深海沉积物超长取样系统研究进展

深海沉积物作为一种重要的深海环境变化记录载体,是海洋学尤其是深海研究必不可少的基础研究资料.因此如何获得超长、连续、无扰动的沉积物柱状样品是深入开展深海科学研究的关键技术环节,也是我国在深海研究国际竞争中取得优势的主要技术瓶颈之一.通过综述国内外深海超长沉积物取样系统的研究进展,发现当今通用的沉积物取样系统存在诸多技术问题,从而不可避免地对沉积物产生扰动、压缩、断层等破坏.基于深海取样系统研制的国内外发展动态,提出了一种新的结合普通重力取样器对浅表沉积物样品无扰动取样和重力活塞取样器获取超长沉积物的混合型超长沉积物取样系统的设计构想.     

冲绳海槽中西部边缘区沉积物成因和沉积环境

本文根据１９９６年“中－法合作东海计划”在冲绳海槽中西部边缘区所取柱状样岩芯沉积物粒度分析资料,对该区沉积物特征进行研究。结果表明,火山沉积和富含生物的半远洋深海软泥沉积是本区的主要特征。以４８１ｃｍ为界,上、下两层沉积物截然不同,可能是沉积物的来源不同或者是水动力条件的差异。该区主要受火山活动的影响,其次是黑潮、大洋风暴     

冲绳海槽中西部边缘区沉积物成因和沉积环境

本文根据１９９６年“中－法合作东海计划”在冲绳海槽中的中西部边缘区所以柱样岩芯沉积物粒度分析资料,对该区沉积物特征进行研究,结果表明,火山沉积和富含生物的半远洋深海软泥沉积是本区的主要特征,以４８１ｃｍ为界,上下两层沉积物截然不同,可能是沉积物的来源不同或者是水动力条件的差异,该区主要受火山活动的影响,其次是黑潮,大洋风暴。     

基于FBG的深海沉积物孔压观测设备研究

随着深海资源的开发,深海沉积物稳定性越来越受关注,原位孔压观测技术作为深海沉积物参数获取的有效手段应当获得足够重视与研究。本文在总结国内外深海沉积物孔压原位观测探杆的基础上,结合FBG传感技术,设计研制一套基于FBG的深海沉积物超孔压观测设备,并开展了近海测试。观测位置海床面下1.5m处,平衡孔压高达5.01kPa。测试期间,其中埋入沉积层0.5m深处传感器准确获取潮汐作用于海底沉积物的超孔压数据,与当地潮汐数据对比,两者相位差为T/4。     

东太平洋中国开辟区环境调查区的沉积物及其与环境关系

以生态环境为主的环境基线调查, 是与深海采矿有关的研究内容之一, 它对保护海洋自然环境有着重要的意义, 而环境小区沉积物的分析研究是其中一个不可缺少的环节。通过对东太平洋中国开辟区内沉积物类型与碎屑成分特征的研究表明, 该区表层沉积物基本上是硅藻放射虫软泥, 个别站和层位是硅质粘土和深海粘土。碎屑物成分以放射虫壳体占绝对优势。它们以大洋生物源为主体,火山喷发源和陆源为次。沉积物组分构成特点同海洋环境密切相关。上述结果为地球化学、生物学和土力学等综合研究提供了基础资料, 并有助于了解开辟区本底环境的变化。     

深海沉积物早期成岩过程中的Ba循环及其古海洋环境意义

深海沉积物蕴藏了丰富的古海洋环境变化信息.利用沉积物中的某种替代指标,有效地恢复古海洋环境变化历史是海洋地球化学家和古海洋学家致力研究的课题.海洋系统中Ba元素的地球化学行为及其与古海洋环境的关系研究表明,深海沉积物中Ba元素的丰度和变化特征能够很好地揭示古海洋环境变化信息.根据海洋系统中Ba元素地球化学研究的最新进展,系统归纳了深海沉积物中Ba的来源、富集相态及其在早期成岩过程中的行为,并在此基础上,探讨了沉积物中Ba元素丰度变化特征与古生产力和沉积物中甲烷释放通量的关系.     

