CAMS-CSM模式及其参与CMIP6的方案

世界气候研究计划(WCRP)组织开展的耦合模式比较计划已实施到第六阶段（CMIP6),中国气象科学研究院发展的气候系统模式CAMS-CSM是注册参加CMIP6的模式之一。除CMIP6要求的气候诊断、评估和描述试验（DECK）以及历史气候模拟试验（Historical）外,CAMS-CSM还计划参加情景模式比较计划（ScenarioMIP)、云反馈模式比较计划（CFMIP)、全球季风模式比较计划（GMMIP）和高分辨率模式比较计划（HighResMIP)这4个模式比较子计划（MIPs)。文中通过介绍CAMS-CSM的基本情况和模拟性能,以及计划参加的CMIP6试验及MIPs,为模式试验数据使用者提供参考。     

CMIP6通量距平强迫模式比较计划（FAFMIP）概况与评述

通量距平强迫模式比较计划（FAFMIP）是第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的子计划之一。FAFMIP共设计了5组试验,利用CMIP6中的大气-海洋耦合环流模式（AOGCM）对海表施加动量通量、热通量和淡水通量扰动,旨在研究在CO₂强迫下模式模拟的海洋热吸收,由热膨胀引起的全球平均海平面上升,及由海洋密度和环流导致的动力海平面变化等方面的不确定性。     

CMIP6海洋模式比较计划（OMIP）概况与评述

海洋模式比较计划（OMIP）是第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）中的一个支撑子计划。OMIP致力于CMIP6中模式系统偏差来源及其影响这样一个重要科学问题。同时,OMIP也将在区域海平面变化和近期气候（未来10~30 a）或者年代际气候预测的相关科学问题上有重要贡献,这些问题被世界气候研究计划（WCRP）列为气候科学领域巨大挑战的科学问题。OMIP采用统一的大气外强迫数据集和通量计算方案,进行全球海洋-海冰耦合试验、示踪物试验以及生物地球化学循环试验。同时,OMIP提供了一套针对海洋变量的详细的诊断框架,这个框架既可以评估和改进模式模拟,也可以用于理解海洋-海冰过程在整个气候系统中的作用。     

清华大学CIESM模式及其参与CMIP6的方案

世界气候研究计划（WCRP）组织实施第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6),清华大学联合国内多家单位,通过多年的模式研发,完成联合地球系统模式（CIESM),除了CMIP6的气候诊断、评估和描述试验（DECK）和历史气候模拟试验（Historical),模式拟参与6个CMIP6子计划。通过介绍该模式的基本情况及其参与的试验子计划,为今后模式试验数据使用者提供参考。     

全球季风模式比较计划（GMMIP）概述

全球季风模式比较计划（GMMIP）是第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的重要组成部分。文中首先介绍了GMMIP发起的科学背景,指出发起GMMIP的必要性和历史机遇。进一步扼要描述了GMMIP试验设计的总体思路和方案、试验的用途以及与CMIP6其他模式比较子计划的相关性。最后对GMMIP的科学意义进行了评述,指出其在提升和扩大中国季风模拟和研究领域国际影响力方面的重要作用。     

BCC模式及其开展的CMIP6试验介绍

世界气候研究计划（WCRP）正在组织实施第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6),国家气候中心作为参与单位之一,通过近几年的模式研发,推出3个最新模式版本参与该计划,包括含有气溶胶化学模块的地球系统模式BCC-ESM1.0、中等分辨率气候模式BCC-CSM2-MR和高分辨率气候模式BCC-CSM2-HR。除了CMIP6中的气候诊断、评估和描述试验（DECK）和历史气候模拟试验（Historical),这3个模式共将参与CMIP6中的10个模式比较子计划。文中主要介绍这3个模式的基本情况以及所开展的CMIP试验,并对BCC-CSM2-MR模式的Historical试验结果进行简要评估,为试验数据使用者提供参考。     

NUIST-ESM模式及其参与CMIP6的方案

近几年来,南京信息工程大学（NUIST）地球系统模拟中心致力于地球系统模式研发。最新发展的第三版本南京信息工程大学地球系统模式（NUIST-ESM v3）在原有的基础上改进了边界层方案与对流参数化方案,调整了模式中云物理过程,改进了耦合物理过程和海冰反照率等过程。此版本作为参加第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的模式之一,注册了气候诊断、评估和描述试验（DECK）和历史气候模拟试验（Historical）以及ScenarioMIP、DAMIP、GMMIP、DCPP、PMIP、VolMIP和GeoMIP等7个比较子计划试验。目前DECK和Historical试验都已经完成,正将数据提交到ESGF数据发布平台。CMIP6模式比较子计划也将陆续完成并将发布数据,以供国内外学者下载使用。     

