基于激光雷达遥感和参数化模式研究城市混合层的发展机制

利用北京大学的微脉冲激光雷达(MPL)观测的偏南气流条件下的混合层高度和夹卷层厚度探测资料,研究简单天气条件下城市混合层的发展机制并与GB94的参数化方案相互映证.通过激光雷达遥感的混合层高度和夹卷层厚度计算了混合层顶的夹卷率A,得到其平衡夹卷阶段的值为0.24.在不考虑机械混合前提下反演了地面感热通量,结果表明遥感的反演值与梯度法的计算值有系统性偏差,但总体上仍旧有较好的相关.偏差量的大小反映了影响混合层发展的机械湍流的参数B,进一步通过GB91模式的模拟确定该参数的最佳值约为3.5.在此基础上讨论了混     

结合激光雷达和探空资料研究青藏高原地区混合层高度特征

利用那曲地区的微脉冲激光雷达探测资料,采用梯度法获取了那曲地区白天混合层高度随时间的演变信息及混合层特征参数,结果表明混合层在上午发展缓慢,中午以后发展迅速,14:00（北京时）前后达到稳定;强烈的对流热泡活动导致混合层高度起伏较大,参数化反演得到的卷夹层厚度达到0.4~0.5 km,卷夹比在0.2左右。利用探空资料结合日最大位温资料,采用气块法得到了高原地区7个站点的每日最大混合层高度数据集。通过对由激光雷达和探空资料得到的最大混合层高度结果进行对比,发现二者有很好的一致性（相关系数0.85,均值偏差0.11 km,均方根误差0.30 km,并通过0.05显著性水平的t检验）。最大混合层高度在7个站点均有明显的逐日变化特征。从年均值看,最大混合层高度与海拔高度之间没有明显相关关系。从季节均值看,格尔木与都兰站表现出明显的春高冬低的分布特征,而其它五个站点则表现为春高夏低,表明高原地区的盆地地形和山地地形对混合层高度有显著而不同的影响。通过定义热力稳定度和确定特征气压层高度,利用热力稳定度与最大混合层高度之间良好的线性关系,获取了一种简便地获取最大混合层高度的统计方法。     

热带太平洋混合层盐度季节-年际变化特征研究

基于2004/01—2013/12的Argo及卫星遥感等观测数据,运用经验正交函数（EOF）方法分析了热带太平洋混合层盐度（MLS）的时空特征并探讨其物理机制。结果表明：热带西太平洋混合层盐度呈现出明显的递增趋势,南太平洋辐合带（SPCZ）区域尤为显著,而南热带太平洋东部的混合层则有变淡的趋势。在季节时间尺度上,MLS在如下的4个区域呈现显著变化：西太平洋暖池、赤道东太平洋美洲沿岸、赤道辐合带（ITCZ）和SPCZ。利用盐收支方程进一步定量分析了两个代表区域（暖池区和ITCZ区）的MLS变化率及其控制因子,研究发现：暖池区淡水通量长年表现为负值,且随季节变化波动不大。除6、7月份之外,水平平流对MLS变化率均有正的贡献,其峰期出现在10—12月份。ITCZ区的淡水通量存在显著季节变化,其下半年的贡献明显大于上半年,水平平流输送和混合层底的夹卷也在11月份达到最大。暖池区的盐度变化主要受到水平平流的影响,混合层底的夹卷作用贡献相对较小,而在ITCZ区混合层底的夹卷贡献作用则更显著。     

一个混合层高度发展的数值模拟试验

本文利用在ＨＥＩＦＥ期间戈壁地区采集的资料，并用一个考虑由地表热力及动力强的害和高空下沉等因子控制的零阶跳跃模式，对该地区白天混层高度增长的机制进行了数值模拟分析，结果表明：白天混合层高的增长受来自祁连山强烈的下沉冷空气的影响较大，使其高度的增长受到抑制，且最大值出现的时间超前，其结果与声雷达回波强度确定的混合层高度吻合较好。     

复杂地形对对流混合层的影响

用发展后的混合层模式研究下垫面（地形和地面热力）的不均匀性对混合层结构的影响。数值实验表明,在保持了混合层模式简便和实用等特点的同时,发展后的混合层模式能够很好地反映复杂地形对混合层厚度和风速的影响。     

