近红外波段凝结核性质对雨滴散射特性的影响

用M ie散射理论,在已知大气气溶胶粒子的折射率基础上,计算并讨论大气气溶胶以及在其上凝结形成的雨滴的散射相函数、散射效率因子等散射特性。结果表明,对流层中气溶胶粒子的散射能力依次为水滴,冰晶,海洋性粒子,沙尘性粒子,水溶性粒子,煤烟。对于在可溶性核上凝结形成的雨滴,海洋性核的散射能力强于水溶性核的散射能力。由不可溶性核凝结形成雨滴的散射能力依次为煤烟核、冰晶核和沙尘性核。纯水雨滴的散射能力介于沙尘性核和冰晶核之间,强于海洋性核。该结论可以为光学测雨仪器在不同地区条件下的参数设置提供依据。     

非球形气溶胶粒子散射特性及其等效Mie散射误差分析

为分析形状对气溶胶粒子散射特性的影响,采用T矩阵法计算了0.633μm波段(自然光)不同种类、形状的气溶胶单粒子与体散射的散射相函数,并讨论了气溶胶粒子形状畸变与等效Mie散射误差的变化规律。结果表明:粒子形状畸变对气溶胶粒子散射能量空间分布影响较大。对于单粒子,各散射角上的等效Mie散射误差并不随粒子形状畸变程度单调变化。从相对误差量级上看,形状畸变对180°散射的影响强于0°,对35°的散射影响相对较弱。对于两种非球形粒子等效方法,等表面积法优于等体积法。不同类型的非球形气溶胶粒子体散射存在显著差异,沙尘性与海洋性的等效Mie散射误差明显大于煤烟性与可溶性粒子;对于同一种气溶胶,形状的改变对侧向与后向散射影响显著,对前向散射影响不大。     

东亚沙尘源区与下游地区气溶胶光学特性比较

利用AERONET观测资料从气候学的角度比较分析了2001-2011年东亚地区沙尘天气发生时沙尘源区和下游区大气气溶胶光学特性。结果表明：沙尘期间沙尘源区气溶胶光学厚度明显大于下游区,而Angstr?m波长指数却小于下游区,当沙尘暴出现时会降至零甚至负值。气溶胶粒子尺度体积谱分布除敦煌为单峰外,其余各站均呈双峰分布,香河和北京的细粒子浓度明显大于西北地区,这可能是由细的沙尘粒子和污染气溶胶共同造成。在440-1020 nm范围内,中国地区气溶胶单次散射反照率平均值为0.93,韩国和日本站分别为0.93和0.94。沙尘源区与下游区相比,复折射指数实部偏大,虚部偏小。总体来说,沙尘天气下东亚地区在4个波段内平均不对称因子为0.70。     

光吸收对冰晶粒子散射相函数的影响

本文利用射线跟踪法对冰晶粒子散射、吸收进行了研究。从理论上对一些常见的近似处理方法进行了讨论，计算了长为300μm，半径为30μm的六棱柱状冰晶粒子在不同波段的光散射相函数以及在波长2.2μm时，五种不同大小冰晶粒子的单次散射反照率。结果表明，即使在有吸收情况下，Snell公式和Lambert公式仍是近似成立的，而吸收效应对散射相函数有明显影响。     

光学遥感大气气溶胶特性

本文提出一种光学遥感大气气溶胶特性的新方法。由多波段望远光度计观测的太阳直接辐射和太阳所在地平纬圈天空亮度的相对分布值,同时反演出气溶胶散射相函数,整层大气的光学厚度随波长的变化,进而用“库”方法反演出气溶胶粒子的尺度谱和折射率的实部和虚部。对比平行观测的结果表明,光学遥感方法所得的结果是可信的。本文同时也讨论了北京地区大气气溶胶的光学参数在不同季节的变化。     

EOS/MODIS资料在陕西自然灾害监测中的应用

1　沙尘天气监测　　在形成沙尘暴的各种主要沙尘微粒中,粒径大于11μm的是小于1μm的3～5倍。在利用卫星遥感监测沙尘暴中,主要应考虑大粒子沙尘的光学和辐射传输特性。沙尘粒子在不同光谱区间有不同的尺度参数,而且粒子半径越大,其尺度参数越大,散射能量越向前集中,吸收消光也同时增加,散射比下降;天空中大粒子浮尘增多时,光线被强烈吸收,能见度则急剧下降。根据沙尘和大粒子气溶胶的散射和辐射特性,以及MODIS数据较宽的光谱范围和空间覆盖度以及随时间变化的资料连续覆盖的特点,可以看出MODIS更适合对地球大气、海洋和陆地进行表面特…     

