成都市太阳辐射时间变化特征及对气候因子的影响

基于成都市1991至2020 年太阳总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射、气温、蒸发、日照时数等气象资料,采用线性趋势、Maan-KendaⅡ等方法研究太阳辐射的年、月、日变化特征,以及太阳总辐射的变化对气温、蒸发等气候因子的影响。结果表明：太阳总辐射、直接辐射逐年增多趋势明显,线性倾向率分别为29.69、20.25 MJ·m-2/a;太阳总辐射2010 年出现突变,突变年后较突变年前年平均太阳总辐射增多497.22 MJ·m-2。散射系数呈逐年减小趋势,线性倾向率为每10 年减少0.6。太阳总辐射与气温、蒸发、日照时数呈正相关,均通过显著性检验。太阳总辐射每增加10 MJ·m-2/a,年平均气温升高0.006℃,日照时数增加1.7 h,蒸发量增大1.2 mm。对太阳辐射增加的原因分析,人类活动造成的气溶胶含量减少可能是太阳辐射增加的一个原因。     

华南地面太阳辐射状况及其转折特征分析

利用华南地区1961—2003年的太阳总辐射、直接辐射和散射辐射资料分析了该地区地面太阳辐射状况,包括年际变化和季节变化,重点分析了该地区太阳总辐射在1980—1990年代期间的转折过程,并与全国平均状况进行对比。结果表明：1961—2003年,华南地区的总辐射和直接辐射整体呈下降趋势,散射辐射的变化不显著,与全国平均辐射状况的变化趋势一致。1983年之前,华南总辐射处于迅速下降阶段,之后发生转折开始回升,至2001年前后已经恢复到平均水平。华南地区总辐射和散射辐射的季节变化非常明显,夏季最高,春秋两季次之,冬季最低,一年中散射辐射的最高和最低值相比总辐射提前一个月出现。另外,结合云量和能见度资料初步分析了广州市地面太阳辐射的变化和转折过程,表明广州地面太阳总辐射的下降及转折过程主要与该地区的大气清洁程度相关。     

我国地面辐射基准站观测数据完整性和合理性检查评价

利用BSRN推荐方法,对2007年6月 2010年12月内蒙古锡林浩特地面基准辐射站的辐射数据质量进行了检查,并对异常情况进行了分析.结果表明,锡林浩特基准辐射观测数据完整性较好,分钟数据缺测率最大为0.012％,满足缺测率低于2％的业务要求.质检结果表明,锡林浩特基准辐射观测数据总体质量良好,但数据异常季节性特征显著,总辐射在冬季超出极端罕见上限值的情况较多,直接辐射易在夏季超出极端罕见上限值;除去太阳跟踪器故障期间的数据,散射辐射超出极端罕见上限的情况也有出现;反射辐射则在冬季会偶尔超出极端罕见上限.总辐射、直接辐射和散射辐射易在夏季出现超出物理可能和极端罕见下限的情况,说明这些仪器在夏季较易出现零点的漂移.     

额济纳旗局新型记录仪器投入运行

本刊讯　为提高太阳辐射观测的质量 ,中国气象局最近为阿盟额济纳旗一级太阳辐射观测站更换了新型的太阳辐射观测记录仪器。新的太阳辐射记录仪 FSC- 1型辐射数据采集与处理器是由采集器主机、计算机、打印机和专用电缆组成 ,与太阳辐射仪器配套使用 ,可进行总辐射、散射辐射、直接辐射、反射辐射和净辐射的测量和数据处理。可实时监测各太阳辐射新感应器的数据 ,灵活实现定时和非定时数据的卸载 ,方便查询任意时次、任意项目的辐射值 ,计算各辐射量的瞬时值、时累计、月累计、月平均、最大值及出现时间等 ,能随时打印辐射日、月报表 ,按…     

1961~2003年中国大陆地表太阳总辐射变化趋势

利用中国大陆30个气象站1961～2003年地表太阳总辐射观测数据,研究了辐射年总量和季节总量的变化趋势及其空间分布特征,并探讨了其原因。结果表明:1961～1989年中国大陆地表太阳总辐射总体呈减少趋势,减少约11%;1990～2003年间略有回升,但其均值仍比1961～1965年的均值低8.2%。大部分地区春夏两季减少明显,约占年减少量的55%～85%。对各站点观测数据的趋势分析表明,地表太阳总辐射随时间的变化大致可分为4种类型,其特征分别为:1961～2003年间持续减少(占总站点数20%);20世纪60年代初到80年代中期呈显著减少趋势,其后线性趋势不明显(占总站点数40%)或呈逐步增加趋势(占总站点数16.7%);1961～2003年间无显著变化(占总站点数23.3%)。这4种类型在空间分布上无明显的区域特征。日照时数减少是总辐射减少的主要原因,可以解释地表太阳辐射年总量变化的72%,日照时数随风速的增大而增加。     

