新疆和田市沙尘气溶胶浓度及粒径分布特征研究

沙尘气溶胶不仅影响天气和气候,而且对海洋生态及全球物质循环具有重要的作用.塔克拉玛干沙漠作为我国和东亚地区重要的沙尘气溶胶源区,其西南缘和田市沙尘气溶胶浓度及粒径分布特征尚不明确,将不利于该区域沙尘气溶胶远距离输送和沉降的机理研究.因此,本文利用粒子分级采样仪,通过对和田市不同天气(晴天、浮尘、扬沙天气)下沙尘气溶胶浓...     

中国北方大气气溶胶微物理特性研究

利用AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network)榆林、北京、香河、兰州四站点的数据分析中国北方大气气溶胶的光学和物理特性。分析内容包括:气溶胶光学厚度、单次散射反照率、复折射指数、散射不对称因子、Αngstrom波长指数、气溶胶体积尺度谱分布。分析结果表明:春季光学厚度为四季中最大;沙尘源区的Αngstrom波长指数和光学厚度的关系较为简单,且随光学厚度的增加呈降低趋势,下游地区Αngstrom波长指数和光学厚度关系较为复杂;所有站点的体积谱分布均呈双峰分布,夏半年积聚态为主模态,冬半年粗模态为主控模态;粗粒子的散射不对称因子大于细粒子的。     

近10年东亚沙尘气溶胶时空分布与起尘通量的数值研究

利用一个耦合了沙尘模型的区域气候模式RegCM3和NCEP再分析资料,对近10年(2000-2009年)东亚地区沙尘气溶胶(直径≤20μm)时空分布特征和起尘通量进行了数值模拟。结果表明,(1)耦合模式能较好地模拟东亚地区沙尘气溶胶的时空分布特点。东亚地区沙尘气溶胶光学厚度、柱含量高值区主要位于塔克拉玛干沙漠和巴丹吉林沙漠。沙尘气溶胶柱含量的季节变化特征明显,春季最大,冬季次之,秋季最小。东亚地区110°E以东,沙尘主要以700hPa高度为中心向东传输。(2)东亚地区起沙源区主要位于塔克拉玛干沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠、藏北沙漠化地区及蒙古国西南部,起沙强度存在明显的季节变化。2000-2009年东亚地区年平均起沙通量为1015.34mg.m-2.d-1,其中62.4%和2.3%分别通过干、湿过程重新沉降在东亚地区,其余35.3%被净释放进入大气或进行远距离传输。     

沙尘和霾气溶胶的物理特征比较

粒子尺度谱和复折射率指数是描述大气气溶胶的基本物理参数,也是遥感大气气溶胶光学厚度的基本假定量,决定了光学厚度遥感的准确程度。本文分析了中国气溶胶遥感网反演的北京周边的沙尘和霾天气下大气气溶胶的体积谱和复折射指数,结果表明:沙尘和霾天气下气溶胶的体积谱均呈现双峰对数正态分布,霾气溶胶粒子体积谱在细模态(0.1～1μm)和粗模态(1～10μm)的占比大体相当,沙尘气溶胶粒子体积谱中粗模态占比远远高于细模态,以粗粒子为主;将实际测量的复折射率同HITRAN 2008数据库中各种类型的气溶胶复折射率光谱数据相比,类沙尘粒子的复折射指数同沙尘气溶胶最为接近,水溶性粒子同霾气溶胶最为接近,在大气气溶胶遥感中如果缺少复折射率的光谱数据,可考虑将类沙尘粒子和水溶性粒子的复折射率光谱数据(0.2～40μm)外推近似代替沙尘和霾气溶胶用于紫外和红外遥感。本研究可为利用紫外光谱和红外光谱定量遥感沙尘和霾气溶胶研究提供参考和依据。     

东亚三次典型沙尘过程移动路径和特征

东亚地区沙尘移动路径主要有三条,即西北路径、偏西路径和偏北路径,利用CALIPSO卫星的Level 1和Level 2两级数据产品,对不同移动路径沙尘天气的沙尘在远距离传输过程中的空间特征进行对比研究。结果表明:西北和偏西路径沙尘天气过程中,沙尘气溶胶垂直分布高度较偏北路径沙尘天气高;偏西路径较西北路径的沙尘天气而言,污染性沙尘粒子有所增多;不同的沙尘源区和移动路径导致大气中气溶胶粒子类型占比不同;西北和偏西路径的沙尘退偏振比均值相近,表明这两次沙尘天气沙尘成分可能相同。     

