我国空气污染状况及其对人体健康的影响

为了解我国空气污染状况,收集了1991～1993年全国城市污染物浓度的资料,这些污染物包括二氧化硫、氮氧化物和悬浮颗粒物,分析指出我国某些地区污染物浓度比较大,各种污染物都有不同程度的超标,然后讨论制定污染指数及相应的对人体健康的影响。       

福州市污染物浓度时空分布及影响因子分析

利用2001年8月1日至2002年7月31日的气象资料和逐时污染物浓度数据，分析福州市污染物的时空分布特征，气象条件和非气象条件对污染物浓度的影响。结果表明：福州市的空气质量较好，夏半年空气质量优于冬半年。各污染物的日变化有明显的变化规律。污染物的浓度变化与空气污染气象条件的优劣密切相关，各气象要素对大气污染物有一定的制约关系，但并非简单的线性关系。人类活动对污染物浓度的变化影响较大。     

日照市区PM10污染物特征及其与气象要素的关系

对2002年1月1日～2002年12月31日日照市环境监测中心提供的PM10（可吸入颗粒物）日平均浓度资料和对应时段的日照市地面气象资料做了深入的分析，揭示了污染物PM10变化特征及其随气象要素的变化规律。同时分析了主要污染物PM10与地面风速、风向间的相关关系，发现日照市大于等于3级的PM10污染日均出现在1-4月，地面风速对污染物PM10浓度有一定影响，当地面风速超过5m／s时，3级及以上污染日很少出现，当地面风速超过6．5m／s时，随着风速的提高，污染物浓度呈下降趋势。污染物浓度呈明显的季节变化，冬、春季节明显高于夏、秋季节。     

伊春市空气污染的气象因素及污染物浓度预报方法

对伊春市区二氧化硫、氮氧化物、空气悬浮颗粒物3种污染物浓度逐日资料及同期气象资料的分析，总结伊春市空气污染的一般规律，了解了影响伊春市区大气污染变化的天气形势及气象要素的特征，并运用这些要素特征采用多元回归方法建立污染物浓度的预报模式，为空气质量预报提供了定量依据。     

2021年佛山地区一次短时PM2.5污染过程分析

利用地面气象观测资料、空气质量监测数据、NCEP FNL1°×1°再分析资料和风廓线雷达探测资料，对冷空气影响下2021年1月初佛山地区出现的一次短时污染天气过程进行分析。结果表明：冷锋前的偏北风对污染物起传输作用，冷锋后较强偏北风对污染物的清除作用显著。低空逆温层的厚度增加、高度的下降抑制垂直运动，致使污染物更容易累积在近地面层，加剧了污染形成；利用风廓线雷达分析本地风场，可以较为准确地判断逆温层的高度，并能发现逆温层出现时间比达到中等污染时间提早了约10 h;对低层风场的风向、风速进行研判能够预测污染物的移动，为下游提前预警提供指示作用。     

交通运输对道路两侧土壤及植物的影响研究展望

针对我国汽车工业的快速发展和机动车保有量迅速增加的状况,结合国内外相关研究成果,介绍了交通运输污染物的分类与来源,概述了交通运输对道路周围土壤及植物的影响。根据我国道路交通的实际,探讨了相关领域未来的研究方向,提出应以开发清洁替代能源和深入研究污染物在各环境介质中的迁移转化规律,进而减少污染物对人类的健康损害及筛选对交通运输特征污染物高富集的树种以阻断污染物的迁移为主。     

交通运输对道路两侧土壤及植物的影响研究展望

针对我国汽车工业的快速发展和机动车保有量迅速增加的状况,结合国内外相关研究成果,介绍了交通运输污染物的分类与来源,概述了交通运输对道路周围土壤及植物的影响。根据我国道路交通的实际,探讨了相关领域未来的研究方向,提出应以开发清洁替代能源和深入研究污染物在各环境介质中的迁移转化规律,进而减少污染物对人类的健康损害及筛选对交通运输特征污染物高富集的树种以阻断污染物的迁移为主。     

