用于气象站的地表气温观测仪器的设计与实验研究北大核心

大气科学研究对地表气温观测精度有高达0.1℃甚至0.05℃的需求。然而,现有的地表气温观测仪器受到太阳直接辐射、下垫面反射辐射、长波辐射和散射辐射等影响,辐射误差可达1℃。本文设计了一种基于导流装置的地表气温观测仪器。首先,利用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法量化该仪器在各种环境条件下的辐射误差;然后,在此基础上,利用极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machine,ELM)方法拟合可针对多变量变化的辐射误差订正方程;最后,为验证该仪器的观测精度,进行了外场比对实验。在实验过程中,以076B型强制通风气温观测仪器的测量值作为温度基准。实验结果表明,该仪器的平均辐射误差和最大辐射误差分别为0.07℃和0.15℃。该仪器辐射误差的实验测量值与订正方程提供的辐射误差订正值之间的平均偏移量、均方根误差和相关系数分别为0.033℃、0.028℃和0.703。     

基于数据融合降低气温测量辐射误差的仿真分析与试验研究

地表气温上升速度约为0.1 ℃/（10 a），然而受太阳辐射影响，地面气象站观测到的气温会高于真实大气温度，存在1 ℃量级的辐射误差。因此，本文提出了一种基于数据融合的铝壳温度传感器设计。首先，利用流体动力学方法计算温度传感器在不同环境条件下的辐射误差。其次，为获得连续辐射误差结果，利用神经网络算法对辐射误差数值计算结果进行学习，形成误差订正方程。最后，将太阳辐射误差订正方程修正值与试验结果进行对比。结果表明，基于数据融合的铝壳温度传感器可将辐射误差降至0.05 ℃以内。     

国产总辐射表检定结果的不确定度分析

国产总辐射表检定时,其测量结果的不确定度由重复性测量、标准器、温度变化、入射角、时间响应、非线性、零位漂移、数据采集器误差、操作误差和光谱响应误差多种因素引起。根据《JJF1059-1999测量不确定度评定与表示》规定的方法,对国产总辐射表检定结果的不确定度进行评定。分析并列出对测量结果有明显影响的不确定度来源。对各标准不确定度分量进行定量评定。结果表明,在满足检定环境要求的条件下,总辐射表检定结果的扩展不确定度为3.4%,其中入射角误差引起的标准不确定度分量最大。因此新出厂的总辐射表必须严格按照《JJG458-96总辐射表》检定规程进行余弦响应、方位响应、非线性等误差的测试,保证总辐射表的测量准确度。     

我国太阳总辐射气候学计算方法的再讨论

根据我国建站时间在30a以上的辐射资料以及对应的地面站日照资料，在分析太阳总辐射统计特征的基础上，讨论了总辐射气候学计算公式中a、b系数的地理分布和季节变化特征，分析了辐射气候学计算的可能误差，得到了用日照资料估算总辐射的误差范围。结果表明，太阳总辐射月总量接近正态分布特征；总辐射气候学计算公式中的a、b系数具有较明显的时空变化特征，需按不同月份确立；通过逐年观测资料计算各基本站a、b系数，再由内插求得无辐射资料测站的a、b系数，进而计算无辐射资料站的辐射总量，其误差在可接受的范围内。     

中国可能太阳直接辐射的气候计算及其分布特征

本文利用以乌克拉英采夫法确定的可能太阳直接辐射日平均通量密度资料,着重分析了关于使用以卡斯特洛夫公式为基础的理论方法的有关问题,并研究用迭代法求解的卡斯特洛夫系数的变化特征;寻找其与水汽压的经验关系;检验其对理论式的灵敏度和反演误差。证实利用地面水汽压资料可相当精确地计算出各地的可能太阳直接辐射日平均通量密度。在此基础上详细地讨论了可能太阳直接辐射的时空分布特点。     

测定天空辐射表灵敏度和核算因数时随机误差的估计

天空辐射表的检定,可以通过被检天空辐射表与标准仪器在有太阳照射的自然条件下进行比较;也可以在室内ПО-4光学装置上利用灯作为辐射源来进行,通过检定确定其灵敏度。如果,天空辐射表和电流表同时进行检定时,可测定两者配对使用的换算因数。对天空辐射表的检定误差过去已有研究。鉴于目前仪器发生了如下的变更,即用ΓСА-1 MA型电流表代替了ΓСА型电流表,用0.05级精度的ПП--63型表作为标准仪器。     