贺兰山地区沙尘气溶胶瞬时谱分析及拟合

利用APS-3310A型激光空气动力学粒子谱仪，1998年4、5月和1999年4月在贺兰山附近的巴音浩特、盐池、银川等地采集了具有代表性的背景大气、浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴天气条件下沙尘粒子谱分布资料。对粒子瞬时谱的统计分析发现：不同的沙尘天气过程中，气溶胶的瞬时浓度存在很大差别。扬沙、沙尘暴天气过程中，气溶胶浓度变化较大；浮尘天气过程中，气溶胶浓度变化较小。沙尘现象越强，粗粒子（d〉2．5μm）越多，各粒径段浓度变化越明显。不同过程，粗细粒子对粒子表面积浓度贡献程度不一。沙尘气溶胶粒子谱型为单峰结构，对粒子的瞬时谱进行了谱型拟合，其具有对数正态分布函数的特征。     

太湖地区气溶胶光学特征分析

利用AERONET太湖站2007—2010年大气气溶胶光学特性数据,基于马氏距离聚类分析对太湖地区气溶胶进行分类研究。结果表明,气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)夏季达到最大(1.29),Angstrom波长指数(AE)在秋季达到最大(1.31);单散射反照率(SSA)均值在春季和秋季达到最大(0.92);不对称因子(ASY)均值在夏季达到最大(0.66);气溶胶粒子谱分布呈现双峰分布;太湖地区气溶胶粗模态粒子主要来源于北方的沙尘以及近海海域的海盐颗粒,细模态粒子主要来自人为污染尤其是汽车尾气、工业废气等的排放;吸收性气溶胶光学厚度(AAOD)夏季出现最大值0.11,AE夏季出现最小值1.0,说明该地区气溶胶粒子包含了典型的黑碳气溶胶。太湖地区混合类气溶胶占比最多(54.08%),其次是城市工业类气溶胶(18.95%);不同类型气溶胶占比的季节性差异较明显,秋季混合类型气溶胶占比最大(65.30%),城市工业类型在夏季占比最高(32.07%),春季受到远距离输送的影响,沙尘类占比最高(21.01%)。     

2004 年春季一次较强沙尘暴的实时预报与特征分析

首先对2004年春季最强的一次沙尘天气过程进行了简要分析,然后利用业务化的集成沙尘数值预报系统对其进行了数值预报试验,并在检验了预测结果的可用性的基础上,进一步分析了沙尘浓度、起沙量等模式输出结果的特征。结果表明:该预测系统对沙尘天气的起沙和输送过程预报能力较好;对沙尘天气的发生、发展和消亡过程有预报意义。这次过程的沙尘源地主要是蒙古国南部和中蒙边境沙地,包括毛乌素沙地、腾格里沙漠和浑善达克沙地;起沙和输送过程中各种粒子的贡献随着沙尘天气发生区域的不同而不同,这次过程中起沙量贡献主要是粒径为2~22μm的粒子,在大气中长时间长距离输送的粒子主要是粒径小于11μm的粒子。     

随机取向沙尘气溶胶激光雷达线退偏比特性研究

利用离散偶极子近似法,数值计算分析了随机取向旋转椭球体沙尘气溶胶粒子在尺度参数为0.1~23时（波长0.55 μm对应有效半径为0.01~2 μm）的激光雷达线退偏比特性,通过比较其不同旋转椭球体轴半径比下的差别,研究了粒子非球形性程度对单分散和多分散沙尘气溶胶激光雷达线退偏比特性的影响.单分散旋转椭球体沙尘气溶胶的激光雷达线退偏比对粒子的轴半径比和尺度参数有很强的依赖性;对于长旋转椭球体,沙尘激光雷达线退偏比较小值出现在瑞利散射区,而较大的值出现在米散射区;对于扁旋转椭球体,在米散射区较大沙尘粒子也可以产生较小的激光雷达线退偏比,例如,轴半径比为1/16,尺度参数为3时的沙尘激光雷达线退偏比仅为0.1%.就随机取向旋转椭球体沙尘粒子而言,对于单分散系,仅当尺度参数小于0.5时,非球形特征越明显,其激光雷达线退偏比越大;而对多分散系,非球形特征越明显,其激光雷达线退偏比越大.     

