2018年春季北京一次沙尘天气边界层特征及来源分析

2018年3月27-28日,内蒙古中东部、中国东北地区、华北等地出现一次大范围沙尘天气。28日凌晨,沙尘进入北京,受此影响北京出现了严重的污染天气。本文利用中国气象局地面常规观测资料、气溶胶激光雷达、风廓线雷达资料、生态环境部大气成分等资料分析了北京沙尘天气前后边界层特征、沙尘来源以及沙尘天气前后大气污染特征。结果表明：此次沙尘天气期间,北京沙尘气溶胶退偏振比约为0.25-0.40,退偏振比数据显示此次沙尘首先从高空进入北京,比地面提前6 h。此次影响北京的沙尘主要来自于北路,东路沙尘有一定补充;沙尘影响时段,北京Ca、Fe、Na、K、Mn等元素浓度显著升高,与该物质地壳丰度相当,污染物元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As等浓度有所降低,丰度远大于该物质在地壳中丰度。     

利用星载和地基激光雷达分析2019年5月东亚沙尘天气过程

2019年5月中旬,中国北方出现大范围沙尘暴天气,此次天气过程持续时间较长,影响范围较大。利用星载激光雷达CALIOP（Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization）和地基激光雷达AD-NET（Asian Dust and aerosol lidar observation NETwork）数据,对此次沙尘天气过程中沙尘气溶胶的分布特征以及沙尘传输过程进行分析;利用国家气象信息中心提供的小时天气实况数据对星载激光雷达资料以及后向轨迹模型HYSPLIT（the HYbird Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory）得到的传输路径进行验证,同时结合空气质量数据分析此次天气过程对空气质量的影响;利用欧洲中心ERA-Interim再分析资料对此次沙尘天气成因进行分析。结果表明:（1）2019年5月10～16日沙尘天气主要分为两阶段,第一阶段为5月10～12日,第二阶段为13～16日。（2）通过CALIOP垂直特征层产品,发现在太平洋地区5～10 km的较高高度上,存在沙尘气溶胶,到达日本地区时,沙尘气溶胶的退偏比和色比平均值分别为0.14和1.29。（3）经过星载和地基激光雷达数据的综合分析,发现5月13～18日期间,沙尘气溶胶对日本长崎站点和韩国济州岛地基激光雷达站点的平均贡献率均值分别为42.16%和39.25%。（4）筛选了星载激光雷达经过日本和韩国站点的轨迹,对比分析两种数据的衰减后向散射系数以及表观散射比,发现两种数据的表观散射比廓线分布具有相近的变化趋势。（5）在沙尘天气期间,颗粒物浓度显著增加,PM₁₀浓度最大值超过1500 μg m?3,是国家一级浓度标准的30倍;而5月11日PM_2.5浓度在甘肃省最大,最大值达到国家一级浓度标准的7倍,14日最大值甚至达到12倍;PM₁₀与PM_2.5的浓度比值也在甘肃新疆多地达到6以上。（6）内蒙古西部的小槽的加深以及南压,使得西北冷空气稳定南下;在14日,不稳定层结加深导致沙尘天气再一次爆发。     

合肥上空卷云和沙尘气溶胶退偏振比的激光雷达探测

研制了一台L300偏振激光雷达,用于卷云和沙尘气溶胶后向散射光退偏振比的探测研究.介绍了偏振激光雷达的探测原理,叙述了L300偏振激光雷达的结构、技术参数、测量方法和数据处理方法.初步的探测结果表明,合肥西郊上空高度在10 km左右的卷云的退偏振比在0.4～0.5之间,沙尘气溶胶的退偏振比在0.2～0.3范围内,但是剧烈沙尘暴的气溶胶的退偏振比可达到0.4左右.     

华北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征的观测与分析

利用2006 2013年CALIOP激光雷达Level 1B数据的气溶胶衰减后向散射系数、退偏比和色比观测,分析了华北地区大气气溶胶光学特性的垂直分布特征。统计结果显示:2010-2013年,华北地区4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈减小的趋势,而0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈增长趋势。说明2010年以后近地面层(0-2 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐增强,高层(4-8 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐降低,这与近年华北地区霾天气(颗粒物主要聚集在近地层)日趋增加、沙尘天气(沙尘气溶胶层经常存在于4-8 km的范围)有所减少相吻合。20062013年,华北地区冬季0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值最大,近地面层气溶胶散射作用最大,这与该地区冬季取暖燃烧排放增加有关。春、秋两季4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值较大,夏季0-8 km各高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均最小,说明春、秋季节的气溶胶散射贡献主要来自4-8 km的对流层上部大气。春季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北地区春季频发的沙尘天气有关,秋季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北收获季节的生物质燃烧有关。2008年以后,华北地区2-8 km范围内各高度层的退偏比均值逐年减小,这说明规则的球形气溶胶粒子在近几年有所增加。0-4 km范围的低层大气,2009年后色比均值缓慢增加。而6-8 km范围内的色比均值从2008年后一直都是减小的,说明2008年后对流层上部大气(4-8 km)气溶胶粒子的尺度在减小,这也与近几年沙尘天气减少、霾天数增加的现象是一致的。0-8 km各个高度范围内的退偏比和色比均值春季最大,且退偏比随着高度的增加而增加,再次证明春季华北受沙尘天气影响,不规则的粗粒子气溶胶最多。夏、冬季节近地面层(0-2km)退偏比和色比均值略大于2-4 km高度层的,夏、冬两季近地面主要以人为活动排放的气溶胶为主,冬季除了汽车尾气排放和工业排放外,还有取暖增加的排放。近地面层易受人为活动影响混合一些不规则气溶胶。     