论雾与污染的关系

简述了近年来雾的研究进展，并从雾的酸化、雾层内污染物的扩散、雾层对污染物的清除、污染物对雾形成与发展的影响等方面讨论了雾与大气污染的关系。     

北京地区冬春季降水对大气污染物的影响

对1998年冬、春季降水前后的气象条件与大气中的SO2、NOx的浓度变化特征进行相关分析，结果表明：冬、春季北京城近郊区出现降水时，对大气污染物日均值的影响主要了决于降水过程中及降水之后的风速大小和降水性质。出现稳定性降水过程中SO2、NOx日均值在降水当日均有增加，第二天的污染物浓度才减少；只有不稳定性降水，且风速较大时，降水当日污染物浓度即降低。     

一个基于中尺度数值模式的城市分区空气污染预报方法

以深圳市为例，对污染物浓度与各种大气参数的定量联系进行了细致的统计及物理分析，在此基础上建立起分区的城市空气污染潜势等级预报方案。该方案定量考虑了地面和边界层共十几个因子的影响，特别是考虑了地理环境各向异性的效应，将风向作为一个独立的影响因子。方案还针对各污染物稀释特性的差异对不同污染物分别建立潜势预报方案。另外，方案还考虑了相同大气条件下大气对城市不同区域污染物稀释特性可能存在的差异，对不同区域分别建立潜势预报方案。最后用高分辨的中尺度数值模式对大气参数的未来演变作出高时空分辨的预报，进而作出分区、分时段的城市空气污染潜势预报。本方法完全客观定量，物理意义明确，可制作高时间分辨的空气污染潜势预报。     

简析风与城市工业企业合理布局的关系

风场特征决定着污染物的输送方向，风向、风速不同，污染物的输送方向和稀释程度也不同。布局城市工业企业要充分考虑区域的输送特征，首先是城市的风场特征，包括局地环流的影响。本文依据太原市、临汾市风的特征，分析了太原市污染的主要原因，以及临汾金尧焦化项目安全边界的确定，并简要分析了局地环流及热岛以城市布局的影响。     

A microscale model for air pollutant dispersion simulation in urban areas: Presentation of the model and performance over a single building

A microscale air pollutant dispersion model system is developed for emergency response purposes. The model includes a diagnostic wind field model to simulate the wind field and a random-walk air pollutant dispersion model to simulate the pollutant concentration through consideration of the influence of urban buildings. Numerical experiments are designed to evaluate the model's performance, using CEDVAL(Compilation of Experimental Data for Validation of Microscale Dispersion Models) wind tunnel experiment data, including wind fields and air pollutant dispersion around a single building. The results show that the wind model can reproduce the vortexes triggered by urban buildings and the dispersion model simulates the pollutant concentration around buildings well. Typically, the simulation errors come from the determination of the key zones around a building or building cluster. This model has the potential for multiple applications; for example, the prediction of air pollutant dispersion and the evaluation of environmental impacts in emergency situations; urban planning scenarios;and the assessment of microscale air quality in urban areas.     

A Wind Tunnel and Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Dispersion in Coastal Atmospheric Boundary Layers

Thermal internal boundary layers in onshore air flows have a significant influence on pollutant diffusion in coastal areas. Although several models for this diffusion problem exist, measurements for model verification are scarce. In this paper, we present a set of wind tunnel observations and examine the performance of a Lagrangian stochastic model. The good agreement between the model simulation and the tunnel measurements confirms the usefulness of the Lagrangian stochastic model for practical purposes. Sensitivity tests of the model to turbulence statistics show that uncertainty in velocity skewness to the extent of observational scatter does not seem to have a significant influence on pollutant dispersion, while uncertainties in turbulence intensity (variance) significantly influence the dispersion pattern.     

