共查询到18条相似文献,搜索用时 265 毫秒
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交通运输对道路两侧土壤及植物的影响研究展望 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
针对我国汽车工业的快速发展和机动车保有量迅速增加的状况,结合国内外相关研究成果,介绍了交通运输污染物的分类与来源,概述了交通运输对道路周围土壤及植物的影响。根据我国道路交通的实际,探讨了相关领域未来的研究方向,提出应以开发清洁替代能源和深入研究污染物在各环境介质中的迁移转化规律,进而减少污染物对人类的健康损害及筛选对交通运输特征污染物高富集的树种以阻断污染物的迁移为主。 相似文献
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我国南昌地区若干污染物干沉降速度的测量 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
我国南昌地区若干污染物干沉降速度的测量毛节泰,胡新章(北京大学地球物理系,100871)1前言排放到大气中的气体和颗粒污染物通过干、湿沉降被迁移到地表,这是大气污染物循环的一个重要环节。干沉降是大气污染物在无降水条件下向地表的输送过程,它与湿沉降有同... 相似文献
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交通运输行业是温室气体排放的主要来源之一。“双碳”目标对交通领域碳减排工作提出了更高的要求。我国交通运输行业能源消耗统计和温室气体排放测算的统计数据基础较为薄弱,目前国家层面尚未公布统一的交通运输温室气体核算方法,温室气体排放存在底数不清的问题,其核算边界、范围、方法都有待进一步明确。文中通过梳理国内外交通运输领域温室气体核算边界及测算方法,提出了适用于我国交通运输不同子领域温室气体的测算研究思路。并针对我国交通运输温室气体核算工作现存问题,从健全行业能耗与排放核算方法体系、建立交通运输能耗与碳排放数据共享机制、加强交通能耗与碳排放核算方法培训、强化数据质量管理等方面提出相应的政策建议,为我国交通运输行业温室气体排放核算工作的持续开展提供参考。 相似文献
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根据保守污染物的迁移、转化特点,提出保守污染物水环境容量计算方法,并将这种方法应用于大辽河流域,得到地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)中规定的各种保守污染物的水环境容量,为流域保守污染物水环境容量总量控制提供了一种技术方法。 相似文献
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我国空气污染状况及其对人体健康的影响 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
为了解我国空气污染状况,收集了1991~1993年全国城市污染物浓度的资料,这些污染物包括二氧化硫、氮氧化物和悬浮颗粒物,分析指出我国某些地区污染物浓度比较大,各种污染物都有不同程度的超标,然后讨论制定污染指数及相应的对人体健康的影响。
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大气污染物在环境中的扩散、稀释最主要的因子是风和湍流,通常情况下,风速切变大,则湍流强,大气污染物的混合作用和湍流交换也大,这更有利于污染物的稀释和扩散,反之,风速甚小,不利于污染物的扩散和稀释,但尤其是在静风条件下,最不利于大气污染物的稀释和迁移,故对静风和小风出现频率较高的区域,要特别重视静风和小风的变化。目前一般的处理静风方法有三:其一,利用静风扩散模式来研究;其二,是将静风资料略去;其三, 相似文献
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多尺度空气质量模式系统及其验证I. 模式系统介绍与气象要素模拟 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
主要介绍一个多尺度空气质量模式系统及其在东亚地区的应用. 这套模式系统充分考虑了天气系统与中、小尺度气象过程对污染物的输送、扩散、转化和迁移过程的影响, 区域与城市尺度之间大气污染物的相互影响, 以及污染物在大气中的气相与液相化学过程、非均相化学过程、气溶胶过程和干湿沉积过程对浓度分布的影响, 可用于区域与城市尺度对流层臭氧、大气气溶胶、能见度和其他空气污染物的预报和环境评价. 模拟的气象要素(风向、风速、温度和湿度)与TRACE-P 和ACE-Asia期间三架飞机上获取的观测资料的比较结果表明, 模拟值与其相应的观测值具有非常好的一致性, 它们的相关系数都超过了0.96. 相似文献
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利用气象和环境监测资料分析2013年2月19日南京一次短时强降雪过程对各类污染源及污染物浓度的影响,并利用Pearson相关分析法分析不同污染物之间及污染物与气象要素之间的相关关系。结果表明:此次南京暴雪对面源影响最大,扬尘排放量几乎为零,流动源主要受机动车早晚高峰变化影响,工业点源受影响不大。此次暴雪过程后,南京空气质量达到优级,2013年2月19日AQI指数比18日与20日均下降35%,SO2日变化仍呈单峰型,颗粒物及NO2日变化则未呈现早晚双峰变化。PM2.5与PM10、SO2、NO2、CO呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.979、0.663、0.837和0.875,说明污染物来源具有一定的同源性。污染物浓度与风速、相对湿度呈显著负相关,与温度、大气压强呈显著正相关。 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to identify local and exogenous sources affecting particulate matter (PM) levels in five major cities of Northern Europe namely: London, Paris, Hamburg, Copenhagen and Stockholm. Besides local emissions, PM profile at urban and suburban areas of the European Union (EU) is also influenced by regional PM sources due to atmospheric transport, thus geographical city distribution is of a great importance. At each city, PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO and O3 air pollution data from two air pollution monitoring stations of the EU network were used. Different background characteristics of the selected two sampling sites at each city facilitated comparisons, providing a more exact analysis of PM sources. Four source apportionment methods: Pearson correlations among the levels of particulates and gaseous pollutants, characterisation of primal component analysis components, long-range transport analysis and extrapolation of PM size distribution ratios were applied. In general, fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10) particles were highly correlated, thus common sources are suggested. Combustion-originated gaseous pollutants (CO, NO2, SO2) were strongly associated to PM10 and PM2.5, primarily at areas severely affected by traffic. On the contrary, at background stations neighbouring important natural sources of particles or situated in suburban areas with rural background, natural emissions of aerosols were