A closure study of sub-micrometer aerosol particle hygroscopic behaviour

The hygroscopic properties of sub-micrometer aerosol particles were studied in connection with a ground-based cloud experiment at Great Dun Fell, in northern England in 1995. Hygroscopic diameter growth factors were measured with a Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (TDMA) for dry particle diameters between 35 and 265 nm at one of the sites upwind of the orographic cloud. An external mixture consisting of three groups of particles, each with different hygroscopic properties, was observed. These particle groups were denoted less-hygroscopic, more-hygroscopic and sea spray particles and had average diameter growth factors of 1.11–1.15, 1.38–1.69 and 2.08–2.21 respectively when taken from a dry state to a relative humidity of 90%. Average growth factors increased with dry particle size. A bimodal hygroscopic behaviour was observed for 74–87% of the cases depending on particle size. Parallel measurements of dry sub-micrometer particle number size distributions were performed with a Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS). The inorganic ion aerosol composition was determined by means of ion chromatography analysis of samples collected with Berner-type low pressure cascade impactors at ambient conditions. The number of ions collected on each impactor stage was predicted from the size distribution and hygroscopic growth data by means of a model of hygroscopic behaviour assuming that only the inorganic substances interacted with the ambient water vapour. The predicted ion number concentration was compared with the actual number of all positive and negative ions collected on the various impactor stages. For the impactor stage which collected particles with aerodynamic diameters between 0.17–0.53 μm at ambient relative humidity, and for which all pertinent data was available for the hygroscopic closure study, the predicted ion concentrations agreed with the measured values within the combined measurement and model uncertainties for all cases but one. For this impactor sampling occasion, the predicted ion concentration was significantly higher than the measured. The air mass in which this sample was taken had undergone extensive photochemical activity which had probably produced hygroscopically active material other than inorganic ions, such as organic oxygenated substances.     

On the use of a modified clean-room optical particle counter for atmosperic aerosols at high relative humidity

This study is devoted to the performance of the CLIMET CI-8060, a white-light optical particle counter (OPC). Designed for clean-room monitoring, the off-the-shelf performance of this instrument is rather poor for outdoor studies. Modifications of this instrument are described turning this low-cost instrument into an OPC with excellent performance. The modifications include a reduction of the flow rate to 1.4 l/min, an altered design of the inlet nozzle, a buffer chamber to assure continuous flow, and a 16-channel pulse height analyzer.The modified version has been checked thouroughly. The counting efficiency is very close to 100% for particle sizes between 0.295 and 0.801 μm. The loss of giant particles is also marginal, as comparative tests with a cascade impactor show. The sizing calibration has been redetermined experimentally, using latex spheres, and theoretically, applying a software package by Jüngert [1988] using the Mie theory. With the help of the established relationship between experimental and theoretical response for latex, calibration tables for any other particle material are obtained (in particular for ambient aerosols and H₂O for fog and cloud condensation studies).The modified counter has been used for monitoring the growth of hygroscopic aerosols in humid conditions, using two different inlet lines, one of them drying the aerosol before entering the OPC, the other one preserving ambient conditions. This system allows to observe haze and fog formation and cloud condensation processes in situ at a one-minute time resolution.     

Incorporation of aerosol particles between 25 and 850 nm into cloud elements: measurements with a new complementary sampling system

The interpretation of the physico-chemical processes in clouds is facilitated by segregating in situ cloud elements from their carrier gas and small particles (interstitial aerosol). Thus, the present study focuses on the quantitative phase segregation of interstitial air from cloud phase by two complementary samplers with microphysical on-line analysis of the separated phases. An improved counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) was developed for the collection and subsequent evaporation of the condensed phase, releasing dissolved gaseous material and residual particles. This sampler operates in the size range of few micrometers up to 50 μm in cloud element diameter and is matched by an interstitial Round Jet Impactor sampling the gas phase with interstitial particles. Calibrations of both samplers verified the calculated cut sizes D₅₀ of 4, 5, and 6 μm and quantified the slope of the collection efficiency curves. Until this study no direct CVI measurements of the residual particle sizes far below the diameter of 0.1 μm were available. For the first time a CVI was connected to a Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS) scanning between 25 nm and 850 nm, thus, including the entire Aitken mode in the residual size analysis. Cloud studies on the Puy de Dôme, France, revealed residual particle sizes including Aitken mode (diameter D<100 nm) and accumulation mode (D>100 nm). A major feature of the CVI data is expressed by the fact that despite incomplete incorporation of accumulation mode particles in cloud elements there are contributions of particles with diameters smaller than 0.1 μm to the number of residual particles. Cloud entrainment from height levels above the maximum supersaturation as wells as the size-dependent chemical composition of the aerosol population most likely produced the S-shaped size-dependent partitioning of residual particles. Compared to earlier studies the 50% partitioning diameters dropped significantly below 100 nm to roughly 70 nm.     