求解非球形大粒子光散射问题的一种简明数值计算方法

对于实际大气中传输的非偏振自然光的散射问题,所关心的散射参量通常为散射强度和线偏振度。本文通过对光子沿随机抽样人射路径的散射几率进行统计,建立了计算多粒径大粒子系统单次散射相函数及线偏振度的一种简明数值方法。对于粒子表面具有曲率的情况,该方法可以避免处理由表面曲率引入的“发散因子”。由于大气中液滴的形状一般近似为旋转扁椭球,本文也根据所建立的数值计算方法,计算和讨论了旋转扁椭球形液滴的散射相函数和线偏振度。     

小旋转椭球粒子群的微波散射特性

文中从不同方向线性偏振的入射波对小旋转椭球状降水粒子极化产生的散射出发 ,推导出散射能流密度函数 ,以及降水粒子群旋转轴处于不同状态下的散射截面 ,得出散射截面随降水粒子相态和入射波波长变化的一些曲线 ,其结果可供遥感反演计算使用。     

Nitrosyl and Nitryl Chloride Formation in H2SO4/HNO3/H2O/HCl Solutions at 200 K

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to measure the vapor pressure of chlorine containing species generated from H2SO4/HNO3/H2O/HCl solutions at 200 K. The vapor pressure was observed to be a function of solution composition. Two solution compositions were investigated. One solution remained a liquid whereas the second solution was a mixed liquid and solid phase (an ice slurry). The liquid solution had a composition of 64.6 wt.% H2SO4/4.8 wt.% HNO3/30.1 wt.% H2O/0.5 wt.% HCl and produced only vapor phase HCl. The ice slurry solution had a composition of 76.6 wt.% H2SO4/3.0 wt.% HNO3/20.1 wt.% H2O/0.3 wt.% HCl and produced HCl, ClNO, and ClNO2 vapor phase components. The sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and water content of these solutions are representative of those present in polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), however the HCl concentrations are much higher than present within these clouds. The partitioning of chlorine between vapor phase HCl (50%) and ClNO/ClNO2 (50%) for the ice slurry solution suggests a possible mechanism of halogen activation within PSCs. A reaction mechanism to model the observed chemistry is proposed.     

DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOON SPIRAL CLOUD BAND AT SEA WITH SSM/I IMAGE

This paper describes the characteristics of the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP),analyzes absorbing,re-emitting and scattering effects of the atmospheric particles (especially cloud particles and rain drops).The inner physical cause of typhoon's representative form on microwave images is revealed.An index of particle size is then induced as such:Symmetrically inverse channel 85H's (85H is an abbreviation for channel 85.5 GHz in horizontal polarization,see Table 1 in the text.) absorption segment and put it into the extension of the scattering segment.The precipitation index was formed as the average of three elements:normalized 19H,normalized 37H,and inversed normalized 85H.It is approved that the image of particle size index overcomes some shortcomings of the single raw channel,such as:37H is not sensitive to large rain drops,85H is not sensitive to mid-size rain drops and can reveal typhoon's spiral structure more clearly.     

Aerosol-cloud chemical fractionation: Enrichment factor analysis of cloud water

A field study was conducted at a mountain-top site in northwestern Colorado. Supercooled cloud water, collected as a function of droplet size, was analyzed for anions, cations and trace elements. Enrichment factors (EF) of SO ₄ ^2– , K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl^– relative to crustal and marine reference elements (Al and Na) were calculated to determine whether chemical fractionation of the aerosol occurs during cloud droplet formation. The largest EF's for all ions were found for droplets less than 10–15 µm diameter. Ratios of the small to large droplet mean EF's ranged from 1 to 2, for SO ₄ ^2– relative to both Al and Na⁺, to 10 to 12 for Na⁺, Cl^– and K⁺, relative to Al. EF's of K⁺ and Cl^– in the bulk cloud water were in crustal and marine proportions, respectively. It was concluded that although bulk could chemistry may indicate a lack of enrichment of a species, this may not be true throughout the droplet size distribution. The higher enrichments in small droplets is likely a result of their formation on small aerosol particles whereas the large droplets form on the largest aerosol particles. This may suppress EF's in precipitation relative to the total aerosol.     