北太平洋中部沉积作用的探讨

为探索深海的沉积作用,将大量调查和分析资料作了详细研究,认为该区的沉积物可分为钙质软泥、硅钙软泥和红粘土。沉积物类型的分布受水深等因素的控制,调查区东部以钙质软泥为主,西部以红粘土为主;钙质软泥多在5200m以浅,硅钙软泥一般在5200～5300m,5300m以深以红粘土为主。5300m左右是该区的碳酸钙补偿深度。本文还较深入地分析了该区的正常沉积和再沉积作用。     

马里亚纳海槽沉积岩心主要元素的地球化学特征

深海沉积物地球化学的早期研究工作证明,岩性不同的深海沉积物中主要元素的含量差别很大,而且某些深海沉积物所聚集的痕量元素则明显不同于大陆和近岸环境下的沉积[1].本文研究的61KL和57KL岩心是在1988年7～8月,中国-联邦德国马里亚纳海槽和西菲律宾海盆海洋地质联合调查期间取得的.对岩心样品进行了9种主要化学元素的分析.     

日本海富山深海水道堤坝大型泥波的成因

随着深海调查和研究,特别是深海钻探计划(DSDP)和大洋钻探项目(ODP)的实施,在现代深海海底发现了大型波状沉积体,多数为泥质、含粉砂质泥,少数为砂质,这些波状沉积体被统称为沉积物波.沉积物波可以发育在陆坡到深海平原的任何位置,面积从几平方千米至数十万平方千米,波长为1～15km,波高为5～100m.地震剖面中沉积物波横向上具有波状叠覆特征,纵向上常常呈现波状上攀现象.     

太平洋尘埃的来源

在深海沉积物岩心中保存的风成尘埃提供了以往大气循环和大陆古气候的有价值指标．早期深海表层沉积物研究利用粘土和石英成分及岩石学特征的变化来推断物质来源和搬运机制．Biscaye(1965)和Zimmerman(1975)研究了大西洋粘土矿物．结果表明流水动力是大西洋深海沉积物中最重要的搬运机制。相反，     

A STUDY OF DETRITAL MINERALS IN THE SEDIMENTS FROM THE WESTERN CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN

No Jess than 90 species of detrital minerals have been identified from the fine and very fine sand grains in the sediments from the Western Central Pacific. It is demonstrated that the volcanic minerals were originated from the eruption of oceanic tholeiitic magma since the Early Pleistocene according to the mineralogical indications and the rare-earth element distribution pattern. The mineral assemblage indicates that the detrital minerals are principally of pelagic origin. But the Melanesia Basin has more terrigenous constituents of minerals, of which, the quartz content increased generally during the interglacial periods. The area of Wallis Islands, especially of the Northern Fiji Basin has relatively typical pelagic substances and less terrigenous components. The genesis of the authigenic manganese nodules is closely related to the brown clay and can also be found in the calcium carbonate sediments in form of fine grain, but not in the relatively loose calciferous volcanic ash bed in the Northern Fi     

渤海、黄海、东海沉积物中矿物组合的研究

本文对黄海、渤海、东海以及长江、黄河、辽河表层沉积物中的轻、重矿物进行了研究。分析资料表明,调查区内共有三种类型的矿物:陆源矿物、自生矿物和海底火山喷发形成的火山型矿物。根据轻、重矿物组合的差异,可把调查区分成8个矿物区。其物质来源主要为黄河与长江。黄河物质主要沉积在黄海、渤海;长江物质沉积在东海陆架区,而冲绳海槽则发现有海底火山喷发物质与浊流沉积。     

太平洋中部柱状沉积物中的自生矿物

根据《海洋四号》861—881航次获得的岩心资料,通过对沉积物类型的观察,对其中的几种自生矿物钙十字沸石、蒙脱石、重晶石、微结核、非晶质SiO_2等矿物的成因和与沉积物类型的相关性进行了探讨。     