锡林浩特市太阳辐射变化及相关气象要素分析

利用1990—2010年锡林浩特气象站太阳总辐射、日照时数、日照百分率、降水量、气温以及总云量的观测资料,运用5a滑动平均及最小二乘原理等方法,分析了锡林浩特市1990—2010年来的总辐射变化规律,并分析了气温、降水、日照、云量等的变化以及与太阳总辐射的相关关系。研究结果表明,锡林浩特市太阳总辐射呈现波动增加的趋势,但四季太阳辐射量在近21a的年际波动略有不同。相关要素分析表明,太阳总辐射与日照时数和夏季、秋季气温有很显著的正相关关系,与降水量和春季、夏季的总云量呈负相关关系。     

格尔木地区总辐射、反射辐射的变化特征

格尔木辐射站是青海省唯一的太阳辐射观测一级站,地处柴达木盆地,太阳总辐射及地表反射辐射均较强.1993—2011年19 a的观测结果表明:反射辐射时总量的变化规律与总辐射时总量同步,只是量值比较小,总辐射瞬时最大值为1 596 W/m²,反射辐射瞬时最大值为383 W/m²;总辐射日总量、反射辐射日总量的年变化曲线呈不规则的正弦波曲线变化过程,两者变化趋势完全一致;总辐射日总量、反射辐射日总量的年变化、年际变化与日照时数相同,说明日照时数是太阳总辐射、反射辐射的重要影响因素之一;总辐射日总量、反射辐射日总量均是夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,反射比是冬季>春季>秋季>夏季;反射比分布主要与太阳高度角的变化有关,反射比的大小取决于地面的性质和状态,地面被积雪覆盖时,各时及日反射比值明显大于晴天和土壤潮湿的时期.     

从云天变化分析辐射记录是否正常

目前,我国一级辐射站测量、记录的直接辐射为垂直于太阳入射光的直接辐射;散射辐射是太阳辐射经过大气散射或云的反射,从天空2π立体角以短波形式向下到达地面的辐射;总辐射是太阳直接辐射和天空散射辐射到达水平面的总量.因此,一般情况下,总辐射≤散射辐射+直接辐射,这是由于垂直于太阳入射光的直接辐射比水平面上的直接辐射大的缘故,太阳高度角小时更明显.     

从云天变化分析辐射记录是否正常

目前 ,我国一级辐射站测量、记录的直接辐射为垂直于太阳入射光的直接辐射 ;散射辐射是太阳辐射经过大气散射或云的反射 ,从天空 2π立体角以短波形式向下到达地面的辐射 ;总辐射是太阳直接辐射和天空散射辐射到达水平面的总量。因此 ,一般情况下 ,总辐射≤散射辐射 +直接辐射 ,这是由于垂直于太阳入射光的直接辐射比水平面上的直接辐射大的缘故 ,太阳高度角小时更明显。但有时也会出现总辐射 >散射辐射 +直接辐射的情况。这一情况一是由仪器故障引起 ,如直表跟踪不良等 ;二是由下列云天气变化引起 :天空有积状云或波状云时 ,如淡积云、碎积…     

我国省级太阳总辐射测量标准量值传递的不确定度分析和评估

通过对世界辐射基准传递到我国省级工作级标准总辐射表的不确定度进行分析和评估,确定了量值传递过程中不确定度来源主要包括测量重复性、输出电压值、太阳入射角变化、热偏移以及标准器等引入的不确定度,得出我国省级工作级标准总辐射表校准结果的不确定度为0.6%。我国采用"成分和"法对省级太阳总辐射标准量值进行传递,其标准器引入的不确定度系标准直接辐射表(0.3%)和标准散射辐射表(1.0%)的合成,标准器引入的不确定度所占比例达90%以上,因此提高标准直接辐射和标准散射辐射的测量确定度是减小量值传递不确定度的关键。此外太阳辐射量值传递的准确性受天气条件的影响较大,选择天气稳定,大气透明度高的天气以及太阳高度角大于30°的时段;增加测量次数以减小测量数据的分散性,降低重复性测量引入的不确定度;对被校准总辐射表进行通风,以减小热偏移的影响;保证仪器安装水平以及准确跟踪遮光,可以进一步减小量值传递的不确定度,提高我国短波辐射的测量水平。     

Temporal and spatial variations of global solar radiation over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau during the past 40 years