FIO-ESM v2.0模式及其参与CMIP6的方案

目前,世界气候研究计划（WCRP）组织的国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP）已经进入到第六阶段（CMIP6),CMIP6试验的开展也已成为国内外地球系统模式工作组的首要工作之一。自然资源部第一海洋研究所地球系统模式FIO-ESM是以耦合自主开发的海浪模式为特色的地球系统模式。在参与CMIP5的FIO-ESM v1.0的基础上,通过升级分量模式、改进海气通量相关物理过程和提高分辨率等,FIO-ESM v2.0现已完成研发,正在开展CMIP6科学计划的相关试验。文中围绕FIO-ESM v2.0的特色和计划参与CMIP6的情况,介绍了FIO-ESM v2.0的模式框架、包含的特色物理过程以及拟参加的CMIP6科学计划情况,以方便气候研究领域的科学家了解和使用。     

国家气候中心两个CMIP6模式模拟的东亚夏季风的季节内演变

分析了国家气候中心两个参加第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的模式BCC-CSM2-MR和BCC-ESM1对东亚夏季风季节内演变的模拟情况,包括气候态特征以及在ENSO（El Ni?o and Southern Oscillation）循环不同位相下的特征。本文同时对比分析了观测海温海冰驱动大气环流模式试验（AMIP试验）以及耦合模式的历史气候模拟试验（Historical试验）的结果。结果表明,模式能够合理地模拟出东亚夏季风环流和降水的气候态特征。相比大气模式,耦合模式能够明显改善对气候态的模拟,特别是耦合模式能够较好地模拟出副热带高压从6～8月向北以及向东移动的季节内演变特征。对于El Ni?o衰减年和La Ni?a年合成来说,大气模式能够在一定程度上模拟出El Ni?o衰减年（La Ni?a年）副高偏西（东）、对流减弱（增强）的特征,但是对于位置和强度的模拟存在偏差,特别是对于其季节内尺度的演变。耦合模式相比大气模式来说,并没有改善对于ENSO循环影响东亚夏季风季节内演变的模拟,这可能和耦合模式模拟的ENSO本身的偏差有关。因此要想改善对于东亚夏季风季节内演变及其年际差异的模拟,除了考虑海气相互作用之外,还需要改进模式对于ENSO的模拟效果。     

第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）评述

世界气候研究计划（WCRP）发起了新一轮的国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6),目的是回答当前气候变化领域面临的新的科学问题,为实现WCRP“大挑战”计划所确立的科学目标提供数据支撑。文中回顾了CMIP的发展历程,介绍了CMIP6的组织思路,阐述了CMIP6核心试验及23个模式比较子计划（MIPs）的科学关注点,总结了参与CMIP6的全球模式概况以及中国的贡献。最后,从继承性和创新性等角度对CMIP6进行了评述,指出了CMIP6组织和实施中存在的问题,并对CMIP未来的发展进行了展望。     

CAS FGOALS-f3-L Model Datasets for CMIP6 Historical Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Simulation

The outputs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System(FGOALS-f3-L) model for the baseline experiment of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project simulation in the Diagnostic,Evaluation and Characterization of Klima common experiments of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6) are described in this paper. The CAS FGOALS-f3-L model, experiment settings, and outputs are all given. In total,there are three ensemble experiments over the period 1979–2014, which are performed with different initial states. The model outputs contain a total of 37 variables and include the required three-hourly mean, six-hourly transient, daily and monthly mean datasets. The baseline performances of the model are validated at different time scales. The preliminary evaluation suggests that the CAS FGOALS-f3-L model can capture the basic patterns of atmospheric circulation and precipitation well, including the propagation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation, activities of tropical cyclones, and the characterization of extreme precipitation. These datasets contribute to the benchmark of current model behaviors for the desired continuity of CMIP.     

North Pacific SST Forcing on the Central United States “Warming Hole” as Simulated in CMIP5 Coupled Historical and Uncoupled AMIP Experiments