黄土高原半干旱区沙尘气溶胶光学和微物理特性

利用2006-2012年兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站太阳光度计资料,采用严格判断方法确定出沙尘气溶胶数据,分析沙尘气溶胶的光学和微物理特性。结果表明,沙尘气溶胶光学厚度最大值(2.80)出现在春季,主要分布在0.3~0.8,日均值0.63。ngstrm波长指数与光学厚度位相相反,春季最小(0.002),秋季最大(0.525),主要分布在0.2~0.4,日均值0.27。沙尘多为大粒径气溶胶,粒子谱粗模态占主导。总粒子和粗模态粒子体积浓度变化很大,与光学厚度年变化一致,在4月达到最大。有效半径与复折射指数实部变化一致,春、冬季较大,夏、秋季较小。单次散射反照率冬、春小,夏、秋较大,最小值出现在2月,与复折射指数虚部反位相。     

敦煌沙尘气溶胶质量浓度垂直特征个例分析

针对兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站在敦煌地区的沙尘气溶胶加强观测试验,选取2012年春季自然和污染沙尘两种典型天气个例,利用激光雷达退偏观测的优势分离粗(沙尘)、细(背景气溶胶)粒子,反演并对比分析了沙尘气溶胶消光系数及质量浓度的垂直分布特征。研究发现,以4月26日为代表的自然沙尘,粒子退偏比垂直廓线均大于30%,质量浓度呈现单峰结构,1.5 km出现最大值(1 070μg·m~(-3));以4月6日为代表的污染沙尘,有明显的气溶胶分层现象,粒子退偏比介于5%～20%,沙尘质量浓度介于2～45μg·m-3;由于局地污染的影响,污染沙尘的质量消光系数(0.79m~2·g~(-1))明显大于自然沙尘(0. 48 m~2·g~(-1))。因此,为了准确评估沙尘气溶胶的质量浓度,对沙尘天气进行分类,并利用粒子退偏比有效分离沙尘气溶胶尤为重要。     

矿物沙尘与盐尘典型区气溶胶光学特性的对比分析

选取塔里木盆地(矿物沙尘源)、伊朗高原(矿物沙尘传输区)和咸海地区(盐尘源)三个典型代表区,结合近10年(2007-2016年)的主动(CALIOP/CALIPSO)和被动(OMI/Arua)卫星遥感气溶胶产品,对比分析了沙尘与盐尘气溶胶光学特性的异同。结果表明:(1)柱气溶胶光学厚度具有相似的逐月变化规律,塔里木盆地和咸海地区最大值出现在4月,而伊朗高原出现在夏季;(2)塔里木盆地和咸海地区的气溶胶最大出现频率均接近近地面,而伊朗高原主要集中在海平面以上2～3 km;(3)伊朗高原传输型沙尘与咸海地区盐尘的不规则程度均小于塔里木盆地源区沙尘,且盐尘的粒径大小明显小于矿物沙尘,CALIOP将其主要识别为污染沙尘;(4)咸海地区盐尘的光学吸收性与塔里木盆地源区沙尘相当,略大于伊朗高原的传输型沙尘。     

沙尘暴影响下北京沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布及溯源分析

采用云-大气气溶胶激光雷达红外探索卫星观测系统(Cloud-Aerosol Lidarand Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations,CALIPSO)资料,得出了2013年3月8-11日的一次途经新疆、甘肃、内蒙古等地的沙尘暴,对造成北京的沙尘天气影响下的沙尘气溶胶的空间垂直分布图。在此基础上研究了衰减后向散射系数、退偏振比、色比等光学特性参数。结果表明:在此次沙尘暴影响下造成的北京地区沙尘天气过程中,气溶胶的退偏振比在0.1~0.4之间,色比大于0.3。3月10-11日北京地区的沙尘气溶胶分布高度从3km以下被抬升至约4km。再利用欧拉-拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道模型(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model)和NAAPS全球气溶胶模式,模拟分析了这次沙尘的来源和传输过程,表明此次沙尘起源于南疆盆地和内蒙古中西部,影响甘肃大部、内蒙古中西部、宁夏、山西北部和河北西北部、北京等地区。并用双波长迭代反演法初步反演了3月10、11日北京地区处于沙尘天气情况下的气溶胶光学厚度,分别为0.334和0.621。     