总辐射表灵敏度变化对观测质量的影响

总辐射表灵敏度变化对观测质量的影响姚文军（山东省莒县国家基准气候站,２７６５００）在进行太阳总辐射观测和辐射观测质量控制中,总辐射表（简称总表）灵敏度是一个重要的参数。如果不给以足够的重视,容易造成灵敏度的错误,从而对辐射资料的准确性产生较大的影响。...     

中国气象辐射观测站总辐射表稳定性统计分析

利用中国辐射台站元数据集,收集整理了1990—2012年全国业务用总辐射表计量性能参数。对全国辐射观测站的总辐射表的稳定性进行统计分析,统计分析结果表明中国台站业务观测使用的国产总辐射表稳定性56.1%满足WMO高质量的要求,其中63.4%满足良好质量的要求,76.8%满足中等质量的要求。91%满足我国总辐射表计量检定规程1年稳定性在5%以内的要求,94.8%满足2年稳定性在8%以内的要求。国产总辐射表的稳定性基本满足使用要求,且其长期稳定性状态良好。同时分析处理形成了新的标记明显误差和疑问的总辐射表灵敏度统计分析结果的辐射台站元数据集,对全国辐射数据的应用和质量评估起到借鉴作用。     

杭州太阳总辐射特征统计及气候学经验计算

引用当前研究太阳总辐射气候学计算的基础公式,采用最小二乘法分析近40年杭州的辐射观测资料,得到了计算杭州太阳总辐射的经验公式,并对其进行误差分析。该经验公式的误差计算值可供审核参考。根据对历史辐射资料的分析结果,阐述了近年来杭州太阳总辐射的变化特征及引起变化可能的原因。     

国产与荷兰CM6B型总辐射仪观测数据对比分析

利用郑州国家基本气象站国产与荷兰CM6B型气象辐射仪器同期观测的太阳总辐射资料,采用统计分析方法,对仪器所采集的数据进行对比分析,并对差异的可能原因进行探讨。结果表明:国产仪器与荷兰CM6B型总辐射表观测数据差异小,日差值的平均值为0.13 MJ·m~(-2),差值标准差为0.75 MJ·m~(-2);仪器月总辐射累计差值有明显的季节性特征,春夏季节的差值稍高于秋冬季节,总体变化趋势平缓,数据均可用,国产总辐射表总体上较为可靠。厂家、型号、参数灵敏度的差异、校准的误差以及人工参与订正数据均是直接造成仪器差值显著的主要原因。     

日射仪器的温度特性

本文主要叙述广泛使用于气象、农业、能源、科研等部门测量太阳辐射的DFY-1型直接辐射表和DFY-2型天空辐射表的温度特性。     

太阳总辐射表校准方法比较

介绍了5种总辐射表的校准方法,比较了这些方法的优点和不足。针对不同等级的总辐射表,采用不同的校准方法,对其进行量值传递,以满足不同用户的需求。通过对不同方法的对比试验,结果表明遮/不遮法校准的总辐射表灵敏度的准确度优于成分和法,而成分和法优于平行比对法,以人工光源校准误差最大。我国总辐射表的校准以太阳为光源,按WMO的规定在仪器的正常使用状态下进行。使用遮/不遮法校准国家散射辐射测量标准,用成分和法校准省级工作级标准总辐射表,用平行比对法校准台站用工作级总辐射表,确保了太阳辐射观测数据的准确可靠。     

CORRECTION METHODS FOR THERMAL OFFSET ERRORS IN TBQ-2-B PYRANOMETERS

Due to the existence of thermal offsets, global solar irradiances measured by pyranometers are smaller than actual values, and errors are larger in the daytime. Until now, there is no universally-recognized correction method for thermal offset errors. Therefore, it is imperative to identify a convenient and effective correction method. Five correction methods were evaluated based on the data measured from a field experiment from 23 January to 15 November, 2011. Results have shown: 1) Temporal variation characteristics of thermal offsets in the four tested pyranometers are consistent. 2) Among the five methods, non-dimensional quantity method is suggested for use to correct thermal offsets, because it is convenient and no modification of instruments is required. If collocated net longwave radiation and wind speed data are available and their uncertainties are small, the historical solar radiation datasets can also be corrected. And correction effects by the method are better.     