建筑物对称性对大气输移特性影响的模拟研究

运用修正的k-ε双方程湍流模型分别对非对称性建筑物和对称性建筑物周围的流场和污染物浓度场进行模拟,计算出地面风速为3 m/s时不同建筑物周围的流场与污染物浓度场分布。结果表明:建筑物的形状对建筑物周围风场和污染物浓度场有明显的影响,不同形状建筑物尾流区形态各不相同。数值模拟结果对研究建筑物周围的传输特性有一定的指导意义,并对污染物的扩散机理进行了探讨。     

Economically consistent long-term scenarios for air pollutant emissions

Pollutant emissions such as aerosols and tropospheric ozone precursors substantially influence climate. While future century-scale scenarios for these emissions have become more realistic through the inclusion of emission controls, they still potentially lack consistency between surface pollutant concentrations and regional levels of affluence. We find that the default method of scenario construction, whereby emissions factors converge to similar values in different regions, does not yield pollution concentrations consistent with historical experience. We demonstrate a methodology combining use of an integrated assessment model and a three-dimensional atmospheric chemical transport model, whereby a reference scenario is constructed by requiring consistent surface pollutant concentrations as a function of regional income over the 21st century. By adjusting air pollutant emission control parameters, we improve consistency between projected PM_2.5 and economic income among world regions through time; consistency for ozone is also improved but is more difficult to achieve because of the strong influence of upwind world regions. Reference case pollutant emissions described here were used to construct the RCP4.5 Representative Concentration Pathway climate policy scenario.     

Mathematical modeling of small watercourse pollution by biogenic substances in the nonchernozem zone of the Russian Federation

The pollution of surface inland waters under the influence of anthropogenic activity is of the global nature. A process of the pollutant concentration formation is considered as the stochastic one. The dividing of observational series into separate time periods is proposed to obtain the homogeneous series of the pollutant concentration. A technique of the mathematical modeling of pollutant concentration taking account and regardless of the autocorrelation dependence is given. The results of mathematical modeling of biogenic substance concentration in small watercourses in the northwest of the Russian Federation are estimated.     

Numerical studies of neutrally stratified planetary boundary-layer flow above gentle topography

A numerical model of planetary boundary-layer flow above two-dimensional gentle topography is developed as an extension of the surface-layer model described by Taylor (1977). Comparisons are made with surface-layer predictions for flow over Gaussian hills; and the flow at various angles above hills, valleys and escarpments is modelled. Some simple case studies of the influence of gentle two-dimensional topography on pollutant dispersion are made which indicate relatively minor effects on surface pollutant concentrations in comparison with results for dispersion above a plane surface.     

复杂地形城市冬季大气污染的数值模拟研究

采用中尺度大气动力模式与大气扩散模式相结合的方法，针对复杂地形条件下兰州市冬季无明显冷空气入侵天气过程时段（1994年12月2－3日）的大气污染状况，进行污染物（二氧化硫和烟尘）浓度分布的数值模拟研究，分析了模拟的风场的气温层结随时间的变化以及污染物浓度的分布及其变化，进一步分析了模拟的风场和气温层结与污染物浓度分布的关系。结果表明，该模式系统对兰州市大气边界层结构及污染物浓度的分布有较好的模拟能力，并证明了该模式系统可适用于兰州市大气质量预测预报研究。     

Future air pollution in the Shared Socio-economic Pathways

Emissions of air pollutants such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides and particulates have significant health impacts as well as effects on natural and anthropogenic ecosystems. These same emissions also can change atmospheric chemistry and the planetary energy balance, thereby impacting global and regional climate. Long-term scenarios for air pollutant emissions are needed as inputs to global climate and chemistry models, and for analysis linking air pollutant impacts across sectors. In this paper we present methodology and results for air pollutant emissions in Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) scenarios. We first present a set of three air pollution narratives that describe high, central, and low pollution control ambitions over the 21st century. These narratives are then translated into quantitative guidance for use in integrated assessment models. The resulting pollutant emission trajectories under the SSP scenarios cover a wider range than the scenarios used in previous international climate model comparisons. In the SSP3 and SSP4 scenarios, where economic, institutional and technological limitations slow air quality improvements, global pollutant emissions over the 21^st century can be comparable to current levels. Pollutant emissions in the SSP1 scenarios fall to low levels due to the assumption of technological advances and successful global action to control emissions.