中沙群岛附近海域沉积物中的轻矿物分区及物质来源

海底沉积物中的碎屑矿物(粒级为0.063~0.125 mm)的特征及分布样式对于鉴别沉积物的源区具有重要的指示意义.对取自南海中沙群岛附近海域114个表层沉积物样品的轻矿物含量、分布特征和矿物组合进行了研究,在此基础上将本区划分为以下三个矿物组合区:生物碎屑矿物区(Ⅰ)、火山碎屑矿物区(Ⅱ)、混合矿物区(Ⅲ).生物碎屑矿物区(Ⅰ)的矿物组合单一,为生物骨屑矿物.生物骨屑矿物主要来源于中沙环礁,极少量的陆源物质及火山物质可通过悬浮或风等途径搬运进入此区.火山碎屑矿物区(Ⅱ)的轻矿物以褐色火山玻璃为主,火山渣、无色火山玻璃等火山碎屑矿物含量也较高.风化碎屑及陆源碎屑矿物(如石英等)的含量较低.火山渣在本区呈点源式扩散分布.本区矿物组合为褐色火山玻璃-火山渣.此区的物质来源相对复杂,主要来源于原地海山岩石剥蚀风化以及区内可能存在的正在喷发的小型火山物质的风化,周边岛弧火山对其贡献极小.混合矿物区(Ⅲ)的物源丰富,包括生物源、火山源及陆源,该区又可分为两个矿物亚区:东北部混合矿物区(Ⅲ-1),主要的矿物组合包括生物骨屑矿物、褐色火山玻璃、石英、长石等,陆源物质来自于我国大陆,陆源物质基本上位于17°N以北;东南部混合矿物区(Ⅲ-2),矿物组合为生物骨屑矿物、褐色火山玻璃、石英以及风化碎屑矿物,其中陆源物质可能来自南海南部及西南部大陆中的碎屑矿物,通过发源于大河口的海底峡谷搬运进深海盆.     

Mineral provinces and material provenance of the surficial sediments near the Zhongsha Islands in the South China Sea

1 IntroductionThe South China Sea is one of the northwesternPacific marginal basins, which is located atthe junc-tion region among Euro-Asia plate, Pacific plate andIndia plate. Owing to its unique geological charac-teristics, the South China Sea has beco…     

辽东湾表层沉积物碎屑矿物组合分布及其对物源和沉积物扩散的指示意义

对取自渤海辽东湾的128个表层沉积物样品进行了碎屑矿物鉴定,对矿物成分含量应用log-ratio法处理后进行统计分析。结果表明,研究区重矿物质量百分含量平均值为6.3%,高值区位于六股河口和湾西北近岸。共鉴定出7种轻矿物,38种重矿物,轻矿物以石英、斜长石和钾长石为主,重矿物以普通角闪石、绿帘石、磁铁矿、石榴子石、钛铁矿为主。根据碎屑矿物的组合分布特征,可将研究区划分为两个矿物组合区,其中又可细分为6个矿物亚区。六股河和湾西北近岸矿物亚区的碎屑矿物主要来源于六股河、湾西北入海小溪和海岸侵蚀物质,湾东北部矿物亚区沉积物主要来源于双台子河和大辽河,湾中部矿物亚区为多源混合区,湾南部矿物亚区受邻近海域和复州河沉积物影响大,湾东南部的辽东浅滩矿物亚区为潮流作用的产物。与河流入海沉积物相比,该区表层沉积物的石英/长石比值和ZTR指数明显增大。研究认为,物源是控制研究区碎屑矿物的组合与分布的主要因素,同时也受到海洋水动力和矿物性质等因素影响。     

Distributional Feature of Detrital Minerais in the Superficial Sediment of South Yellow Sea

The composition ofdetrital minerals with grades of 0.063 - 0.25 mm in the superficial sediment of South Yellow Sea is mainly studied in the paper. The research result shows that the minerals can be divided into more than fifty sorts. The light minerals are mainly feldspar, quartz, mica, etc. The heavy minerals are mainly composed of amphibole, epidote, mica. autogeny pyrite, magnetite, hematite, garnet,zircon and so on, which mainly distribute in the sediments of silty clay and lutaceous silt. According to the content and distribution of the main minerals, the research area is divided into five mineral combination provinces. The assembled types of minerals in every province have close relationship with its hydrodynamic conditions and sedimentary environment. And the sorts of detrital minerals also show that the detrital substances in the sedimentary areas mainly originate from the drainage areas of rivers,bedrock weathering, and transformed sediment, etc.     