青藏高原沙尘气溶胶时空变化及其来源地分析

沙尘气溶胶作为地球大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,对全球气候、生态环境和人体健康都有重要影响。厘清青藏高原地区的沙尘气溶胶时空分布变化,对研究青藏高原沙尘气溶胶气候环境效应有重要意义。利用风云卫星遥感资料、再分析资料等多源数据,统计分析了1999-2020年青藏高原上空沙尘气溶胶的时空分布特征。高原沙尘活动强度在季风期明显高于非季风期,沙尘气溶胶光学厚度（Dust Optical Depth, DOD）在春、夏、秋、冬季的多年平均分别为0.176、 0.064、 0.032、 0.060,气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Depth, AOD）为0.223、 0.118、 0.069、 0.117。柴达木盆地是青藏高原地区沙尘活动最活跃的区域,在高原西部和南部监测到零星沙尘活动。2018-2020年,青藏高原上空发生沙尘事件的天数分别为：192天、 218天和212天。东亚地区沙尘源地（约62%）与中东、中亚地区沙尘源地（约30%）分别是高原北部和南部沙尘气溶胶的主要来源,源自北非地区的沙尘主要影响高原南部的高海拔地区。青藏高原地区沙尘活动在2000-2012年强度较高,201...     

Comparative inverse analysis of satellite (MODIS) and ground (PM10) observations to estimate dust emissions in East Asia

Soil dust aerosol is the largest contributor to aerosol mass concentrations in the troposphere and has considerable effects on air quality and climate. Arid and semi-arid areas of East Asia are one of the important dust source regions thus it is crucial to understand dust mobilization and accurately estimate dust emissions in East Asia. However, present dust models still contain large uncertainties with dust emissions that remain a significant contributor to the overall uncertainties in the model. In this study, we attempt to reduce these uncertainties by using an inverse modeling technique and obtain optimized dust emissions. We use Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depths (AODs) and groundbased mass concentrations of particles less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM₁₀) observations over East Asia in May 2007. The MODIS AODs are validated with AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) AODs. The inversion uses the maximum a posteriori method and the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM) as a forward model. The model error is large over dust source regions including the Gobi Desert and Mongolia. We find that inverse modeling analyses from the MODIS and PM₁₀ observations consistently result in decrease of dust emissions over Mongolia and the Gobi Desert. Whereas over the Taklamakan Desert and Manchuria, the inverse modeling analyses from both observations yield contrast results such as increase of dust sources using MODIS AODs, while decrease of those using PM₁₀ observations. We discuss some limitations of both observations to obtain the optimized dust emissions and suggest several strategies for the improvement of dust emission estimates in the model.     

Assessment of Individual Direct Radiative Effects of Major Aerosol Species in East Asia

To assess individual direct radiative effects of diverse aerosol species on a regional scale,the air quality modeling system RAMS-CMAQ(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System and Community Multiscale Air Quality) coupled with an aerosol optical properties/radiative transfer module was used to simulate the temporal and spatial distributions of their optical and radiative properties over East Asia throughout 2005.Annual and seasonal averaged aerosol direct radiative forcing(ADRF) of all important aerosols and individual components,such as sulfate,nitrate,ammonium,black carbon(BC),organic carbon(OC),and dust at top-of-atmosphere(TOA) in clear sky are analyzed.Analysis of the model results shows that the annual average ADRF of all important aerosols was in the range of 0 to-18 W m?2,with the maximum values mainly distributed over the Sichuan Basin.The direct radiative effects of sulfate,nitrate,and ammonium make up most of the total ADRF in East Asia,being concentrated mainly over North and Southeast China.The model domain is also divided into seven regions based on different administrative regions or countries to investigate detailed information about regional ADRF variations over East Asia.The model results show that the ADRFs of sulfate,ammonium,BC,and OC were stronger in summer and weaker in winter over most regions of East Asia,except over Southeast Asia.The seasonal variation in the ADRF of nitrate exhibited the opposite trend.A strong ADRF of dust mainly appeared in spring over Northwest China and Mongolia.     