南岭大瑶山浓雾雾水的化学成分研究

文中利用 1998年 12月～ 1999年 1月和 2 0 0 1年 2～ 3月在南岭山地采集的雾水样品资料 ,分析了南岭山地浓雾雾水的化学成分 ;对 3次典型浓雾过程雾水的离子浓度及其可能的来源进行了分析 ;发现酸雾的频率达 5 1% ,酸雾的危害不容忽视。南岭山地的浓雾雾水中的诸离子浓度远高于雨水。不同过程雾水的化学特征变化差异明显 ,在雾水中浓度最高的阴离子是SO2 -4,其次是NO-3 ;阳离子Ca2 ,NH 4 的浓度最高。雨水比雾水酸性更强 ,说明虽然雾水中的离子浓度较雨水高得多 ,但大量的离子成分中存在更多的缓冲物质 ,比如说NH 4 和Ca2 。雾水中的Ca2 ,SO2 -4,Mg2 有明显的富集现象 ,南岭大瑶山的雾水主要受大陆环境和人类活动的影响。     

Electrical aerosol spectrometer of Tartu University

The electrical aerosol spectrometer (EAS) of the parallel measuring principle at Tartu University is an efficient instrument for rapid measurement of the unstable size spectrum of aerosol particles. The measuring range from 10 nm to 10 μm is achieved by simultaneously using a pair of differential mobility analyzers with two different particle chargers. The particle spectrum is calculated and measurement errors are estimated in real time by using a least-squares method. Experimental calibration ensures reliability of measurement. The instrument is well suited for continuous monitoring of atmospheric aerosol.     

Microphysical and chemical characteristics of cloud droplet residuals and interstitial particles in continental stratocumulus clouds

During June and July 2003 the Sources and Origins of Atmospheric Cloud Droplets experiment (SOACED) was carried out on a mountain-top site in central Sweden. The main objective of the experiment was to characterise the microphysical and chemical properties of cloud droplet residuals and interstitial aerosol particles in continental clouds and to understand the processes controlling cloud properties at this location.Interstitial and residual aerosol size distributions, cloud liquid water content and species- and size-resolved aerosol mass concentrations are the main variables employed to address questions pertaining to the cloud droplet number concentration and scavenging efficiency during a stratocumulus cloud event observed on July 28, 2003. In this cloud event, about 56% of the aerosol mass was associated with organic species, whilst SO₄ accounted for 23% and NH₄ for 14%. NO₃ and Cl made up about 7% of the total mass.The partitioning of the aerosol particles between cloud droplets and interstitial air has been studied in terms of their microphysical properties. The scavenging efficiency, defined as the fraction of particles activated into cloud elements compared to the total amount of particles, was investigated as a function of size. The scavenging efficiency curves displayed different shapes during the cloud event, from an S-shaped curve, with low scavenging efficiency in the Aitken mode and larger scavenging efficiency in the accumulation mode, to more unusual shapes where Aitken-mode particles were either solely activated or activated in addition to accumulation-mode particles.This study suggests that alterations of the aerosol chemical composition occurred during the measurement period, changing the hygroscopic nature of the CCN and decreasing their activation diameter. It is also hypothesized that entrainment of drier air aloft may have introduced inhomogeneities in the supersaturation field and modified the S-shaped scavenging curves.     