宁波市大气混合层厚度变化特征及其与空气污染的关系

基于2001—2014年宁波市每日4个时次(02时、08时、14时、20时)的常规气象观测资料和同期宁波市环保局空气污染物(SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10))浓度的日监测数据,采用最小二乘曲线拟合法计算了2001—2014年宁波市大气混合层厚度,并分析了大气混合层厚度的时间变化特征及其与空气污染的关系。结果表明:2001—2014年宁波市年平均大气混合层厚度波动变化明显,大气混合层厚度极大值和极小值分别出现在2004年、2007年,分别为866.1 m和746.1 m。水平风速对宁波市大气混合层厚度的影响较大。春季和7月、8月宁波市大气混合层厚度较大,秋季和冬季大气混合层厚度较小,而6月大气混合层厚度最小。大气混合层厚度在中午达最大值,夜间达最小值,大气混合层位于500.0—1200.0 m高度的出现频率最高。随着大气混合层厚度增大,污染物浓度被稀释。夏季,大气混合层厚度对PM_(10)、SO_2和NO_2浓度的调节能力较强。由于输入性污染的影响,冬季PM_(10)与SO_2浓度的极大值明显高于夏季,同时大气混合层厚度的变化对PM_(10)和SO_2浓度的增减效应比夏季明显削弱,但对NO_2浓度的影响较小。另外,当大气混合层厚度位于500.0—1200.0 m高度时,在同一大气混合层厚度下,同一污染物浓度的变化范围较大。     

北京地区平均最大混合层厚度的时间变化特征

大气混合层厚度是大气环境质量影响预测中所需的重要参数。应用Holzworth干绝热法计算最大混合层厚度的基本原理,采用王式功等提出的逐步逼近法计算了北京观象台站1970—2007年的最大混合层厚度,分析了最大混合层厚度38年的变化和月平均值的年变化特征,同时应用2004—2007年同期的北京地区空气质量等级与同期大气混合层厚度逐月分布频率进行比较。结果表明,北京观象台的平均最大混合层厚度自1970—1998年有逐年减小趋势,1998年达到最小值,而从1998—2007年有逐年增加趋势,年平均最大混合层厚度与年降水日数有较为明显的负相关关系。最大混合层厚度的年变化表现出冬季低和夏季高的特征,且在夏季的7月和8月出现一个相对的低谷。空气质量等级与同期大气混合层厚度逐月分布频率表明,较高的最大混合层厚度出现频率较大的月,空气质量等级为1级和2级出现的频率高,而较低的最大混合层厚度出现频率较大的月,其空气质量等级为3级和4级出现的频率高。     

乌鲁木齐市冬季混合层厚度及对大气污染影响的个例分析

利用国标法、罗氏法对乌鲁木齐市2008年1月11—13日的混合层厚度进行了计算,并用实测的混合层厚度验证了两种方法在乌鲁木齐的应用效果,最后分析了混合层厚度对大气污染的影响。结果表明:国标法、罗氏法计算的混合层厚度比实测的偏大,在用国标法与罗氏法求一个地区的混合层厚度时,进行大气稳定度分级及选用地面风速时要适当进行调整;观测期间乌鲁木齐市的平均混合层厚度在154 m左右,最大值在350 m左右;相对于地面风速,地面气温对混合层厚度的影响较为明显;混合层厚度对大气污染具有显著影响。     

重庆市多年大气混合层厚度变化特征及其对空气质量的影响分析

根据2000—2005年逐日4个时次的常规气象资料,采用国家标准GB/T 3840—91中规定的方法计算并分析了重庆主城区大气混合层厚度的频率分布、时间变化等基本特征;在此基础上,进一步以2005年为例分析了混合层厚度与空气污染指数的相关关系。结果表明:重庆市大气混合层厚度以0—800 m范围出现频率最高,多年平均值为428 m;混合层厚度的季节变化和日变化特征明显。与1980—1990年相比,2000—2005年期间年平均混合层厚度总体上有所增加。混合层厚度与空气污染指数的相关性分析显示,月平均混合层厚度和月平均API呈显著负相关(r=-0.72);分析表明,大气混合层厚度是影响城市空气质量的重要因素。     

激光雷达和探空反演的混合层高度对比分析

本文利用2016年12月至2017年11月期间晴朗少云天气下的成都微脉冲激光雷达观测数据反演的混合层高度,与温江探空资料确定的混合层高度进行了对比和误差分析,结果表明:基于探空资料和激光雷达数据反演的混合层高度具有较好的一致性,两者相关系数达0.75,激光雷达反演的混合层高度略低于基于探空资料确定的值,在混合层高度为1000～2000m时,两种方法计算所得的值偏差幅度最小,约为20%;在1000m以内和2000m以上,偏差幅度略有增大,为26%;两种方法反演的混合层高度变化趋势较为一致,均呈现出12月、1月较低,4月、5月较高的特点;混合层高度具有明显的日变化特征:上午混合层高度迅速增高,午后增长速度减慢并发展到最大高度,日落后迅速降低;混合层内相对湿度的增加、残留层的存在是导致激光雷达反演混合层高度时产生较大误差的原因之一。     