Problems of determining snow albedo for the high arctic: Research note

Abstract

The measurement of radiation fluxes suffers from inaccuracies at low solar elevations and this poses a problem for determining the snow albedo at high latitudes. From the data of Resolute, NWT, three situations were observed: (1) an often‐reported situation when albedo decreases with increasing solar elevation, (2) an inverse situation when albedo increases with increasing solar elevation and (3) no obvious relationship. There were also cases when albedo exceeded 100%. The possible causes for such anomalous conditions or for erroneous albedos include instrument response deviating from the cosine law, instrument tilt, sensing of the sun by the inverted pyranometer and change in the spectral quality of incoming radiation with changing solar height. However, omission of the radiation values measured during the period of low solar elevation will not seriously affect the prediction of snowmelt. In this note, we have identified the anomalies and suggested possible causes; but further investigations are required to verify the causative mechanisms.     

南极中山站太阳紫外辐射测值比较

比较分析了2017年南极中山站3种仪器测量地面太阳紫外B（UVB）波段和紫外A（UVA）波段的辐照度。以Brewer光谱仪测值为参考,国产宽波段FSUVB日射表在UVB（波段280~315 nm）的辐照度相对误差为（55±75）%,误差随大气臭氧总量的增加呈上升趋势,但在南极“臭氧洞”期间偏低。Yankee UVB宽波段日射表在UVB（波段280~320 nm）的辐照度相对误差为（-31±22）%;国产宽波段FSUVA日射表在UVA（波段315~400 nm）的辐照度相对误差为（23±5.9）%。太阳天顶角低于80°的晴天以Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible（TUV）辐射模式计算结果为参考时,FSUVB,Yankee UVB和FSUVA辐照度的平均相对误差分别为（30±37）%,（-22±19）%和（27±6.4）%,而Brewer相对误差未超过3.5%。国产宽波段UV日射表测值偏高,反映出波长较长的杂散光对太阳辐照度测值影响明显。     

Building global and diffuse solar radiation series and assessing decadal trends in Girona (NE Iberian Peninsula)

Measurement of solar radiation was initiated in Girona, northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, in the late 1980s. Initially, two pyranometers were installed, one of them equipped with a shadowband for measuring the diffuse component. Two other pyranometers currently exist, both ventilated and one of them shadowed, with a sphere, and a pyrheliometer for measuring direct radiation. Additional instruments for other shortwave and longwave components, clouds, and atmospheric aerosols have been installed in recent years. The station is subject to daily inspection, data are saved at high temporal resolution, and instruments are periodically calibrated, all in accordance with the directions of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network. The present paper describes how the entire series of global solar radiation (1987–2014) and diffuse radiation (1994–2014) were built, including the quality control process. Appropriate corrections to the diffuse component were made when a shadowband was employed to make measurements. Analysis of the series reveals that annual mean global irradiance presents a statistically significant increase of 2.5 W m⁻² (1.4 %) decade⁻¹ (1988–2014 period), mainly due to what occurs in summer (5.6 W m⁻² decade⁻¹). These results constitute the first assessment of solar radiation trends for the northeastern region of the Iberian Peninsula and are consistent with trends observed in the regional surroundings and also by satellite platforms, in agreement with the global brightening phenomenon. Diffuse radiation has decreased at −1.3 W m⁻² (−2 %) decade⁻¹ (1994–2014 period), which is a further indication of the reduced cloudiness and/or aerosol load causing the changes.