基于CALIPSO的华北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征

利用2007—2014年CALIPSO Level 2气溶胶廓线产品,统计分析了华北地区气溶胶垂直分布规律,并以2013年12月发生的一次大范围霾过程为例,探讨了霾天气中气溶胶垂直变化特征。结果表明,华北地区气溶胶消光系数(σ)随高度指数衰减,年平均标高为2.48 km;1 km以下存在σ高值层,冬季较大、春季较小,年平均为0.333km~(-1)。年平均颗粒退偏振比(Particulate Deploarization Ratio,PDR)随高度递增,变化范围为0.18~0.25;PDR春季较大,夏季较小。年平均色比(Color Ratio,CR)随高度弱增加,变化范围为0.7~0.8;春季CR随高度递减,其他季节随高度递增。华北地区近地面以污染沙尘气溶胶为主;春季以沙尘为主,夏秋季以污染沙尘为主,冬季中高层以沙尘为主,低层以污染沙尘为主。霾事件中,霾日1 km以下存在消光高值层,消光系数约为清洁日三倍。霾日PDR和CR都低于清洁日,2 km以下PDR大多小于0.2,CR以0.3~0.5为主。本地烟尘与远距离输送的沙尘相混合形成的污染沙尘是本次霾过程的主要气溶胶类型。     

2010年内蒙古中西部地区一次强沙尘暴的天气分析

文章对2010年3月19日发生在内蒙古中西部地区的一次强沙尘暴天气进行了分析,结果表明,此次强沙尘暴是北路强冷空气引发的锋后西北大风沙尘暴天气过程,不断加强的蒙古冷高压和地面冷锋入侵是沙尘暴爆发的动力机制,强烈地上升运动和暖平流使得沙尘暴发生前内蒙古中西部地区上空积累了大量的不稳定能量,高空冷平流的侵扰促使不稳定能量释放,沙尘天气爆发。此外,高空急流的维持促使低层风速明显加大,有利于沙尘天气发展。沙尘暴发生前在对流层中层出现了逆温层,伴随着沙尘暴的发展,对流层中低层形成了深厚的混合层。沙尘天气结束后,大气层结趋于稳定。     

北京地区对流层中上部云和气溶胶的激光雷达探测

介绍了近年来研制的一台多波长激光雷达及其探测对流层高云和气溶胶的实验,并依据探测结果重点分析了北京2000年1月至4月对流层上部云和气溶胶在532 nm波长的消光系数分布特征.结果表明:从6 km至11 km的气溶胶光学厚度值在0.0152至0.0284之间变化,均值为0.0192.从6 km至11 km的云光学厚度值在0.014至0.23之间变化.观测到的单层高云的厚度最大为6 km.4月6日,近年来最强的一次沙尘暴袭击北京.4月7日北京地区无可见云,激光雷达探测结果表明,从4 km至10 km高度范围内,存在一层厚度约为6 km的气溶胶粒子层,消光系数峰值处于8 km附近,比晴天无云时的消光系数值约大一个数量级.估计这是一层沙尘气溶胶,系由远距离输送至北京形成的.     

塔克拉玛干沙尘天气的激光雷达探测个例分析

利用偏振微脉冲激光雷达对塔中一次沙尘天气过程进行了监测分析,得到沙尘的空间分布结构、变化过程等信息:(1)偏振微脉冲激光雷达对沙尘天气的探测能够区分沙尘暴和浮尘沙尘天气现象;(2)在沙漠近地面发生沙尘暴时段,各高度层沙尘浓度基本上较高,退偏比在0.3~0.4,而在地面发生浮尘开始时段,在4 500 m以上高度沙尘浓度基本上较高,退偏比在0.3~0.4,而在地面发生浮尘开始和结束时段,在4 500 m以下高度沙尘浓度相对较低,退偏比在0.2~0.3左右;(3)沙漠近地面发生沙尘天气时,高空沙尘浓度也较高且来源于周边,高空较高浓度沙尘的持续时间长于近地面。     

