north of 50?N, the areal index of the North Pacific subtropical high and the monthly averaged sea surface temperature of the North Pacific. A statistical analysis of the lag correlations between the polar ice from November to July and the sea surface temperature from January to July, and the sea surface temperature from January to July and the subtropical high lagging zero through eleven months is performed.The analysis shows that the lag correlation regions between the polar ice during spring and the sea surface temperature almost coincide with the regions of the California Current and the paitial north equatorial current, and the regions of the California Current and the partial north equatorial current coincide with the principal lag correlation regions between the sea surface temperature and the subtropical high. All the results suggest that the tra     

A primary study of the correlation between the net air-sea heat flux and the interannual variation of western North Pacific tropical cyclone track and intensity

A singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis is carried out to reveal the relationship between the interannual variation of track and intensity of the western North Pacific tropical cyclones (WNPTCs) in the tropical cyclone (TC) active season (July-November) and the global net air-sea heat flux (Q net ) in the preceding season (April-June). For this purpose, a tropical cyclone track and intensity function (TIF) is defined by a combination of accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index and a cyclone track densit...     

The circularly propagating pattern of the low-frequencyfluctuations of monthly MSL in the tropical PacificOcean and its correlation with El Nino

The long-term time series analysis of the SST (sea surface temperature) in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean and the monthly MSL (mean sea level) in the tropical Pacific Ocean is conducted. Their quasiperiodic and low-frequency oscillation features are revealed. The significant periods of low-frequency fluctuations for monthly MSL in the area of 20°N-20° S are between 43. 5 months and 50. 0 months, approximating closely to 47. 6 months which is the significant period of SST in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean. From the results of space-spectral analysis, the low-frequency fluctations of monthly MSL in the tropical Pacific Ocean appear to have a anticlockwise circularly-propagating pattern, which is, the Eastern Pacific Ocean (off-shore of Mexico) →the area of NEC (North Equatorial Current) →the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean→the area of NECC (North Equatorial Counter-Current)→the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean. The phases of the pattern correspond to those of El Nino cycle. On the basis     

Dominant sea-surface temperature anomaly patterns in summer over the North Pacific ocean

We investigated the structure and persistency of the dominant sea-surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern in summer over the North Pacific from 1960 to 2004, which has been attracting less attention than those in winter. The leading empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) for August and September, which can be treated as the summer patterns, rather resemble each other in both spatial structure and time variations but are quite different from those of the other months. A lag correlation analysis indicates that the summer patterns do not show significant persistency in the following winter and the summer of the next year. An inappropriate definition of the summer season might obscure the characteristics of the dominant summer SST anomaly pattern in the North Pacific.     

On the observed relationship between the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation

We studied the relationship between the dominant patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the North Pacific and the North Atlantic. The patterns are known as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). In the analysis we used two different observational data sets for SST. Due to the high degree of serial correlation in the PDO and AMO time series, various tests were carried out to assess the significance of the correlations. The results demonstrated that the correlations are significant when the PDO leads the AMO by 1 year and when the AMO leads the PDO by 11–12 years. The possible physical processes involved are discussed, along with their potential implication for decadal prediction.     

Concentration and toxic potential of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in migratory oceanic birds from the North Pacific and the Southern Ocean

Concentrations of PCBs and their toxic potential were examined in subcutaneous fat of eight albatross and one petrel species collected from the North Pacific and the Southern Oceans. Among all the species analyzed, high PCB levels were found in adult male blackfooted albatross from the North Pacific with the mean value of 92 microg/g wet weight. No significant gender difference in PCB accumulation was observed (P>0.1). The mean PCB levels in Southern Oceanic birds were 1 or 2 orders of magnitude lower than those from the North Pacific albatrosses. A regional-specific accumulation of non-ortho coplanar congeners were observed, most birds from the Southern Ocean had higher IUPAC 169 levels while IUPAC 126 concentrations were higher in those from the North Pacific. The estimated toxic equivalents for black-footed and Laysan albatrosses from the North Pacific were in the same range of some fish-eating birds, which were highly contaminated by PCBs. The correlation between ratio of IUPAC 169/126 concentration and total PCBs concentration indicated the possibility of induction in cytochrome P450 activities in North Pacific albatrosses (P<0.01). The calculated hazard indices indicated that black-footed and Laysan albatrosses inhabiting in the North Pacific had similar threshold levels which were known to cause toxic effects in some populations of fish-eating birds.     

亚印太交汇区海表温度的分布和变化特征及其对中国降水的影响

利用1967-2009年的逐月海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)资料和降水资料,以及经验正交函数(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)和相关分析方法,探讨了亚印太交汇区(Joining Area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Oce...