The central United States experienced a cooling trend during the twentieth century, called the “warming hole,” most notably in the last quarter of the century when global warming accelerated. The coupled simulations of the models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phases 3 and 5 (CMIP3/5), have been unable to reproduce this abnormal cooling phenomenon satisfactorily. An unrealistic representation of the observed phasing of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)—one of the proposed forcing mechanisms for the warming hole—in the models is considered to be one of the main causes of this effect. The CMIP5’s uncoupled Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) experiment, whose duration approximately coincides with the peak warming hole cooling period, provides an opportunity, when compared with the coupled historical experiment, to examine the role of the variation in Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) in the warming hole’s formation and also to assess the skill of the models in simulating the teleconnection between Pacific SST and the continental climate in North America. Accordingly, this study compared AMIP and historical runs in the CMIP5 suite thereby isolating the role of SST forcing in the formation of the warming hole and its maintenance mechanisms. It was found that, even when SST forcing in the AMIP run was “perfectly” prescribed in the models, the skill of the models in simulating the warming hole cooling in the central United States showed little improvement over the historical run, in which SST is calculated interactively, even though the AMIP run overestimated the anti-correlation between temperature in the central United States and the PDO index. The fact that better simulation of the PDO phasing in the AMIP run did not translate into an improved summer cooling trend in the central United States suggests that the inability of the coupled CMIP5 models to reproduce the warming hole under the historical run is not mainly a result of the mismatch between simulated and observed PDO phasing, as believed.     

Origin of regional climate differences: role of boundary conditions and model formulation in two GCMs

Model differences in projections of extratropical regional climate change due to increasing greenhouse gases are investigated using two atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs): ECHAM4 (Max Planck Institute, version 4) and CCM3 (National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 3). Sea-surface temperature (SST) fields calculated from observations and coupled versions of the two models are used to force each AGCM in experiments based on time-slice methodology. Results from the forced AGCMs are then compared to coupled model results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 2 (CMIP2) database. The time-slice methodology is verified by showing that the response of each model to doubled CO₂ and SST forcing from the CMIP2 experiments is consistent with the results of the coupled GCMs. The differences in the responses of the models are attributed to (1) the different tropical SST warmings in the coupled simulations and (2) the different atmospheric model responses to the same tropical SST warmings. Both are found to have important contributions to differences in implied Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter extratropical regional 500 mb height and tropical precipitation climate changes. Forced teleconnection patterns from tropical SST differences are primarily responsible for sensitivity differences in the extratropical North Pacific, but have relatively little impact on the North Atlantic. There are also significant differences in the extratropical response of the models to the same tropical SST anomalies due to differences in numerical and physical parameterizations. Differences due to parameterizations dominate in the North Atlantic. Differences in the control climates of the two coupled models from the current climate, in particular for the coupled model containing CCM3, are also demonstrated to be important in leading to differences in extratropical regional sensitivity.     

Relative performance of CMIP5 and CMIP6 models in simulating rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - This study evaluated the skills of global climate models (GCMs) of the fifth and sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP6) in simulating...     

BCC-ESM1 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project(AerChemMIP)

BCC-ESM1 is the first version of the Beijing Climate Center’s Earth System Model,and is participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).The Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project(AerChemMIP)is the only CMIP6-endorsed MIP in which BCC-ESM1 is involved.All AerChemMIP experiments in priority 1 and seven experiments in priorities 2 and 3 have been conducted.The DECK(Diagnostic,Evaluation and Characterization of Klima)and CMIP historical simulations have also been run as the entry card of CMIP6.The AerChemMIP outputs from BCC-ESM1 have been widely used in recent atmospheric chemistry studies.To facilitate the use of the BCC-ESM1 datasets,this study describes the experiment settings and summarizes the model outputs in detail.Preliminary evaluations of BCC-ESM1 are also presented,revealing that:the climate sensitivities of BCC-ESM1 are well within the likely ranges suggested by IPCC AR5;the spatial structures of annual mean surface air temperature and precipitation can be reasonably captured,despite some common precipitation biases as in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models;a spurious cooling bias from the 1960s to 1990s is evident in BCC-ESM1,as in most other ESMs;and the mean states of surface sulfate concentrations can also be reasonably reproduced,as well as their temporal evolution at regional scales.These datasets have been archived on the Earth System Grid Federation(ESGF)node for atmospheric chemistry studies.     

第四次国际古气候模拟比较计划（PMIP4）概况与评述

古气候模拟比较计划（PMIP）是古气候数值模拟领域一项重大的国际合作研究计划,其主旨是为古气候模拟和模拟结果评估提供一个协调机制,理解过去气候变化的物理机制和气候反馈的重要作用,为未来气候预估提供科学依据。同时,通过对比分析验证模式的模拟性能,探索其不确定性,促进耦合气候系统模式的发展。PMIP目前进行到第四阶段（PMIP4)。PMIP4进一步加强了与第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的协作,选取了5组共同关注的PMIP4-CMIP6古气候模拟试验（中全新世、末次盛冰期、过去千年、末次间冰期和上新世暖期),考察气候系统对不同气候背景的综合响应。除此以外,PMIP4还设计了众多敏感性试验研究不同外强迫因子的影响。PMIP4模拟试验不仅为古气候研究提供大量的模拟数据,还将服务于CMIP6及其他众多模式比较计划。