Global solar radiation is of great significance to the balance of ground surface radiation, the energy exchange between the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, and the development of weather and climate systems in various regions. In this study, the monthly global radiation recorded at 23 stations over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) was utilized to estimate global solar radiation (Q) from sunshine duration and to obtain improved fits to the variation coefficients of the monthly Angström–Prescott model (APM). The modeling results were evaluated by calculating the statistical errors, including mean bias error, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean relative error. We demonstrate that the monthly Q values can be predicted accurately by APM over the QTP. We also assess the variations of Q values at 116 meteorological stations by APM over the QTP during 1961–2000. The analysis shows that the annual mean sunshine duration amounted to more than 3,000 h over the whole plateau, implying promising prospects for economic applications of solar energy. During the past 40 years, the mean global solar radiation has been relatively high in the western QTP, extending northward to the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Although its decadal variations in the QTP and surrounding regions were inconsistent, the anomaly values of global solar radiation were generally positive during the 1960s and 1970s, indicating that the QTP’s global solar radiation has increased during those periods. The anomaly values were negative during the 1980s and 1990s, showing that the plateau’s global solar radiation has decreased during those periods. Global solar radiation over the QTP is negatively proportional to latitude but positively proportional to altitude and relative sunshine duration. Three factors, the sunshine duration, latitude, and altitude, exert great influence on global surface radiation, of which sunshine duration is most significant. A high-variation-coefficient zone of global solar radiation occurred in the western part of the QTP but, on average, the variation coefficient of the plateau’s global solar radiation was only 0.031, suggesting that the variation in global radiation was relatively stable over the whole QTP.     

Analysis of 40 year records of solar radiation data in Shanghai,Nanjing and Hangzhou in Eastern China

Summary In this paper, we analyze global, direct and diffuse solar radiation data on a horizontal surface observed at stations in Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou for the period of 1961 to 2000. The data include monthly averages of the daily clearness index (G/G₀: the ratio of global to extraterrestrial solar radiation) and the diffuse fraction (D/G: the ratio of diffuse to global solar radiation. The present study has processed and analyzed the data, including variables or statistics of mean, and annual monthly and daily total, the diurnal variation and the frequency of daily totals of global solar radiation. A correlation between daily values of clearness index and diffuse fraction is obtained and recommended correlation equations were calculated. The annual variations and trend of yearly series are analyzed for daily global, direct and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface, as well as for daily clearness index and diffuse fraction in Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou. The results show: 1) the east China is characterized by a decrease in global and direct radiation and a little increase in diffuse radiation and a negative linear relationship was obtained between clearness index and diffuse fraction. 2) The annual variations of global, direct and diffuse radiation for Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou are similar with relative low values of global and direct radiation in June due to the Meiyu period. 3) The acceleration of air pollution and decrease of relative sunshine are the possible causes for the decrease of global and direct radiation.     

Parameterization and mapping of solar radiation in data sparse regions

Knowledge of temporal and spatial variation of solar radiation is essential for many applications. In this work, a simple and feasible procedure is conducted to map the daily solar radiation for Liaoning province, one of the most important agricultural areas in China, but with sparsely measured solar radiation data. The daily sunshine duration are interpolated to the whole area, subsequently, solar radiation are calculated by ?ngstr?m-Prescott model, the generic parameters of which are determined by least square to minimize the overall fitting residual between the ratio of actual to potential sunshine duration and the ratio of actual to extra-terrestrial solar radiation of the sites where solar radiation are available. In other local regions with sparse data, mapping of the solar radiation could be done following the simple procedure. In the present study area, using the interpolated daily sunshine duration data by ANUSPLIN, ?ngstr?m-Prescott model with the generic parameters (a = 0.505, and b = 0.204) returns reasonable results, with the overall RMSE of 2.255 MJ m^?2, and RRMSE of 16.54%. The daily solar radiation varies between 5.26 in December and 22.74 MJ m^?2 in May, and shows an obviously spatial variation which is mainly contributed to the climate and topography. The substitution of solar radiation from nearby station is preferred to estimation by ?ngstr?m-Prescott model if the distance between the stations falls below the threshold of 135 ± 15 km. The RMSE of such substitution increases by approximately 0.157 MJ m^?2 per 10 km.     

Variations and trends in global solar radiation for Turkey

Summary Since measured solar radiation data in Turkey have rather high random errors, sunshine duration data covering the period from 1960 through 1994 from 34 stations in Turkey were taken to derive estimates of monthly mean global solar radiation by a quadratic correlation. The least square linear regression method was applied for trend analysis. Significant negative trends of the annual means were observed with 71 percent of the stations A 3.44 percent decrease in global solar radiation was observed over the last 35 years in Turkey. The decrease in solar radiation is an indication of increased air pollution, as statistical parameters show that Turkey is rapidly expanding economically, and thus air quality has deteriorated correspondingly.With 3 Figures     

