近30a光热水资源对乌拉特前旗向日葵发育期的影响

利用乌拉特前旗国家基本站1987—2016年地面和农业气象观测资料,对乌拉特前旗光热水资源及向日葵各发育期日数与≥0℃积温、日照时数和降水量的相关性进行分析。结果表明:全发育期天数呈减少趋势,各发育期天数呈增加趋势,各发育期天数和全发育期天数均通过信度p=0.01的显著性水平检验;全发育期≥0℃积温、日照时数和降水量的变化呈减少趋势,出苗和开花期≥0℃积温、日照时数趋势系数均通过信度p=0.01的显著性水平检验,全发育期日照时数通过信度p=0.01的显著性水平检验,降水量年际变化不显著;出苗期与≥0℃积温和日照时数的相关系数通过信度p=0.01负相关显著性检验,全发育期与≥0℃积温和日照时数的相关系数通过信度P=0.01正相关显著性检验。     

哈密市近30a家燕停留时间与气象因子的关系

通过对哈密气象站1980-2008年家燕物候资料和气象资料的分析,得出当地家燕物候变化规律及停留时间与气象因子的关系。结果表明：（1）家燕始见日期均在4月,其中4月中旬较多,平均日期为4月16日,绝见日期均在9月且集中于中旬,平均日期为9月16日;（2）家燕停留期为4—9月,平均停留153d;（3）停留期与同期≥0℃积温和日照时数均呈显著的正相关关系,而随降水量的变化在不同时段呈现或同向或反向的趋势;（4）≥0℃积温和日照时数均为增加趋势,总体上家燕停留期变化与二者变化趋势一致,但近6a停留期缩短。     

兴安落叶松、云杉、红松林木物候期对气象条件响应研究

本文运用spss软件对降水、温度、辐射气象因子与兴安落叶松、云杉、红松林木3个物候期芽开放期、展叶期、种子成熟期进行了相关及其回归分析，结果表明：（1）芽开放时期，兴安落叶松及其云杉与四月上旬的温度显著相关，红松与≥0℃积温、≥0℃天数内的降水、≥0℃天数内的辐射显著相关，说明红松对光、温、水的匹配要求较高；温度是影响3个树种萌芽的主要因子。（2）在展叶期，兴安落叶松、云杉、红松林与此时期的积温极显著相关，3个树种与辐射的相关性依次降低，红松与降水极显著相关。（3）展叶至种子成熟期，兴安落叶松、云杉、红松与降水无关，与辐射相关，兴安落叶松和红松与该段时期内的积温极显著相关。     

湖南省油菜生育期间气候资源时空变化规律分析

利用湖南省1962—2010年96个气象站逐日气象资料及5个农业气象试验站1991—2010年油菜生育期观测资料,应用气候统计分析方法,分析了油菜主要生育期气候资源空间分布规律和年际变化特征。结果表明:湖南省油菜全生育期时长无明显地域性差异,生育期间大于等于0℃积温有明显的地域性差异。影响油菜生育期间的主要气象因子为气温和日照时数,不同生育期主要气象因子有所差异。各发育期气候资源空间分布不均,年际变化有差异。冬前苗期和角果发育期的积温呈增加趋势,越冬期的小于等于0℃和小于等于-3℃日数呈减少趋势,蕾薹期日照时数呈减少趋势,开花期和角果发育期日照时数呈增加趋势。总体而言,湖南油菜生育期间的气候资源及其变化趋势有利于油菜生长。     

气象因子对冬小麦穗粒数的影响

运用统计学原理和分析计算方法，系统分析了冬小麦主要发育阶段气象因子对冬小麦穗粒数影响的规律。分蘖-拔节期受相对湿度影响较大，拔节-乳熟期主要受降水的影响，返青-抽穗期受日照时数的影响较大。     

近52 a铜仁市热量资源变化特征分析

为了解气候变暖对铜仁市热量资源变化的影响,对农业热量资源利用及农业经济的发展提供科学依据,该文基于铜仁市近52 a(1960—2011年)的日平均气温数据,采用线性倾向估计等统计方法,分析界限温度0℃、5℃、10℃及15℃的起始日期、终止日期、持续天数和积温的变化特征。结果表明:1960—2011年期间热量资源呈显著增加趋势。≥0℃、≥5℃、≥10℃和≥15℃的积温和持续天数普遍显著增加,≥0℃、≥5℃、≥10℃和≥15℃的年均积温分别为6 285. 51℃·d、5 976. 0℃·d、5 412. 2℃·d及4 614. 9℃·d,分别以59. 4℃/10 a、54. 8℃/10 a、48. 9℃/10 a及79. 4℃/10 a的速率显著增暖。初始日期整体表现为提前趋势,终止日期则为延后趋势。持续天数显著增加,积温显著增强。     