临安大气气溶胶理化特性季节变化

分别利用碳成分分析仪、离子色谱仪和原子吸收光谱仪等获取浙江省临安地区大气气溶胶在春、夏、秋、冬四季的质量浓度、离子与碳成分特性，并对不同粒径气溶胶成分分布特点作了较详细分析。结果表明:气溶胶质量浓度、可溶性离子浓度以及碳成分浓度具有明显的季节变化趋势。整个尺度范围内，气溶胶质量浓度季节变化特点为春季浓度最高，达到534 μg/m3；冬季次之，质量浓度为117.21 μg/m3；夏季浓度最低，平均为65.7 μg/m3；秋季质量浓度98.6 μg/m3。可溶性离子成分在气溶胶中所占比例具有明显的季节性，其中夏季最高为49.4%，春季最低为11.3%。硫酸根离子SO₄2-和氨根离子NH₄+和硝酸根离子NO₃- 3种离子浓度之和约占离子总量的75%~83%。受温度影响，硝酸根离子NO₃-浓度随季节变化幅度较大，夏季平均浓度为1.7 μg/m3, 冬季平均浓度为11.5 μg/m3，是夏季浓度的6.8倍。碳浓度分布特点显示，气溶胶中元素碳浓度春季最高，夏季最低。有机碳浓度春季最高，冬季最低。气溶胶粒度分布特点也非常明显。四季中粒径小于11 μm（PM₁₁）的气溶胶均占气溶胶总量的90%以上，粒径小于2.1 μm（PM_2.1）的气溶胶占到气溶胶总量的53%以上。可溶性离子在粒径小于2.1 μm气溶胶颗粒中，以硫酸根离子、氨根离子和硝酸根离子为主。碳成分尺度分布特征为颗粒越小，有机碳及元素碳浓度越高。     

NaCl Aerosol Particle Hygroscopicity Dependence on Mixing with Organic Compounds

Organic compounds in the atmosphere can influence the activation, growth and lifetimes of haze, fog and cloud droplets by changing the condensation and evaporation rates of liquid water by these aqueous aerosol particles. Depending on the nature and properties of the organic compounds, the change can be to enhance or reduce these rates. In this paper we used a tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) to examine the effect of tetracosane, octanoic acid, and lauric acid on the hygroscopic properties of NaCl aerosol particles at relative humidities (RH) between 30 and 95%. These organic compounds have been identified in ambient aerosol particle samples. A slight lowering of the deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) and suppression of hygroscopic growth for the NaCl-organic compound mixtures were observed when compared to pure NaCl particles. The growth of pure NaCl particles was 2.25 in diameter at 85% RH while the growth of the mixed particles was 1.3 to 1.7 in particle diameter at 85% RH with organic mass fraction of 30–50%. This shows that these organic compounds have to be present in rather large mass fractions to effect the hygroscopic behavior to a similar degree observed for ambient aerosol during field measurements. Despite the mixing of the organic material with NaCl, hysteresis was observed for decreasing RH histories, suggesting the formation of metastable droplets. These laboratory results are strikingly similar to ambient field results. For example, if the total organic mass fraction of the particles is between 0.30 and 0.50, the particle growth at 85% RH is about a factor of 1.4 for the laboratory and field measurements. Such reduction in growth compared to the pure inorganic salt is in contradiction to speculations concerning significant effects by organic compounds on cloud condensation nuclei and thus formation on clouds.     

WIS服务监视门户的设计与实现

世界气象组织信息系统(WMO Information System,WIS)为WMO各项计划及各成员提供实时观测数据和产品的收集和分发,以及发现、访问和检索服务。WIS服务的可靠性和高效性是最根本的业务运行指标。为保障WIS服务的可靠性和高效性,解决目前WIS服务缺乏监视的问题,需要建设WIS服务监视。WIS服务监视门户基于一致的JSON格式规范监视信息下,实现了对各中心服务状态和指标的定时采集和统计,覆盖了WIS监视要求的服务可用性、服务连接延时、WIS核心网络流量、元数据数量、数据缓存数据量(个数和字节数)等监视项目。北京WIS服务监视门户采用开源企业应用框架和非关系型数据库实现,实现了通过WIS服务监视门户的及时展示,通过互联网提供公开服务及时发现了WIS服务的问题,为提高WIS服务质量和能力的不断改进提供了有效手段。     

A molybdenum oxide annular denuder system for gas phase ambient ammonia measurements

An automated molybdenum oxide annular denuder system (MOADS) has been developed for gas phase ambient ammonia measurements. This system combines high sensitivity (detection limit <50 pptv) with continuous sampling, moderate collection times (30 min) and automated operation. The present denuder design confers two important advantages over the tungsten oxide coated quartz denuder tubes used previously for nitric acid and ammonia measurements. First, the present denuders use oxidized metal substrates and are easier to fabricate and more durable than denuders made from metal oxide coated glass or quartz tubes. Second, molybdenum (VI) oxide surfaces are used which oxidize a reproducible fraction of the adsorbed NH₃ directly to NO upon desorption eliminating the need for a secondary catalytic converter. Laboratory tests of the collection/recovery characteristics of annular denuders made from both the (IV) and (VI) oxides of tungsten and molybdenum are described and preliminary results from field tests are presented.     