     

Estimation of Hourly Solar Radiation at the Surface under Cloudless Conditions on the Tibetan Plateau Using a Simple Radiation Model

In this study,the clear sky hourly global and net solar irradiances at the surface determined using SUNFLUX,a simple parameterization scheme,for three stations(Gaize,Naqu,and Lhasa) on the Tibetan Plateau were evaluated against observation data.Our modeled results agree well with observations.The correlation coefficients between modeled and observed values were > 0.99 for all three stations.The relative error of modeled results,in average was < 7%,and the root-mean-square variance was < 27 W m 2.The solar irradiances in the radiation model were slightly overestimated compared with observation data;there were at least two likely causes.First,the radiative effects of aerosols were not included in the radiation model.Second,solar irradiances determined by thermopile pyranometers include a thermal offset error that causes solar radiation to be slightly underestimated.The solar radiation absorbed by the ozone and water vapor was estimated.The results show that monthly mean solar radiation absorbed by the ozone is < 2% of the global solar radiation(< 14 W m 2).Solar radiation absorbed by water vapor is stronger in summer than in winter.The maximum amount of monthly mean solar radiation absorbed by water vapor can be up to 13% of the global solar radiation(95 W m 2).This indicates that water vapor measurements with high precision are very important for precise determination of solar radiation.     

Analysis of cumulus solar irradiance reflectance (CSIR) events

Clouds are extremely important with regard to the transfer of solar radiation at Earth's surface. This study investigates Cumulus Solar Irradiance Reflection (CSIR) using ground-based pyranometers. CSIR events are short-term increases in solar radiation observed at the surface as a result of reflection off the sides of convective clouds. When Sun-cloud observer geometry is favorable, these occurrences produce characteristic spikes in the pyranometer traces and solar irradiance values may exceed expected clear-sky values. Ultraviolet CSIR events were investigated during the summer of 1995 using UVA and UVB pyranometers. Observed data were compared to clear-sky curves which were generated using a third degree polynomial best-fit line technique. Periods during which the observed data exceeded this clear-sky curve were identified as CSIR events. The magnitude of a CSIR event was determined by two different quantitative calculations. The MAC (magnitude above clear-sky) is an absolute measure of the difference between the observed and clear-sky irradiances. Maximum MAC values of 3.4 Win⁻² and 0.0169 Wm⁻² were observed at the UV-A and UV-B wavelengths, respectively. The second calculation determined the percentage above clear-sky (PAC) which indicated the relative magnitude of a CSIR event. Maximum UV-A and UV-B PAC magnitudes of 10.1% and 7.8%, respectively, were observed during the study. Also of interest was the duration of the CSIR events which is a function of Sun-cloud-sensor geometry and the speed of cloud propagation over the measuring site. In both the UV-A and UV-B wavelengths, significant CSIR durations of up to 30 minutes were observed. C 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.     

Transmissivity of solar radiation through crowns of single urban trees—application for outdoor thermal comfort modelling

Trees play an important role in mitigating heat stress on hot summer days, mainly due to their ability to provide shade. However, an important issue is also the reduction of solar radiation caused by trees in winter, in particular at high latitudes. In this study, we examine the transmissivity of total and direct solar radiation through crowns of single street trees in Göteborg, Sweden. One coniferous and four deciduous trees of species common in northern European cities were selected for case study. Radiation measurements were conducted on nine clear days in 2011–2012 in foliated and leafless tree conditions using two sunshine pyranometers—one located in shade of a tree and the other one on the roof of an adjacent building. The measurements showed a significant reduction of total and direct shortwave radiation in the shade of the studied trees, both foliated and leafless. Average transmissivity of direct solar radiation through the foliated and defoliated tree crowns ranged from 1.3 to 5.3 % and from 40.2 to 51.9 %, respectively. The results confirm the potential of a single urban tree to reduce heat stress in urban environment. However, the relatively low transmissivity through defoliated trees should be considered while planning street trees in high latitude cities, where the solar access in winter is limited. The results were used for parameterisation of SOLWEIG model for a better estimation of the mean radiant temperature (T_mrt). Measured values of transmissivity of solar radiation through both foliated and leafless trees were found to improve the model performance.     

The linearization and adjoint of radiation transfer processes in the NMC spectral model part I: Solar radiative transfer

Summary Linearization and adjoint-model derivation for the solar radiation transfer codes in the NMC spectral model have been carried out. Verification of the validity of resulting tangent linear model and the correctness of the corresponding adjoint have been performed. Applications of derived adjoint model are considered, including parameter estimation for inputs to solar radiation codes with aid of the physics (i.e., the solar radiation codes) and a sensitivity study of the downward solar radiation flux at the earth surface with respect to water vapor amount at various heights.With 5 Figures