攀枝花市区33年气温变化趋势研究

本文利用攀枝花市区1977~2009年年平均气温、年平均极端最高气温、年平均极端最低气温以及逐日最高气温资料,运用气候趋势系数、累计距平、MK突变检验等方法研究分析了攀枝花市区气温变化趋势,主要结论有:(1)33年来该地区年平均气温呈现弱的下降趋势,与全球升温趋势相悖。(2)年平均极端最低气温升温趋势率为0.24℃/(10a),大大高于年平均极端最高气温升温趋势率0.09℃/(10a)。(3)高温日数及热积温均呈下降趋势,其中热积温下降趋势率为8.4℃/(10a)。(4)市区炳草岗年平均气温相对稳定,不存在突变现象。      

濮阳市0 cm地温变化特征及成因分析

利用线性分析方法和相关分析方法,分析了濮阳近50年地面温度的变化倾向率及成因。月平均地面温度变化趋势具有明显的阶段性,12月至翌年4月呈升温趋势,5～11月呈降温趋势,其变化倾向率分别为0．01～0．32℃／10a和-0．04～-0．83℃／10a,年平均地面温度变化倾向率为-0．23℃／10a;各月地面平均最高温度的变化倾向率,11月为0．01℃／10a,其余月份则为-0．46～-2．16℃／10a,年变化倾向率为～0．23℃／10a;各月地面平均最低温度的变化倾向率,11月为-0．02℃／10a,其余月份则为0．09～0．76℃／10a,年变化倾向率为0．34℃／10a;各月平均地气温差的变化倾向率为-0．17～-0．66℃／10a,年变化倾向率为-0．35℃／10a。当地地面平均最高温度呈逐年递减趋势,地面平均最低温度呈逐年递增趋势,地面平均最高温度的递减趋势远大于平均最低温度的递增趋势,因此,年平均地面温度呈逐年递减趋势。地气温差逐年递减,大气稳定度增强,不利于近地层污染物和水汽扩散,由此带来轻雾日数增多,空气污染加重。日照时数减少,地面受太阳直接辐射减少,是地面温度趋降的直接原因,空气湿度和降水量趋增、空气污染加重等要素的变化,是地面温度趋降的间接原因。     

中国地气温差时空分布及变化趋势

利用中国825个气象站点1961—2016年的逐日地表温度和气温观测资料,系统分析了中国地区地气温差（地表温度减气温）的时空分布以及变化趋势。结果表明,中国多年平均的年地气温差西部大部地区及华南部分地区在2.5℃以上,而中东部大部地区在2.5℃以下。其中春、夏季全国各地地气温差均为正值,且总体呈经向型分布,西高东低;秋、冬季中国各地地气温差总体呈纬向型分布,南高北低,尤其是冬季北方部分地区为负值。年内,中国区域平均各月地气温差均为正值,其中1月份和12月份相对较小,6—8月份（夏季）相对较大。不同地区地气温差的年内分布特征有所不同,西藏地区地气温差年平均值为全国最大,最大值出现在雨季来临前的5月份;东北、华北、黄淮、西北及内蒙古地区最大值均出现在雨季来临前的6月份;江淮、江汉、江南、华南地区地气温差最大值均出现在雨季过后的7月份或8月份;西南地区年内各月地气温差变化相对较小,在雨季之前的5月和雨季之后的8月出现2次峰值,呈双峰型分布。1961—2016年,中国区域平均地气温差4月和4—10月上升趋势较明显,而7月和10月变化趋势不明显或略有上升趋势。空间分布上,东北、西北及内蒙古、西藏西部等地平均地气温差有增加趋势,而中东部地区有减小趋势。     

城市化进程对珠江三角洲地区气温变化的影响

根据1979—2010年珠江三角洲24个气象站的气温观测数据以及NCEP/NCAR R1地表气温再分析月资料,运用OMR（observation minus reanalysis）方法分析了珠三角地区平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温的年、季变化趋势。研究结果表明,过去32年珠三角大部分地区呈增温趋势,年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温的OMR趋势分别为0.22/10a、0.19℃/10a、0.23℃/10a,对珠三角地区观测气温增暖的贡献率分别为55.7%、41.7%、57.2%;四季OMR增温趋势冬季最大,夏秋季较小。城市化对区域平均最低气温的影响比对平均最高气温的影响更大。     

近55年久治县0cm地温变化特征及成因分析

利用1963—2017年久治县气象局0cm地面温度和相关气象资料,采用气候倾向率、M—K检验法和相关分析法,分析了近55年来久治地区0cm地面温度的变化趋势以及与气温、日照时数、降水量、总云量和低云量的相关关系。结果表明:55年来久治地区的地面温度以0.626℃/10a的速率增温,四季地温也呈上升趋势,其中冬季升温极为显著,秋季次之;月变化同年、季变化一致,均呈升温趋势,2月增温最快,5月增温最慢;地面平均最高温度以-2.898℃/10a的速率降温,四季中也呈降温趋势,春季降温最明显,秋季降温最弱,月变化同年、季变化趋势一致也呈降低趋势,9月降温最快,8月降温最慢;地面平均最低温度以2.885℃/10a的速率上升,四季和月变化同年变化一致,冬季升温明显,3月升温最快,8月升温最慢。地气温差在年、四季和月中的变化一致,都呈上升趋势,冬季和3月增加明显。通过M—K检验发现,地面温度于1998年发生了突变,地面平均最高温度于1973年发生由高到低的突变,地面平均最低温度于1994年发生突变,地气温差于2003年发生突变。相关分析发现气温和低云量是影响地面温度升高的主要因子,日照时数、降水量、与地面温度呈负相关关系,总云量与地面温度呈弱的正相关。     