南黄海西部表层沉积物中碎屑矿物的分布

着重研究了南黄海表层沉积物中0．063～0．25mm粒级的碎屑矿物组成。结果表明,矿物种类达50多种,轻矿物主要为长石、石英、云母等,重矿物主要为角闪石、绿帘石、云母、自生黄铁矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿、石榴石、锆石等,重矿物主要分布于粉砂质泥和泥质粉砂沉积物中。依据主要矿物的含量和分布特征,将研究区划分为5个矿物组合区。各区矿物的组合类型与其所处的水动力条件、沉积环境密切相关,而碎屑矿物的种类又指示了沉积区的碎屑物质主要来源于江、河流域,基岩风化及改造沉积等。     

南沙海槽南部及邻近海区表层沉积物中的碎屑矿物特征

南沙海槽南部海区73个表层沉积物中的碎屑矿物主要有石英、长石、自然铅、褐铁矿、锐钛矿、金红石等，其分布受地形、地貌的控制，可分为西北大陆坡碎屑矿物组合、槽底碎屑矿物组合、东南大陆架碎屑矿物组合3种类型。不同组合类型具有不同的物质来源。     

Deposition of hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese minerals in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc Area,Northwest Pacific

A widespread distribution of hydrothermal and hydrogenetic manganese deposits is described in the results of the Hakurei‐Maru cruises conducted in the Bonin Arc areas of the West Pacific from 1984 to 1989. Manganese deposits occur in the active volcano chains, back‐arc basins, remnant back‐arc ridges, and oceanic seamounts.

The hydrogenetic iron‐manganese deposits commonly form earthly black crusts and nodules on the topographic highs of inactive ridges and old seamounts, sometimes as thick as 10 cm. They are always composed of the iron‐manganese mineral vernadite. Co and Ni contents are relatively high in the crusts from the seamounts in the open Pacific Ocean (up to 1.1% Co and 1.0% Ni). Two generations of distinct chemistry and texture are typical of these crusts, which can be compared to reported thick crusts from the Central Pacific seamounts.

The hydrothermal deposits, characterized by dense, submetallic, and gray appearance, are dominant in the recent and also in past submarine volcanoes of the island‐arc systems. Evidence of past hydrothermal activity was ascertained as fossil hydrothermal manganese deposits inside the hydrogenetic nodules or beneath the hydrogenetic crusts over the Tertiary island arc. Their component minerals are considered to be todorokite and bimessite (stable and contractible upon dehydration), having almost negligible amounts of Fe, Si, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, Pb, Cu, etc. In the small model site, the Kaikata Seamount hydrothermal area, the presumably recent hydrothermal activity has yielded thin slabs of pure manganate deposits growing downward within volcanic and sand layers.

Early diagenetic influence is negligible on nodules of this area.     

长江水下三角洲沉积物碎屑矿物研究

研究了长江水下三角洲表层沉积物中0.063～0.125 mm粒级的碎屑矿物组成、组合类型及其分布特征,并对研究区碎屑矿物成熟度、物质来源、沉积环境以及组合分区进行了探讨。结果表明,该区轻矿物占主体,质量分数平均达95.09%,以石英、长石为主;重矿物共37种,以普通角闪石、绿帘石、绢云母、普通辉石、白云母、赤铁矿、透闪石和褐铁矿为主。依据碎屑矿物含量及分布特征,将研究划分为3个矿物组合区,各区重矿物组合类型不仅与物质来源有关,而且受水动力条件和沉积环境制约。     

西菲律宾海3个岩柱的重矿物组合研究

对西菲律宾海盆西部 Wp1 ,Wp2与 Wp40 3个岩柱中的 47个沉积物样品进行了重矿物组合的研究。分析结果表明 ,调查区内的重矿物中以辉石类为主 ,其平均含量可达 40～ 5 4%。它是海底火山的产物 ,为 3岩柱中存在火山沉积类型提供了依据 ,并根据辉石类含量在不同岩柱中的差异 ,说明 Wp2与 Wp40两个岩柱中的火山物质多于 Wp1岩柱 ,而 Wp1岩柱中的风成物质则较 Wp2与wp40两岩柱更为发育。     

A STUDY OF DETRITAL MINERALS IN THE SEDIMENTS FROM THE WESTERN CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN

No Jess than 90 species of detrital minerals have been identified from the fine and very fine sand grains in the sediments from the Western Central Pacific. It is demonstrated that the volcanic minerals were originated from the eruption of oceanic tholeiitic magma since the Early Pleistocene according to the mineralogical indications and the rare-earth element distribution pattern. The mineral assemblage indicates that the detrital minerals are principally of pelagic origin. But the Melanesia Basin has more terrigenous constituents of minerals, of which, the quartz content increased generally during the interglacial periods. The area of Wallis Islands, especially of the Northern Fiji Basin has relatively typical pelagic substances and less terrigenous components. The genesis of the authigenic manganese nodules is closely related to the brown clay and can also be found in the calcium carbonate sediments in form of fine grain, but not in the relatively loose calciferous volcanic ash bed in the Northern Fi     