Model analysis of influences of aerosol mixing state upon its optical properties in East Asia

The air quality model system RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)-CMAQ (Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality) coupled with an aerosol optical/radiative module was applied to investigate the impact of different aerosol mixing states (i.e., externally mixed, half externally and half internally mixed, and internally mixed) on radiative forcing in East Asia. The simulation results show that the aerosol optical depth (AOD) generally increased when the aerosol mixing state changed from externally mixed to internally mixed, while the single scattering albedo (SSA) decreased. Therefore, the scattering and absorption properties of aerosols can be significantly affected by the change of aerosol mixing states. Comparison of simulated and observed SSAs at five AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) sites suggests that SSA could be better estimated by considering aerosol particles to be internally mixed. Model analysis indicates that the impact of aerosol mixing state upon aerosol direct radiative forcing (DRF) is complex. Generally, the cooling effect of aerosols over East Asia are enhanced in the northern part of East Asia (Northern China, Korean peninsula, and the surrounding area of Japan) and are reduced in the southern part of East Asia (Sichuan Basin and Southeast China) by internal mixing process, and the variation range can reach 5 W m－2. The analysis shows that the internal mixing between inorganic salt and dust is likely the main reason that the cooling effect strengthens. Conversely, the internal mixture of anthropogenic aerosols, including sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, and organic carbon, could obviously weaken the cooling effect.     

利用MODIS卫星资料对中国中东部和印度次大陆气溶胶特性的分析

利用Terra和Aqua卫星上的MODIS探测反演气溶胶产品,比较分析了中国中东部和印度次大陆地区的气溶胶物理特性的异同。研究结果表明:中国中东部气溶胶类型以烟尘为主,印度次大陆地区东、西部分别以烟尘和沙尘为主。两地气溶胶光学厚度均有明显的年际变化,冬季低,夏季高。在夏季,两地烟尘所占比例都很大,且光学厚度也大,故两地污染状况都比较严重。总体来说,中国中东部地区污染程度要高于印度次大陆地区。     

Aerosol properties at gosan in Korea during two pollution episodes caused by contrasting weather conditions

We analyzed aerosol optical and chemical properties over Northeast Asia for two pollution episodes caused by contrasting weather conditions, stagnant anticyclone (November, 2011) and fastmoving continental outflow associated with migratory cyclone/anticyclone (February, 2003). Pollution levels were significantly high and even comparable with heavily polluted urban cities in China and Korea even though these levels were from the episodic measurements since Gosan is an internationally well-known remote background site. Space-borne MODIS measurements clearly show that the pollution plume with high aerosol optical depth (AOD) overlaid and very slowly moved over Northeast Asia during the stagnation episode. On the other hand, a strong synoptic wind transported the plume from eastern China to its downwind regions during the continental outflow episode. The two pollution episodes showed discriminative aerosol chemical compositions associated with different source characteristics. Concentrations of nss (non-sea-salt)-sulfates and ammonium in the continental outflow episode were almost two times higher than those in the stagnation episode due to the influence of anthropogenic emissions from China. A higher fraction of nitrate, accompanied with an increase of carbonaceous species in the stagnation episode, was attributable to vehicular emissions originated from Korea.     

Episode Simulation of Asian Dust Storms with an Air Quality Modeling System

A dust deflation module was developed and coupled with the air quality modeling system RAMS-CMAQ to simultaneously treat all the major tropospheric aerosols（i.e.,organic and black carbons,sulfate,nitrate, ammonia,soil dust,and sea salt）.Then the coupled system was applied to East Asia to simulate Asian dust aerosol generation,transport and dry/wet removal processes during 14-25 March 2002 when two strong dust storms occurred consecutively.To evaluate model performance and to analyze the observed features of dust aerosols over the East Asian region,model results were compared to concentrations of suspended particulate matter of 10μm or less(PM₁₀;1-h intervals) at four remote Japanese stations and daily air pollution index （API） values for PM₁₀ at four large Chinese cities.The modeled values were generally in good agreement with observed data,and the model reasonably reproduced two dust storm outbreaks and generally predicted the dust onset and cessation times at each observation site.In addition,hourly averaged values of aerosol optical thickness（AOT） were calculated and compared with observations at four Aerosol Robotic Network （AERONET） stations to assess the model’s capability of estimating dust aerosol column burden.Analysis shows that modeled and observed AOT values were generally comparable and that the contribution of dust aerosols to AOT was significant only with regard to their source regions and their transport paths.     