Microphysical and chemical characteristics of cloud droplet residuals and interstitial particles in continental stratocumulus clouds

During June and July 2003 the Sources and Origins of Atmospheric Cloud Droplets experiment (SOACED) was carried out on a mountain-top site in central Sweden. The main objective of the experiment was to characterise the microphysical and chemical properties of cloud droplet residuals and interstitial aerosol particles in continental clouds and to understand the processes controlling cloud properties at this location.Interstitial and residual aerosol size distributions, cloud liquid water content and species- and size-resolved aerosol mass concentrations are the main variables employed to address questions pertaining to the cloud droplet number concentration and scavenging efficiency during a stratocumulus cloud event observed on July 28, 2003. In this cloud event, about 56% of the aerosol mass was associated with organic species, whilst SO₄ accounted for 23% and NH₄ for 14%. NO₃ and Cl made up about 7% of the total mass.The partitioning of the aerosol particles between cloud droplets and interstitial air has been studied in terms of their microphysical properties. The scavenging efficiency, defined as the fraction of particles activated into cloud elements compared to the total amount of particles, was investigated as a function of size. The scavenging efficiency curves displayed different shapes during the cloud event, from an S-shaped curve, with low scavenging efficiency in the Aitken mode and larger scavenging efficiency in the accumulation mode, to more unusual shapes where Aitken-mode particles were either solely activated or activated in addition to accumulation-mode particles.This study suggests that alterations of the aerosol chemical composition occurred during the measurement period, changing the hygroscopic nature of the CCN and decreasing their activation diameter. It is also hypothesized that entrainment of drier air aloft may have introduced inhomogeneities in the supersaturation field and modified the S-shaped scavenging curves.     

An Experimental Study on the Variation of Atmospheric Magnetic-Field Intensity Related to Dust,Haze, Rain,Snow, and Thunderstorms

Simultaneous measurements of the vertical magnetic field (VMF), three-dimensional electric field, ambient temperature, ambient relative humidity, particle mass concentration, and three-dimensional velocity are conducted during dust, haze, rain, snow, and thunderstorms. The hourly VMF variation (the rate of VMF increment and time increment with a 1-h time interval) is used to evaluate the disturbance level of the atmospheric magnetic field during the abovementioned weather conditions. There is no significant difference in the hourly VMF variations between hazy days and fair weather. However, the hourly VMF variations on dusty, rainy, snowy, and thunderstorm days differ from those in fair weather, implying that these weather conditions significantly affect the atmospheric magnetic field. On hazy days, although the haze particles are charged, the VMF does not change compared with in fair weather, which suggests that the horizontal electric field generated by haze particles is an irrotational field. On dusty and snowy days, the heterogeneity of the charge distribution forms a rotational horizontal electric field, which can induce the VMF to disturb the atmospheric magnetic field. During rain and thunderstorms, the hourly variation in the VMF is larger than in dust and snow, which can be attributed to the rotational horizontal electric field generated by raindrops and clouds. In addition, the hourly variation in the VMF in thunderstorms is one order of magnitude larger than that during days without thunderstorms, indicating that the VMF induced by the cumulonimbus cloud electric field is more significant than that in other weather conditions.

     

An improved method of measuring tropospheric NO2 and RO2 by matrix isolation and electron spin resonance

A cryogenic system for the airborne and ground based sampling of ambient radicals by matrix isolation is described. The trapped radicals, e.g., NO₂ and RO₂, are analyzed by ESR. The technique has been improved, mainly by addition of water vapor to the sampled air, to yield a collection efficiency of (90±10)% and a lower detection limit of about 20 ppt, but it still does not distinguish between the different RO₂. Careful calibration reduced the measurement error (1 ) to ±10% for NO₂ and ±15% for HO₂. Two diurnal variations of RO₂ and NO₂ at ground level and vertical profiles in the lower troposphere are presented.     