江苏南通QC_5孔第四系碎屑矿物特征及其地质意义

南通QC_5孔第四系碎屑矿物达40余种。不同重矿物的含量垂向分布与沉积环境有关而呈“波状”变化。重矿物的组合分段大多与第四系中地层界线相对比。第四系碎屑矿物母岩以中酸性火成岩为主。F/Q值之大小是沉积物生成时间长短、古气候冷暖与沉积速率高低综合作用的结果。     

单颗粒碎屑矿物在海洋沉积物物源分析中的应用*

单颗粒碎屑矿物可减小源区岩石类型、蚀变过程和程度及搬运与沉积过程对物源信息释读的干扰, 已逐渐成为海洋沉积物物源分析的有力工具, 并取得一定的应用成果。目前, 锆石、石榴石、长石、辉石、角闪石、独居石及磁铁矿等均已被成功用于海洋沉积物物源研究, 并主要利用单矿物主量元素、年代学等方法精确识别物源区地质特征和位置, 但单矿物微量元素、同位素及微区结构及多矿物对比研究的应用尚有不足; 因此, 目前对物源信息的释读难免片面, 物源识别方法和技术也仍未成熟。随着方法的发展和完善, 将可开展诸多深入研究, 如通过锆石、独居石、云母和磷灰石等不同矿物的年代学研究, 示踪研究物源区的时空变化; 通过建立多矿物定量研究模型, 进而定量研究源区蚀变速率和源汇过程中的物质输运通量和过程等。文章总结单颗粒碎屑矿物在物源识别中的应用现状, 并展望其应用前景, 以期引起同行对此研究方法的关注, 进一步促进该方法在海洋沉积物物源分析中的应用和发展。     

中太平洋西部深海沉积物中的火山碎屑与粘土矿物

对于太平洋深海沉积物的研究虽有很久的历史(如1873-1876年“挑战者”号的科学考察),但对该区开展深入系统的岩石学和矿物学研究却是六十年代以后的事.随着研究手段的发展和进步,已积累了关于该区深海沉积物的大量资料.目前我国的海洋工作者也正在努力开展这方面的科学研究工作.     

曹妃甸近岸及周边海区碎屑矿物组成特征及其环境意义

为探讨曹妃甸近岸及周边海区沉积物碎屑矿物组成特征以及曹妃甸大规模围填海工程对其影响,作者对2013年10月采自曹妃甸及周边海区的表层沉积物样品采用轻重矿物分离的方法进行了鉴定。结果表明:大规模围填海工程在改变曹妃甸岸线形态的同时也改变了其冲淤环境,使得碎屑矿物组分在大规模围填海前后发生一定变化。研究区的沉积物整体以轻矿物为主,平均含量为97.83%,其中曹妃甸近岸平均含量为95.57%;重矿物平均含量为2.17%,其中曹妃甸近岸平均含量为4.43%。研究区的重矿物优势矿物主要有普通角闪石、绿帘石和自生黄铁矿,其中普通角闪石所占比例在曹妃甸近岸达到最高值(36.41%);轻矿物的优势矿物主要有石英、斜长石和风化碎屑,其中石英所占比例也在曹妃甸近岸达到最高值(62.72%)。研究发现,曹妃甸近岸沉积物碎屑矿物相对含量增加而重矿物基本不变,这在一定程度上揭示了大规模人工围填海工程对曹妃甸近岸及周边海区沉积环境的影响。     

菲律宾海的地势特征

菲律宾海位于西太平洋大陆边缘,它的周边被岛弧和深海沟所环绕,海域内有数条近南北向的构造脊。近南北向和近东西向的构造将菲律宾海海底地势分割成不同的部分,构成明显不同的地势特征:(1)深海沟呈链状环绕着海域周边分布。(2)近南北向的九州 帛琉海岭将海底分成东西两半,东半部主要是岛弧区,西半部主要是海盆区。(3)海脊与岛弧呈近南北向伸展并贯穿全区,海脊与岛弧之间为海盆。海盆底多为丘状起伏,并有轻度切割。(4)海岭、海台呈块状分布在海盆之上,长垣分布在菲律宾海沟的东侧。(5)岛弧周围分布有岛架和岛坡地势。菲律宾海的地势特征和它的构造特征相一致。     