An Observational and Numerical Study on the Topographic Influence on Dust Transport in East Asia

Based on observations and numerical simulations, the topographic impacts on dust transport in East Asia were studied. Two regions frequently attacked by dust storms have been confirmed： one is the western part of Inner Mongolia and the southern Mongolia （namely the Mongolia Plateau）, and the other is the Tarim Basin. The most frequent dust storm occurrence area within the first region appears in its hinterland while that of the second one lies in its southern boundary. Moreover, the region from the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau （TP） to the Loess Plateau is attacked by dust storms second frequently. The dust storms frequently occurring over the Mongolia Plateau axe related not only to the abundant sand and dust sources, but also to the special topographic conditions of East Asia. The most significant factor that influences the dust storms forming in the hinterland of the Mongolia Plateau is the canyon low level jet （CLLJ）, which dominates around the southern areas of the Altay-Sayan Mountains with an east-west direction in the beginning of its formation, and is accompanied by significantly enhanced surface wind afterwards. Due to the obstructive effects of the CLLJ, a lot of dust particles carried by the southward down-slope cold air mass would pile up over the southern slope of the Sayan Mountains. Meanwhile, uneven surface conditions are favorable for the dust particles to go up into the upper atmosphere. With the dust particles piling up continuously, a dust layer is formed in the troposphere and can be recognized as a ＇!dust accumulating container＂, which provides abundant dust particles to be transported later to the downstream areas. Additionally, the topographic features of East Asia also exert a great influence on dust transport. Generally, the easterly CLLJ enhances the easterly dust transport. The down-slope air current over the southern Sayan Mountains and the air flow surrounding the TP near its northeastern edge enhance the southward dust transport. Lastly, weather system influences are also examined. The weathers associated with cold fronts frequently appear over the areas of Mongolia and North China in springtime. The cold front system, in general, carries the sand and dust southwards. Among all topographic influencing elements, the rounding effect of the TP is the strongest. Under the combined influences of the cold front and the rounding effect of topography, most sand and dust particles are transported and then deposited over the Loess Plateau.     

Growth Rates of Fine Aerosol Particles at a Site near Beijing in June 2013

Growth of fine aerosol particles is investigated during the Aerosol–CCN–Cloud Closure Experiment campaign in June2013 at an urban site near Beijing. Analyses show a high frequency(~ 50%) of fine aerosol particle growth events, and show that the growth rates range from 2.1 to 6.5 nm h~(-1) with a mean value of ~ 5.1 nm h~(-1). A review of previous studies indicates that at least four mechanisms can affect the growth of fine aerosol particles: vapor condensation, intramodal coagulation,extramodal coagulation, and multi-phase chemical reaction. At the initial stage of fine aerosol particle growth, condensational growth usually plays a major role and coagulation efficiency generally increases with particle sizes. An overview of previous studies shows higher growth rates over megacity, urban and boreal forest regions than over rural and oceanic regions. This is most likely due to the higher condensational vapor, which can cause strong condensational growth of fine aerosol particles.Associated with these multiple factors of influence, there are large uncertainties for the aerosol particle growth rates, even at the same location.     

Spatio-temporal variations of optical properties of aerosols in East Asia measured by MODIS and relation to the ground-based mass concentrations observed in central Korea during 2001∼2010

Long-term variations and trends of atmospheric aerosols in the East Asian region were analyzed by using aerosol optical depth (AOD or τ), and ångström exponent (AE or α) obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from 2001 to 2010. The increased emission of anthropogenic fine aerosols in east China resulted in the high AOD in this region during summer. The steady increasing emission of anthropogenic fine aerosols caused an increasing trend of AOD in east China, and the large-scale transport of sandstorms and smoke plume caused by forest fires affected intense inter-annual variations of AOD in the East Asian region. While in the central part of South Korea, located in the lee side of the East Asian continent, AE tended to rise to a level higher than in east China, the ground-based mass concentrations continued to decline. A noticeable decrease of PM10 mass concentration in spring and winter in central Korea is most likely attributable to decreases in sandstorms in the source region of East Asia. However, the ratio of PM2.5 mass concentration to PM10 increases overall with a high level in summer. Aerosol types were classified into dust, smoke plume, and sulphate by using satellite data over Cheongwon in central Korea. The columnar AOD, with different aerosol types, was compared with the ground-based mass concentrations at Cheongwon, and the relatively high level of the correlations presented between PM2.5 and AOD produced in sulphate. Growth and increases of fine hygroscopic aerosols generated as gas-to-particle conversion particularly in summer contribute to increases of columnar AOD in the East Asian region.