南海东部海域表层沉积物类型的研究

南海东部海域表层沉积物可被分为11种类型:含岩块砾石黏土质粉砂、贝壳珊瑚砂、黏土质粉砂、钙质黏土、钙质软泥、有孔虫砂、深海黏土、含铁锰微粒粉砂质黏土、硅质黏土、含火山灰硅质黏土、含火山灰粉砂质黏土.这些类型按物源和成因可被分为陆源碎屑、钙质碎屑和硅质碎屑、火山碎屑3大类型,其中陆源碎屑分布面积约占50%,钙质碎屑占20%,硅质碎屑和火山碎屑各占15%.在物质来源、海底地形、火山作用、生物作用、水动力条件等因素影响和控制下,由于沉积环境的差异,故区内褐色类沉积物最多(60.68%),灰色类沉积物次之(38.20%),黄色类沉积物最少(1.12%).台湾省以南到17°N以北海区沉积物以陆源沉积物分布为主;巴士海峡以西海区沉积物较粗,常含砂岩块和砾石;东沙群岛以东海区钙质生物碎屑沉积丰富;中、西部海区以含铁锰微粒沉积物为主;中、南部海区水深大,主要分布硅质沉积物;南部海区、礼乐滩北缘沉积物受礼乐滩珊瑚碎屑影响大,沉积物类型为钙质软泥.     

Mineral provinces and matter provenance of the surficial sediments in the western Philippine Sea: implication for modern sedimentation in West Pacific marginal basin

The characteristics and distribution patterns of detrital minerals (0.063~0.125 mm) in marine sediments provide a significant indicator for the identification of the origin of sediment.The detrital mineral composition of 219 surface sediment samples was analysed to identify the distribution of sediments within the western Philippine Sea. The area can be divided into three mineral provinces: (I) province east of the Philippine Trench, the detrital minerals in this province are mainly composed of calcareous or siliceous organisms, with the addition of volcanogenic minerals from an adjacent island arc; (II) middle mineral province, clastic minerals including feldspar, quartz and colorless volcanic glass, sourced from seamounts with intermediate-acid volcanic rock, or erupting intermediate-acid volcano; (III) province west of the Palau—Kyūshū Ridge, the matter provenance within this province is complex; the small quantity of feldspar and quartz may be sourced from seamounts or erupting volcano with intermediate-acid composition, with a component of volcanic scoria sourced from a volcano erupting on the Palau—Kyūshū Ridge. it is suggested that, (1) Biogenic debris of the study area is closely related to water depth, with the amount of biogenic debris controlled by carbonate lysocline. (2) Volcaniclastic matter derived from the adjacent island arc can be entrained by oceanic currents and transported towards the abyssal basin over a short distance. The weathering products of volcanic rocks of the submarine plateau (e.g.,Benham Plateau) and adjacent ridges provide an important source of detrital sedimentation, and the influence scope of them is constrained by the intensity of submarine weathering. (3) Terrigenous sediments from the continent of Asia and the adjacent Philippine island arc have little influence on the sedimentation of this study area, and the felsic mineral component is probably sourced from volcanic seamounts of intermediate-acid composition.     

The distribution characteristics of clay minerals in the northern South China Sea

The clay minearals are composed of illite, chlorite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and mixed-layer minerals in the submarine sediments of the northern South China Sea. Three types of clay mineral zone can be recognized on the basis of the distributive regularity of clay minerals, submarine relief, hydrodynamic conditions and depositional characteristics in this region. Apart from the northern mainland source, kaolinites carried from the Philippines volcanic arc in the east and Malaysia in the south are also assumed to be one of the sources of the clay minerals in the deep sea. The increase of chlorites to the abyssal direction in the west of 116° E might be associated with the residual chlorites carried from the ancient Zhujiang River during the glacial period and the conversion of kaolinite into chlorite submarine volcanoes appear to be one of the sources of the increment of montmorillonite and chlorite around the Huangyan Island. From the distribution pattern of clay minerals in the whole area, it is kn     