indicated. Series of daily PM2.5/PM10 ratios showed that minimum fraction values were detected during warm periods, due to higher volumes of airborne biogenic PM coarse, mainly at stations with important natural sources of particles in their vicinity. Hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model was used, in order to extract 4-day backward air mass trajectories that arrived in the five cities which are under study during days with recorded PM10 exceedances. At all five cities, a significantly large fraction of those trajectories were classified in short- and medium-range clusters, thus transportation of particulates along with slow moving air masses was identified. A finding that supports the assumption of long-range transport is that, at background stations, long-range transportation effects were stronger, in comparison to traffic stations, due to less local particle emissions. Short-range trajectories associated to PM transport in Stockholm, Copenhagen and Hamburg were mainly of a continental origin. All three cities were approached by slow moving air masses originated from Poland and the Czech Republic, whereas Copenhagen and Stockholm were also influenced by short-range trajectories from Germany and France and from Jutland Peninsula and Scandinavian Peninsula, respectively. London and Paris are located to the north-west part of Europe. Trajectories of short and medium length arrived to these two megacities mainly through France, Germany, UK and North Atlantic. 相似文献
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目前,交通行业已成为中国局地大气污染物和温室气体的重要排放来源之一,而且随着交通运输规模的不断扩大,与工业和生活排放相比,交通排放贡献占比呈相对增加趋势。文中构建了“CGE-CIMS联合模型”,对中国交通行业实施环境经济政策的局地大气污染物和CO2协同控制效应进行量化评估。结果显示,与BAU情景相比,环境税、碳税、成品油消费税以及政策组合情景均促进了交通行业的电力消费替代汽油、柴油等石油制品,即使考虑政策实施后电力消费增加导致的间接排放,各情景下综合大气污染物协同减排量(ICER)仍为正值,即各项环境经济政策均具有较好的协同控制局地大气污染物和CO2的效果。本文最后提出了包括聚焦高排放交通工具,以补贴低碳交通方式配合绿色税制改革,以及电力行业低碳发展等交通行业实施环境经济政策的配套措施建议。 相似文献
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P. Bruno M. Caselli G. de Gennaro L. de Gennaro M. Tutino 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2006,54(2):177-187
Atmospheric concentrations of benzene and toluene were assessed during three different seasons in the city of Taranto, using Radiello® diffusive samplers, in order to detect the most critical areas and to point out the sources contributing to pollution (vehicular traffic or industrial activities). High spatial resolution maps were built using a grid of 30 meshes drawn on the urban area of the city. For each mesh a monitoring site as representative as possible was chosen. Besides, in order to describe the highest levels of pollutants to which people is exposed, other 10 sampling sites were detected near high vehicular traffic crossroads or in particular critical zones of the city. The measurements of the concentration of these pollutants were carried out with Radiello® diffusive samplers for thermal desorption. The analysis of the results and the comparison between the map of vehicular traffic flows and the map of the concentrations of benzene suggested that in urban area the main benzene source is the traffic and the most significant pollution phenomena happens in zones characterized by narrow roads. Moreover it was possible to observe that high concentrations of benzene found in the NE zone of Taranto could be assigned to the industrial activities. This hypothesis was confirmed considering the diagnostic ratio between the toluene and benzene concentrations. 相似文献
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山谷风环流控制下的大气污染物输送和扩散过程:二维数值模拟研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文以兰州地区的实际地形为背景,建立了一个二维小尺度数值模式,并用它对山谷之间热力差异造成的山谷风环流及其控制下山谷中高架源排放的污染物输送和扩散过程进行了模拟研究。结果表明,在山谷风环流控制下,造成山谷内高污染浓度的主要因素有两个:一是日出前和日落后山谷风的转换;二是在白天由于山谷风环流所造成的山谷上空较强的下沉气流。 相似文献
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建立了能够用于评估大型城市交通环境污染与气象条件关系的数值模拟技术,即三维边界层光化学数值模式.其中,高分辨率的精细城市边界层气象场、细致的城市地理与环境参数、空气污染物输送扩散与大气化学模拟以及交通废气污染源的分布等诸多因子是实施模拟研究的几个重要环节.从模拟结果看出,各污染物在地面附近浓度相对高值区位于排放源附近和下风方.在边界层顶附近,污染物浓度分布较均匀,分布趋势和气流一致.虽然仅仅考虑了城区污染物本底浓度和主要交通干道机动车的排放,但交通排放对城区污染物浓度的贡献是较大的. 相似文献