LIDAR DETERMINATION OF THE ENTRAINMENT ZONE THICKNESS AT THE TOP OF THE UNSTABLE MARINE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

The thickness of the entrainment zone at the top of the marine atmosphericboundary layer (MABL) has been documented by an airborne lidar on twoconsecutive days during a cold-air outbreak episode over the Mediterranean.In addition to the lidar observations, in situ turbulent flux measurementsat three levels in the MABL were made by a second aircraft. The flights' tracksare broken down in segments 25–30 km long and the data are filtered for theparametrization of turbulent entrainment in the MABL at scales smaller thana few kilometres. The structural parameters of the entrainment zone aredetermined by lidar from the distributions of the instantaneous MABL topheight. The average values Ph0 and Ph2 of the cumulativeprobability distributions are used to define the bottom and top heights of the entrainment zone h0 and h2, respectively. The parameters h0 andh2 are calculated by reference to a linear vertical buoyancy flux profilein the framework of a first-order jump model. The model is constrained by bothlidar and in situ data to determine Ph0 and Ph2 and so h0and h2. In unstable conditions theaverage fraction Ph0 is estimated to be 6.0 ± 1%. It is shown to beslightly sensitive to the presence of cloud at small cloud fractions.The mean value of the ratio of the inversion level buoyancy flux to the surfacebuoyancy flux ARv is found to range from 0.15 to 0.30 depending on the shearin the MABL. The average value is 0.22 ± 0.05. Our resultsare in good agreement with previous analysis at comparable spatial scales.In purely convective conditions, the value of ARv given by theparametrizations fitted to our results is about 0.10–0.12, a value smallerthan the commonly accepted value of 0.2. When compared to previousparametrization results, our proportionality constant for the mechanicalproduction of turbulent kinetic energy is also found to be scaled down, ingood agreement with large-eddy simulation results. It is suggestedthat mesoscale organized motions in the MABL is the source of thisdifference.     

气溶胶的核化清除效率及其物理、化学因子

在Junge气溶胶谱分布的条件下,推导出气溶胶粒子的核化清除效率的近似公式。与分析解相比较,在一定范围内,数值计算结果与分析解相符。模式计算结果表明,夹卷的上升气块对于大陆和海洋性气溶胶粒子的核化清除效率,除了气溶胶谱分布以外,决定于以下的物理、化学因子:气溶胶化学成分、上升气块的夹卷率、水汽凝结的调节系数(accommodation coefficient)、云底温度等。      

OBSERVING RESULTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC MIXED LAYER IN BEIJING AREA AND THE EVALUATION OF THEORETICAL MODELS

In the present study the data of wind and temperature profiles and sensible heat flux observed in Beijing inJuly and December of 1986,together with the results of water tank experiments for comparison,are used to testthe prediction models of the atmospheric mixed layer with zero order and first order assumption,respectively.The results show that the entrainment rates in summer and winter used in the zero order model are 0.15 and0.10,respectively,while its value in the first order model ranges between 0.15 and 0.19 with a lower rateat the initial stage of mixed layer development.Emphasis in the study is also placed on the relationship between the entrainmert rate and the developmentof the mixed layer.     

对流边界层大涡模式的改进及对夹卷速度的研究

对已建的对流边界层(CBL)大涡模式进行了改进，将次网格闭合方案改为次网格能量闭合，并考虑了水汽的源汇项和水汽相变潜热的作用。通过对均匀下垫面上由热扰动发展的对流边界层的模拟及与实验结果的比较表明，模式较好地模拟了对流边界层的主要物理结构，较好地反映了各物理量之间的对应关系。本文在一定的对流理查森数(Ri*)范围内给出了一些算例，对无量纲夹卷速度(We/W*)进行了研究。结果表明，无量纲夹卷速度随地表热通量(Qs)的增大而增大，随对流边界层上部温度递减率（γ)的增大而减小。当9.06≤Ri*≤45.29时，无量纲夹卷速度We/W*可以拟合成A(Ri*)-1的形式，其中A=0.226。并且与我们的对流槽实验结果，Sullivan等人的大涡模拟结果以及Deardorff等人的对流槽实验结果作了比较，四者吻合较好。     

Convective Boundary-Layer Entrainment: Short Review and Progress using Doppler Lidar

The entrainment of air from the free atmosphere into the convective boundary layer is reviewed and further investigated using observations from a 2 μm Doppler lidar. It is possible to observe different individual processes entraining air into the turbulent layer, which develop with varying stability of the free atmosphere. These different processes are attended by different entrainment-zone thicknesses and entrainment velocities. Four classes of entrainment parametrizations, which describe relationships between the fundamental parameters of the process, are examined. Existing relationships between entrainment-zone thickness and entrainment velocity are basically confirmed using as scaling parameters boundary-layer height and convective velocity. An increase in the correlation coefficient between stability parameters based on the stratification of the free atmosphere and entrainment velocity (and entrainment-zone thickness respectively) up to 200% was possible using more suitable length and velocity scales.     

Diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Maritime Continent simulated by a spectral cumulus parameterization

The validity of a spectral cumulus parameterization (spectral scheme) for simulating a diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Maritime Continent (MC) was examined using a regional atmospheric model. The impacts of entrainment parameterization and each type of convective closure, i.e., non-equilibrium (or equilibrium) closure for deep convection, mid-level, and shallow convective closures, were also examined. When vertically variable entrainment and appropriate convective closures were employed, the model adequately simulated a diurnal cycle of precipitation over both land and ocean as compared to the observation. Analysis regarding the entrainment parameterization revealed that variable entrainment parameterization was needed not only for simulating better mean patterns of precipitation, but also for more realistic phases of diurnal cycles. The impacts of convective closures appeared in the differences in the precipitation amplitude. Analysis on diurnal cycles of convective properties and tendencies revealed that the cycles between boundary layer forcing and convective heating determined convection strength and were affected by each type of convective closure. It can be concluded that the spectral scheme with appropriate convective closures is able to simulate a realistic diurnal cycle over the MC.     

A Similarity Model for Maximum Ground-Level Concentration in a Freely Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer

A model of buoyancy- and momentum-driven industrial plumes in a freely convective boundary layer is proposed. The development combines the Lagrangian similarity models of Yaglom for non-buoyant releases in the convective surface layer with the Scorer similarity model for industrial plumes. Constraints on the validity of the extension of Yaglom’s model to the entire convective planetary boundary layer, arrived at by consideration of Batchelor’s formulation for diffusion in an inertial subrange, are often met in practice. The resulting formulation applies to an interval of time in which the entrainment of the atmosphere by the plume is balanced by the entrainment of the plume by the atmosphere. It is argued that during this interval, both maximum plume rise and ground contact are achieved. Further examination of the physical interrelationship with the Csanady-Briggs formulation serves to consolidate the model hypotheses, as well as to simplify the derivation of maximum ground-level concentrations. Experimental evidence is presented for the validity of the model, based on Moore’s published data.     

A similarity model for maximum ground-level concentration in a freely convective atmospheric boundary layer

A model of buoyancy- and momentum-driven industrial plumes in a freely convective boundary layer is proposed. The development combines the Lagrangian similarity models of Yaglom for non-buoyant releases in the convective surface layer with the Scorer similarity model for industrial plumes. Constraints on the validity of the extension of Yaglom’s model to the entire convective planetary boundary layer, arrived at by consideration of Batchelor’s formulation for diffusion in an inertial subrange, are often met in practice. The resulting formulation applies to an interval of time in which the entrainment of the atmosphere by the plume is balanced by the entrainment of the plume by the atmosphere. It is argued that during this interval, both maximum plume rise and ground contact are achieved. Further examination of the physical interrelationship with the Csanady-Briggs formulation serves to consolidate the model hypotheses, as well as to simplify the derivation of maximum ground-level concentrations. Experimental evidence is presented for the validity of the model, based on Moore’s published data.     

Betts对流调整方案在移动套网格台风数值模式中的初步试验

Betts对流调整方案采用的是垂直温湿场向观测的准平衡热力结构松驰的方法。本文在一个考虑了台风初值化的移动套网格台风数值模式中,对Betts方案进行了初步试验。结果表明：Betts方案能较好的预报出台风移动的路径和降水过程,并在台风路径、降水落区预报以及对流增温的垂直分布等方面都略优于Kuo方案的预报结果。     

Effect of the Entrainment Flux Ratio on the Relationship between Entrainment Rate and Convective Richardson Number

The parameterization of the dimensionless entrainment rate (w _e /w _*) versus the convective Richardson number (Ri _δθ ) is discussed in the framework of a first-order jump model (FOM). A theoretical estimation for the proportionality coefficient in this parameterization, namely, the total entrainment flux ratio, is derived. This states that the total entrainment flux ratio in FOM can be estimated as the ratio of the entrainment zone thickness to the mixed-layer depth, a relationship that is supported by earlier tank experiments, and suggesting that the total entrainment flux ratio should be treated as a variable. Analyses show that the variability of the total entrainment flux ratio is actually the effect of stratification in the free atmosphere on the entrainment process, which should be taken into account in the parameterization. Further examination of data from tank experiments and large-eddy simulations demonstrate that the different power laws for w _e /w _* versus Ri _δθ can be interpreted as the variability of the total entrainment flux ratio. These results indicate that the dimensionless entrainment rate depends not only on the convective Richardson number but also upon the total entrainment flux ratio.