Geology and Geochemistry of Magmatic Rocks from the Southern Part of the Kyushu–Palau Ridge in the Philippine Sea

The paper reports the results of a geochemical study of volcanogenic rocks from the southern part of the Kyushu–Palau Ridge. Volcanic structures, such as plateaulike rises, mountain massifs, and single volcanoes, are the major relief-forming elements of the southern part of the Kyushu–Palau Ridge. They are divided into three types according to the features of the relief and geological structure: shield, cone-shaped, and dome-shaped volcanoes. The ridge was formed on oceanic crust in the Late Mesozoic and underwent several stages of evolution with different significance and application of forces (tension and compression). Change in the geodynamic conditions during the geological evolution of the ridge mostly determined the composition of volcanic rocks of deep-mantle nature. Most of the ridge was formed by the Early Paleogene under geodynamic conditions close to the formation of oceanic islands (shield volcanoes) under tension. The island arc formed on the oceanic basement in the compression mode in the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene. Dome-shaped volcanic edifices composed of alkaline volcanic rocks were formed in the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene under tension. Based on the new geochemical data, detailed characteristics of volcanic rocks making up the shield, cone-shape, and dome-shape stratovolcanoes resulting in the features of these volcanic edifices are given for the first time. Continuous volcanism (with an age from the Cretaceous to the Late Miocene and composition from oceanic tholeiite to calc-alkaline volcanites of the island arc type) resulting in growth of the Earth’s crust beneath the Kyushu–Palau Ridge was the major factor in the formation this ridge.     

西菲律宾海沉积物矿物组合及其地质意义

用Ｘ射线衍射法测试了１９８８年取自西菲律宾海３个柱样共５２个沉积物样品的矿物组成。结果表明，沉积物中主要矿物为方解石，石英，斜长石和钾长石，次要矿物为高岭石，绿泥石，角闪石，斜发沸石，水云母，蒙脱石和滑石。划分出两类矿物组合：（１）方解石＋石英＋斜长石＋钾长石，水云母含量高，角闪石，斜发沸石滑石含量低；（２）斜长石＋方解石＋石英＋钾长石，角闪石，斜发沸石和滑石含高，水云母含低。（１）类矿物组合反映     

东海西北部陆架表层沉积物重矿物组合及其沉积环境指示

研究了东海陆架360个表层沉积物的碎屑矿物和粒度组成,利用R型聚类方法提取稳定重矿物和重矿物分异指数作为矿物分布规律的指示因子;根据快速聚类结果将重矿物组成分为3个区:东海陆架海侵体系域晚期残留砂体区、高位体系域晚期长江水下前三角洲和浙闽沿岸流泥质沉积区、高位体系域扬子浅滩沉积区。结合粒度参数和特征矿物分布、沉积物14C年龄对各区沉积环境进行讨论,确定陆架残留沉积和改造沉积的成因、长江水下三角洲和浙闽沿岸流泥质区的范围,以及对应不同海侵层序的矿物分异特征和物质"源-汇"关系。聚类分析虽能够指示同一物源碎屑矿物分布与沉积动力关系,但物源不同,聚类结果可能误导沉积环境分析。扬子浅滩表层砂体是在距今6~4和3~2 ka 的两个潮流沉积发育期形成的多期改造沙波沉积。     

太平洋中部柱状沉积物中的自生矿物

根据《海洋四号》861—881航次获得的岩心资料,通过对沉积物类型的观察,对其中的几种自生矿物钙十字沸石、蒙脱石、重晶石、微结核、非晶质SiO_2等矿物的成因和与沉积物类型的相关性进行了探讨。     

Origin and differentiation of clay minerals in pelagic sediments and sapropels of the Bannock Basin (Eastern Mediterranean)

Two cores from an anoxic basin of the southeastern Mediterranean Ridge were investigated to compare the clay mineralogy of pelagic sediments and of the interbedded sapropels. The sediments of Core BAN 84-02, raised from the basin floor, and those of Core BAN 84-08, from the eastern plateau of the Bannock Basin, provide evidence for different sedimentary environments. The anoxic conditions, which are still present near the bottom, produce an important decrease in smectite crystallinity (Core 02), whereas well-organized smectite persists in the normally oxygenated sediments (Core 08). Detrital clay minerals from various sources were deposited in the basin and no appreciable diagenesis was recognized downcore.

The clay mineralogy of the sapropels shows remarkable differences compared to the pelagic sediments. The changes observed are dependent on aggressive chemical reaction and on the sudden input of detrital crystalline sediments into the stagnant environment. A climatic curve registers the variable degree of clay mineral hydrolysis in continental areas and exhibits good correspondence with an already published oxygen isotope curve for the area.