人工触发闪电与降雨倾泻

根据人工触发阀电后雨量猛增的观测事实，利用一个简单的静电模式计算了闪道附近雨滴的重力碰并增长，结果指出，闪电后降雨猛增必须满足一定的条件，除了要求较高的离子浓度（〉１０＾１４／ｍ＾３）外，还取决于闪电所引起的电场变化和闪电被触发后闪道附近环境电场强度的特性。     

全区台站数据采集分发综合监控系统设计与实现

文章针对目前基层观测台站传输现状,设计了气象观测数据采集传输监控平台,实现了观测数据采集、传输、分发、管理、监控的统一,克服和解决工作人员工作流程繁琐、效率低;数据传输管理分散,监控难度大：原始数据存储分散,不利一统管理,共享能力低;格式及数据质量控制程序由各厂家开发,不利于根据本地化情况进行修改和调整;不利于基础数据传输工作的全区统一规范管理和部署等方面的弊端和难题。系统具体功能包括：观测数据文件的实时采集传输、观测数据初步质量控制、观测数据文件存储管理、监控信息采集存储、信息前台显示操作平台、实时报警功能、时钟同步功能,系统的实施将降低工作强度、提高工作效率、促进全区整体信息网络业务的进一步发展。     

深圳市大气能见度与细粒子浓度统计模型

利用深圳市2007年全年逐时能见度、PM_2.5质量浓度和相对湿度观测数据, 在分析大气消光机理及其影响因素的基础上确立了能见度与PM_2.5之间的基本模型关系, 着重讨论分析了相对湿度对颗粒物消光影响的常见修正方式, 并通过线性和非线性回归分析筛选相对湿度影响修正因子f_RH的表达形式和确定模型参数, 最终建立起适合于深圳本地情况的能见度与PM_2.5之间的最优统计模型 (R2=0.43, n=8024)。进一步利用能见度与PM_2.5的日平均值进行了多元回归分析, 模型拟合值与实测值之间的相关系数 (R2) 高达0.73(n=350), 而且预测偏差范围小, 较好地反映了深圳市大气能见度与PM_2.5之间的定量相关关系。     

风能资源观测数据省级传输系统

风能资源观测数据省级传输系统是国家风能资源数据库建设项目的一个重要组成系统,是全国风能及其相关数据和产品服务的基础,并已实现了观测数据的业务化传输。该系统由数据收集、收集处理、数据分发、传输监视等4个功能模块组成。数据收集模块功能由Linux下的socket编程实现,可收集实时和历史数据、备份数据、删除过时数据;收集处理模块功能由Linux下的C语言编程实现,可对数据的唯一性、正确性及格式进行检查;数据分发模块功能由Linux下的socket编程实现,可实时分发、失败重发、分发日志记录;传输监视模块具有监视、统计、信息查询和显示等功能。     

Direct cloud water recovery by inertial impaction: Implications for large scale water supply in the Cape Verde Islands

Summary In this study, we explore the idea of harvesting cloud water in mountainous areas of the drought prone Cape Verde Islands as a year-round fresh water resource based on three cloud water collection experiments in the islands. Cloud water was collected by impaction on a commercially available, plastic, agricultural shade cloth at Serra Malagueta, Santiago, and at Monte Verde, São Vicente. This shade screen possesses superior properties to other reported materials for cloud water collection, including an impact-efficient mesh shape, high tensile strength and durability, tear resistance, and excellent water drainage characteristics. Collection efficiency of monofilament knitted shade screen varied with the mesh density (50% or 70% shading) and height of the screens, but for Monte Verde all screens above 3 m collected greater than 6 lm^–2 day^–1 on average for 315 days of measurement. Dry season collection for the most effective panel, a double layer of 50% shading screen, ranged from 1.3 lm^–2 day^–1 in December, 1988, to 7.8 and 7.7 lm^–2 day^–1 in November and April, 1988 respectively. Based on these measurements, we discuss a logical next phase for implementation of a large scale cloud water catchment system.With 3 Figures     

城市热岛效应监测方法研究进展

城市热岛效应是一种由于城市建筑及人们活动导致的热量在城区空间范围内聚集的现象,是城市气候最明显的特征之一.由于城市热岛影响因素以及相互关系的复杂性,为了精确细致地描述其时空分布,人们采用了多种方法来研究城市热岛现象,主要归纳为：气象站法、定点观测法、运动样带法、遥感测定法以及模拟预测等.最后,认为各种测定方法都存在一定的缺陷,建议多种测定方法综合运用.     

浅析爆炸效应在人工增雨作业中的作用

文章分析了冲击波、声波、扰动气流场和超声气流等爆炸产物对环境气流场和云、降水质粒的影响及效应,结果表明:在人工播云中,含有爆炸效应的催化作业要比单纯的静力催化有更广泛的应用前景。