气象因子变化对晋中农业的影响—晋中地区气候年代变化特点分析

本文用晋中地区11个县40多年的气象资料,对降水、温度、日照、蒸发、无霜期以及≥0℃和≥10℃积温、积降水等气象因子分年、分季、分月进行年代变化的统计分析,结果表明,晋中地区40多年的气象因子变化呈现出降水逐渐减少,温度逐渐升高,其中冬季增温最为明显,2月和12月的中下旬常为异常高温时段。≥0℃、≥10℃积温增加,≥10℃期间的积降水却大幅度减少,蒸发量与无霜期不稳定增加,日照时数逐渐减少等特征。以上各因子尤以1997－1998年变化最为明显,幅度最大。由于上述气象要素的变化导致晋中气候向干暖化转变。据资料统计表明,气温每10年约上升0．12℃,降水每10年减少17mm,日照时数每10年减少41．5小时;蒸发量70年代明显偏大,80－90年代呈偏少趋势,1997－1998年为异常偏大（每年增多100mm)。气象因子的这些变化对晋中地区农业造成明显的影响。     

播期对辽南地区春玉米生育进程及产量影响的试验研究

基于2012—2014年以丹玉39为供试品种在辽宁庄河地区开展的分期播种试验观测资料和1980—2010年庄河地区春玉米各发育期的平均日期及产量资料,探讨播期对庄河地区春玉米生育进程及产量的影响。结果表明:播种时间对庄河地区春玉米生育进程有显著的影响,播种时间每推迟1.00 d,春玉米整个生长期长度缩短约0.22—0.57 d,营养生长期缩短约0.48—0.69 d,生殖生长期延长约0.11—0.36 d。不同播期之间春玉米各生育期长度存在较大差异,营养生长期长度差异最显著,而拔节—抽雄期、抽雄—开花期、开花—乳熟期和乳熟—成熟期长度差异均不显著。播期对春玉米产量影响显著,但年际间产量差异显著,除2014年外,随播期推迟春玉米产量呈先增后减的趋势。2012—2014年气象条件对庄河春玉米生育期长度影响的气象因子存在差异,对春玉米营养生长期、生殖生长期和全生育期长度影响较大的气象因子为气温、日照时数、平均风速、水汽压及蒸发量。     

新疆温宿核桃生长关键期气象指标及气象灾害影响

对温宿核桃物候期、生长气象条件及主要气象灾害进行了统计分析,以期为有效防灾减灾措施的提出提供参考依据。结果表明：2000年至今核桃花芽膨大期、果实成熟期差异变化不明显,展叶期和开花期逐年均呈偏早趋势;花期与开花期间≥3℃积温、4月日照时数呈显著正相关,积温越高、日照时数越多,花期越早;果实成熟期与6月日照时数相关最为显著,日照时数越多,成熟期越早,反之越晚;越冬期日最低气温-25℃以下持续7天以上,或极端低温-28℃以下持续24小时以上,核桃树就可能遭受冻害。花期主要影响气象灾害为大风浮尘、高温,果实生长期为高温、持续降水,越冬休眠期主要为低温冻害。     

基于实际蒸散量辽西地区春玉米生物量及产量评价

为了确定辽西地区春玉米各发育阶段生长状况及最终产量的评价方法,基于2011—2015锦州农业气象试验站开展的玉米分期播种试验,利用锦州地区气象观测数据、玉米发育期数据和玉米各发育阶段地上生物量及产量数据,采用Penman-Monteith方法和数理统计方法分析锦州地区玉米不同发育阶段实际蒸散量与地上气象生物量和气象产量的相关关系,并建立玉米各发育期生长状况及最终产量评估模型。结果表明:2011—2015年锦州地区玉米各发育阶段实际蒸散量与地上气象生物量和气象产量之间的线性关系显著,播种—七叶阶段二者呈显著的相关关系(P0.05),播种—拔节、播种—抽雄、播种—乳熟和播种—成熟阶段二者呈极显著的相关关系(P0.01)。建立的玉米各发育期生长状况及产量评估模型的预报准确率为77.8%—94.5%。辽西地区玉米正常生长全生育期水分供应的下限为333.2 mm,其中播种—七叶、七叶—拔节、拔节—抽雄、抽雄—乳熟和乳熟—成熟阶段水分供应的下限分别为49.9 mm、23.3 mm、83.4 mm、118.9 mm、57.7 mm。玉米各发育阶段干旱对产量影响的程度由重至轻依次为:拔节—抽雄抽雄—乳熟七叶—拔节播种—七叶乳熟—成熟。本文基于玉米实际蒸散建立的辽西地区春玉米生物量及产量评估方法,可以满足农业气象产量预报服务的需求,在实际业务中具有应用价值。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on