近40 a石河子地区气候暖湿化特征分析

分析了40 a气温、降水及干旱指数的变化特征,结果表明:(1)近40 a石河子地区平均温度以0.3℃/10 a趋势上升,和全疆变化一致;该地区年、冬季、夏季气温总体呈上升趋势,20世纪60~70年代年、冬季、夏季气温呈降低的趋势,80~90年代气温呈增加趋势,80年代冬季升温比夏季升温明显,而90年代夏季升温比冬季明显。(2)降水总体趋势上升,降水增长率为12.5 mm/10 a,90年代平均降水比30 a均值偏多20.8%。(3)年平均干旱指数总体呈下降趋势,但趋势不明显,其减少率为-0.3/10 a。(4)石河子地区的温度、降水及干旱指数用M ann-kendall方法检验分别在不同年份发生了不同程度的突变。结果指出,石河子地区气候正在趋于暖、湿化,这对于本区绿洲的发展具有有利的一面。     

近36年德令哈市地面温度的变化特征及突变分析

利用1981—2016年德令哈市国家基本气象站地面温度和气温数据资料,从年、季和月3个方面研究地面温度的变化特征。结果表明:近36a德令哈市年平均地面温度、地面最高温度和地面最低温度分别以0.811℃/10a、0.063℃/10a和1.247℃/10a的气候倾向率呈上升趋势;各季平均地面温度和地面最低温度呈上升趋势,春季平均地面最高温度呈上升趋势而夏秋冬三季呈下降趋势;月平均地面温度和地面最高最低温度的变化呈单峰式特点,各月平均地面温度和地面最低温度呈上升趋势,平均地面最高温度1—6月份呈上升趋势,7—12月份呈下降趋势;年平均地面温度和地面最低温度分别在1997年和2001年出现突变,年平均地面最高温度未出现突变;年、季、月平均地面温度与平均气温呈显著的正相关。     

辽宁省地气温差变化特征及其原因分析

利用1965—2014年辽宁省54个气象站月平均气温和地表温度观测资料、2003年45个气象站气温与地表温度的人工和自动定时观测资料,分析辽宁省气温、地表温度及地气温差的变化特征,并分析了地气温差变化的主要原因。结果表明:1965—2003年辽宁省气温和地表温度相关性较好,均呈显著升高的趋势,地气温差的变化较小;2004年开始气温较前10 a(1994—2003年)差异较小,而地表温度持续升高,地气温差加大,此现象在辽宁省东北部地区冬季最显著。2004年辽宁省气象站全面由人工观测改为自动站观测,积雪天气时人工气象站观测的地面温度为雪面温度,自动气象站观测的地面温度为雪下温度,不同观测方式引起的地面温度差异是导致近10 a(2004—2014年)地表温度持续升高的最主要原因。因此,辽宁省积雪期最长的东北部地区是地气温差加大最显著的区域。可见,观测方式的改变是导致2004—2014年辽宁地区地表温度持续升高和地气温差加大的主要原因。     

聊城市地面温度与气温的相关分析

利用聊城市1981-2000年的日平均地面温度和气温资料,分析了地气温差值的逐日、逐月变化规律,建立了以日平均气温为基础的日平均地温逐日预测模型.结果表明：全年2/3的时间地面平均温度高于气温; 年平均地气温差2.4℃,农作物生长季平均地气温差为2.9℃;地气温差6月19日最大,为6.2℃,12月19日最小,为-0.8℃;用地温预测模型估算2001-2004年作物生长季逐日地面温度, 误差多在1.7～1.8℃之间.     

西双版纳地区近45年来气候变化特征

根据云南省西双版纳州景洪市气象站1961年1月至2005年1月的气温及降水资料,分析了西双版纳近45年来的气候变化特征,得出近45年来两双版纳年降水量呈下降趋势(-20.72 mm/10a),夏季降水量减少较明显(-24.28 mm/lOa),春季降水量却呈上升趋势(11.18mm/10a);年平均气温呈上升趋势(0.262℃/10a),四季气温也呈上升趋势,尤其是冬季变暖最明显(0.483℃/10a);年极端低温的上升趋势(0.545℃/10a)远远大于年极端高温的下降趋势(-0.088℃/10a).以20世纪70年代末为界将近45年西双版纳气候分为冷、暖两个阶段,前为冷期,后为暖期.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on