南海西北部表层沉积物黏土矿物分布特征及其来源

黏土矿物研究在示踪物源、源区风化历史乃至洋流变迁能力等方面具有重要的作用,尽管目前对南海表层沉积物黏土矿物宏观分布特征已获得了较系统的认识,但在受珠江和海南岛物源共同影响的南海西北部其高分辨率的黏土矿物学工作还未开展。本文对南海西北部表层沉积物中的黏土矿物组成、结晶学特征进行了分析,讨论了研究区黏土矿物的物质来源。结果表明,南海西北部表层沉积物的黏土矿物组成以伊利石为主（平均45%）,蒙脱石（平均27%）与高岭石（平均21%）次之,绿泥石含量最少（平均6%）。在区域空间分布上,蒙脱石含量呈现西南高东北低的特征,伊利石含量则与之相反;高岭石含量表现为近岸高离岸低,而绿泥石含量呈现离岸高近岸低的特征。总体上,研究区表层沉积物黏土矿物组成与现代珠江沉积物组成差异较大,而与珠江口2.5 ka前的沉积物黏土矿物组成比较接近,并且结合研究区岩心揭露的全新世以来极低的沉积速率（4 cm/ka）以及上部很薄（小于0.6 m）的泥质沉积,推测该区表层沉积物可能并非是现代沉积的结果,更可能主要来自全新世末期古珠江输送的沉积物。除古珠江作为研究区表层沉积物中蒙脱石的一个主要来源外,海南岛北部河流也贡献了少量蒙脱石到其邻近的东南海域。运用高岭石/伊利石比值和伊利石化学指数等进一步对比分析表明,珠江是研究区沉积物中伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石的主要物源,其次台湾和海南岛也可能分别提供了少量富含伊利石/绿泥石和高岭石的沉积物。本工作对于南海西北部沉积物源-汇过程和相应的古环境研究有重要的参考意义。     

西菲律宾海3个岩柱的重矿物组合研究

对西菲律宾海盆西部 Wp1 ,Wp2与 Wp40 3个岩柱中的 47个沉积物样品进行了重矿物组合的研究。分析结果表明 ,调查区内的重矿物中以辉石类为主 ,其平均含量可达 40～ 5 4%。它是海底火山的产物 ,为 3岩柱中存在火山沉积类型提供了依据 ,并根据辉石类含量在不同岩柱中的差异 ,说明 Wp2与 Wp40两个岩柱中的火山物质多于 Wp1岩柱 ,而 Wp1岩柱中的风成物质则较 Wp2与wp40两岩柱更为发育。     

CIAY MINERALS IN THE SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF THE BOHAI SEA

Analyses of clay mineralogy about 30 surface sediments indicate widespread occurrence of illite, kaolinite, chlorite and montmorillonite throughout the Bohai Sea. Illite is the most abundant mineral, averaging 60%, kaolinite, next to illite, is the most abundant one,averaging 18%. Chlorite and montmorillonite come second, averaging 12% and 10% respectively. The distributive patterns of clay minerals in the surface sediments are closely related to the suspended materials carried into the Bohai Sea, especially to those did by the Huanghe River, and to water dynamics in the area. Based on the distribution, the assemblages and the others of clay minerals, the Bohai Sea can be divided into two clay mineral regions, the Liaodong Gulf region and the Bohai-Laizhou Bay region.     

Quaternary hemipelagic sedimentation in the basins flanking the Solomon Islands volcanic arc

Quaternary sediments in the Woodlark Basin and New Georgia Sound, adjacent to the Solomon Islands volcanic arc, are hemipelagic. They consist of mixtures of clay minerals, calcareous plankton (foraminifera, coccoliths, and pteropods), and sand- and silt-sized volcanic debris. Variations in sediment composition are related primarily to distance from land (the source of volcanic components), water depth (because of the Aragonite and Calcite Compensation Depths), and bathymetric isolation. Much of the sedimentary debris is delivered to the basin by turbidity currents and other mass movements; little material is supplied by ash fall. Sedimentation rates appear to exceed 3 cm/1,000 years in New Georgia Sound, and range from 2 to 4.5 cm/1,000 years in the Woodlark Basin.