我国散射辐射的气候计算方法及其分布特征

使用全国６４个日射站的散射辐射资料，首先计算与建立了各地１月、４月、７月和１０月的月散射辐射值与总云量、日照百分率之间的相关系数与经验关系式，并对经验关系式进行了方差检验。该经验关系式为：Ｄ＝Ｑ０（ｓ１＋０．０１）（ａ＋ｂＮ）。应用该经验关系式和２００多个地面气象站的资料，计算了各地的１月、４月、７月和１０月的散射辐射值。最后对我国四季散射辐射的分布及其年变化作简要的分析。     

太阳模拟器在辐射仪器检测中的应用

该文主要介绍了由TM-500F太阳模拟器和旋转工作台组成的具有多功能辐射仪器室内检测设备的结构、原理及应用。利用该设备可对太阳辐射测量仪器进行灵敏度的校准, 由实验可知, 总辐射表室内外灵敏度检定结果非常一致, 其误差在±0.6%之内。也可进行余弦、方位响应误差, 倾斜误差, 非线性误差及响应时间等性能的测定。     

1961-2007年云南太阳总辐射时空变化特征

根据云南省7个辐射站太阳总辐射资料和113个台站日照百分率资料,建立了1961-2007年全省太阳总辐射时间序列,运用旋转主分量方法将全省分为4个区,并在此基础上研究云南太阳总辐射的时空分布和变化特征。结果表明：云南太阳总辐射呈中部多,西南部次之,东部及西北部少的分布特征。1961-2007年呈波段减少的变化趋势,线性倾向率为-0.64%/10a,其中中部及东部显著减少,西南部略有增加。其间出现两次突变,一次是1986年的显著减少,另一次是1993年以后的回升。分析表明,相对湿度和云量是影响太阳总辐射变化的主要气象因子。     

Generation of daylight reference years for two European cities with different climate: Athens,Greece and Bratislava,Slovakia

In this work, daylight reference years (DRYs), based on daylight and solar radiation measurements, are designed for two European cities, Athens, Greece and Bratislava, Slovakia, by using the Danish method, the Festa–Ratto technique and the Modified Sandia National Laboratories methodology. The data basis consists of 5-minute values of global and diffuse horizontal illuminance, global and diffuse horizontal irradiance, zenith luminance and solar altitude as well as of daily values of sunshine duration for 5 years for Athens and 8 years for Bratislava. Moreover, Linke's turbidity factor, luminous turbidity factor and relative sunshine duration are calculated and utilized. Then, for each DRY, the predominant sky-luminance distributions over Athens and Bratislava are identified, by using the methodology of Kittler et al., who corresponded the main sky conditions to 15 theoretical sky standards in diagrams of the ratio of zenith luminance to diffuse horizontal illuminance against solar altitude.For both cities the three aforementioned methods do not create identical DRYs. Despite the differences, the sky types defined for each of the two places seem not to depend on the choice of DRY. The predominant sky standard, for all of them, is a cloudless, polluted sky with a broad solar corona for Athens and an overcast sky with slight brightening towards the sun as well as very clear sky with low atmospheric turbidity for Bratislava. However, the selection of the DRY, which represents best the daylight conditions, is necessary for studies in saving energy in buildings. The DRY, which is created by the Modified Sandia National Laboratories method, is chosen for most cases, while the one created by the Danish method is also useful on certain occasions.     

Generation of daylight reference years for two European cities with different climate: Athens, Greece and Bratislava, Slovakia

In this work, daylight reference years (DRYs), based on daylight and solar radiation measurements, are designed for two European cities, Athens, Greece and Bratislava, Slovakia, by using the Danish method, the Festa–Ratto technique and the Modified Sandia National Laboratories methodology. The data basis consists of 5-minute values of global and diffuse horizontal illuminance, global and diffuse horizontal irradiance, zenith luminance and solar altitude as well as of daily values of sunshine duration for 5 years for Athens and 8 years for Bratislava. Moreover, Linke's turbidity factor, luminous turbidity factor and relative sunshine duration are calculated and utilized. Then, for each DRY, the predominant sky-luminance distributions over Athens and Bratislava are identified, by using the methodology of Kittler et al., who corresponded the main sky conditions to 15 theoretical sky standards in diagrams of the ratio of zenith luminance to diffuse horizontal illuminance against solar altitude.For both cities the three aforementioned methods do not create identical DRYs. Despite the differences, the sky types defined for each of the two places seem not to depend on the choice of DRY. The predominant sky standard, for all of them, is a cloudless, polluted sky with a broad solar corona for Athens and an overcast sky with slight brightening towards the sun as well as very clear sky with low atmospheric turbidity for Bratislava. However, the selection of the DRY, which represents best the daylight conditions, is necessary for studies in saving energy in buildings. The DRY, which is created by the Modified Sandia National Laboratories method, is chosen for most cases, while the one created by the Danish method is also useful on certain occasions.