A modelling study on the activation of small Aitken‐mode aerosol particles during CIME 97

During February 1997, one of the 2 observational periods of CIME ( c loud i ce m ountain e xperiment), a joint field experiment funded by the European Commission, took place on the summit of the Puy de Dōme in the centre of France. During this experiment the droplet spectra were measured with an FSSP and the aerosol particles in the drops and in the interstitial particle phase were measured with a counterflow virtual impactor and a round jet impactor inside a windtunnel. Very low aerosol particle and drop concentrations were observed and particles as small as 25 nm in diameter were found to activate. Two datasets obtained on 15 February and 17 February were used to study the activation of the small Aitken‐mode particles and the spectral form of the droplet spectrum and the scavenging fraction. Numerous sensitivity studies were performed investigating the rôle of the number density and chemical composition of the aerosol particles. The rôle of mixing inside the orographic cloud was studied by using a new technique. It considers the fact that the air arriving on the summit of the Puy de Dôme is a mixture of air of different origins. Thus, it weighs the results of a spectral scavenging model (DESCAM or EXMIX) calculated along a number of individual trajectories. The weighing function is derived from tracer and trajectory studies with a 3‐dimensional mesoscale model. The model was able to reproduce the activation of aerosol particles as small as 25 nm. It was caused by the low aerosol particle number concentrations. In general, we can conclude that the variability found in the sensitivity tests of the dynamical and chemical factors allows to reproduce the shape of the observed results. As too many free parameters exit at the moment we cannot quantify the contribution of each factor studied to the observed scavenging fraction, however, it seems that dynamics dominates.     

Effective droplet number and droplet spectra parameters that determine the radar backscatter from clouds and rain

Using the “slice” approach to the weather radar equation, it was found that, in general, for an imperfect rectangular probing pulse envelope and non-Poisson, small-scale fluctuations of particle concentration, the mean backscatter is governed by the effective droplet number and the first three moments of the cloud-rain particle size distribution function. We propose an approach to computing the effective spatial duration of a probing pulse used to estimate the effective number of scattering particles within a radar volume. We also assessed the difference between methods for estimating mean backscatter, first taking into account the factors listed above and then comparing the result to classical estimations attained through the sixth moment of the droplet spectra and a rectangular probing pulse.     

广州黄埔工业区近地层气溶胶分级水溶性成分的物理化学特征

通过对在黄埔工业区收集的气溶胶样品的质量谱与水溶性离子成分谱的分析表明 :总气溶胶质量与诸离子浓度均明显高于华南大陆的值 ,其分布表现为明显的 3峰分布 ,气溶胶中以 SO2 - 4,NO- 3 ,Ca2 ,NH 4 为主要的离子成分 ;较之华南陆地测站 ,除离子浓度成倍增加外 ,SO2 - 4的浓度占了阴离子含量的绝大部分 ,NO- 3 ,NH 4 的含量比重显著增加 ,以及 NO- 3 ,SO2 - 4,NH 4 ,K 较多地存在于细粒态粒子中是其主要特点。     

环北京地区积层混合云微物理结构飞机联合探测研究

利用北京、山西和河北三省市飞机在环北京地区探测的积层混合云微物理结构特征资料,结合卫星等宏观观测资料,分析了环北京地区积层混合云系空间云微物理结构特征。结果显示,冷锋云系前部,云内部微物理参数空间分布不均匀,2700m以上较大,垂直方向云粒子浓度和直径呈正相关关系,浓度极值间差7个量级,大滴粒子浓度差7个量级,降水粒子浓度差6个量级,水平方向云粒子浓度和直径分布不均匀,呈反相关关系。冷锋云系中部,云微物理参数垂直分布不均匀,在2500～3600m和4000m以上高度层出现云粒子峰值,且云粒子浓度和直径呈反相关关系,云滴粒子浓度极值间差6个量级,大滴粒子浓度差7个量级,降水粒子浓度差5个量级,水平方向云粒子分布不均匀,云粒子浓度和直径呈反相关关系。冷锋云系前部,云粒子谱在4800m高度谱型为单峰谱,4200m高度谱型多峰分布,3600m高度谱型为双峰谱。云降水粒子谱三高度层谱型差异不大,4800m高度谱型为单调递减谱,峰值在小粒子端（≤100μm）,4200m和3600m高度谱型相似,为双峰谱,峰值分别在≤小于100μm和230μm处。降水粒子谱三高度层谱型相似,都为单峰谱,峰值相差不大。冷锋云系中部,云粒子谱在三高度层谱型差异较大,4800m高度谱型为单峰谱,峰值在小滴端,4200m高度谱型为单峰谱,峰值在15μm处,3600m高度谱型为双峰谱,峰值分别在7μm和30μm处。云降水粒子谱三高度层谱型差异不大,4800m高度谱型为单调递减谱,峰值在小粒子端（≤100μm）,4200m和3600m高度谱型相似,为双峰谱,峰值分别在≤100μm和200μm处。降水粒子谱三高度层谱型相似,都为单峰谱,峰值相差不大。