宁夏典型沙尘天气条件下气溶胶分布特征研究

利用2006-2010年期间云—大气气溶胶激光雷达红外探索卫星(CALIPSO)星载激光雷达(CALIOP)数据和宁夏地区常规气象观测资料,分析研究了典型沙尘天气条件下宁夏地区大气气溶胶光学性质的分布特征。结果表明:CALIPSO资料能有效地反映宁夏地区沙尘气溶胶相关特性的垂直分布特征。在沙尘天气下,处于贺兰山背风坡海拔较高区域的沙尘可以被抬升到对流层中层以上,近地层大气中主要以粗粒子为主,不规则的非球形气溶胶随着高度的增加而增加,高层大气中以波长比在0.4~2.0之间的粗粒子为主、退偏比在0.4以上的不规则非球形气溶胶在7 km、10 km左右高度出现极大值,这与沙尘天气下湿度垂直分布廓线相一致。在晴空天气条件下,退偏比均在0.2以下,波长比主要在0.2~0.4之间,且两者出现频率随高度的变化较小。在沙尘天气下宁夏地区气溶胶光学厚度主要分布在0.60~2.00之间,晴空天气下主要分布在0.33~0.43之间。     

甘肃省春季一次连续浮尘天气过程分析

2013年3月8~9日甘肃省出现了一次区域性的大风沙尘暴天气过程,此后到14日甘肃中东部一直维持浮尘天气,这样范围广、持续时间长的沙尘天气为近年来罕见。本文分析了此次沙尘天气过程的天气气候特征以及特殊气象条件对连续浮尘天气的影响,并以兰州市为例基于HYSPLIT-4轨迹模式探讨了浮尘天气过程的沙尘颗粒传输特征。结果表明:(1)前期暖干的气候背景有利于此次大范围沙尘天气的发生;(2)8~9日冷锋后的偏北大风引发甘肃省出现区域性大风沙尘暴天气,11日河西再次出现扬沙、沙尘暴天气,沙尘粒子沿西北气流向下游地区输送,致使12日河东出现浮尘天气的站数明显增多;(3)9日大风沙尘暴天气过后,甘肃省中东部边界层处在弱的偏东风环境中,大气层结长时间较稳定,沙尘污染物不易扩散;(4)在连续浮尘天气期间,甘肃省各地上空频繁出现逆温层,且逆温层高度在9日沙尘暴天气过后有明显抬升,阻挡了低层空气的上升运动,以致沙尘粒子聚集在700 h Pa以下。同时还发现,边界层上部逆温层的逆温温差越大,厚度越厚,造成浮尘天气的强度越强;(5)兰州市9~10日出现的浮尘天气起源于8日河西走廊及蒙古地区的沙尘暴,11日河西走廊再次爆发的沙尘暴天气对河东的浮尘天气影响较大。此外,10~13日陕西南部也出现了浮尘天气,"东高西低"的地面形势使此地上空漂浮的沙尘粒子处在偏东风的环境中,对甘肃中东部地区的浮尘天气有一定的回流输送作用。     

Spatial distribution and optical properties of Saharan dust observed by airborne high spectral resolution lidar during SAMUM 2006

Airborne measurements of pure Saharan dust extinction and backscatter coefficients, the corresponding lidar ratio and the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) have been performed during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment 2006, with a high spectral resolution lidar. Dust layers were found to range from ground up to 4–6 km above sea level (asl). Maximum AOT values at 532 nm, encountered within these layers during the DLR Falcon research flights were 0.50–0.55. A significant horizontal variability of the AOT south of the High Atlas mountain range was observed even in cases of a well-mixed dust layer. High vertical variations of the dust lidar ratio of 38–50 sr were observed in cases of stratified dust layers. The variability of the lidar ratio was attributed to dust advection from different source regions. The aerosol depolarization ratio was about 30% at 532 nm during all measurements and showed only marginal vertical variations.     

Detection of Sahara dust intrusions during mixed advection patterns over south-east Italy: A case study

Measurements from July 4 to July 8, 2005 by a high resolution visible radiometer, a Raman lidar, a ground particulate matter sampler, and ground meteorological sensors have been combined in synergy to infer the intrusion over south-east Italy, of air masses from north-west Sahara, the Atlantic Ocean, and the continental Europe. It is shown that backscatter coefficient, depolarization-ratio, and lidar ratio vertical profiles represent the best tools to detect the intrusion of long range transported air masses and to monitor their effects on the vertical distribution of aerosol optical and microphysical properties. High resolution radiometers are instead important tools to monitor changes on columnar aerosol properties and size distributions.Backscatter coefficient, depolarization-ratio, and lidar ratio vertical profiles have revealed that aerosol optical and microphysical properties significantly changed with time and space during African dust outbreaks: the intrusion of dust particles that at first occurred above 2 km of altitude extending up to 6 km, affected the all aerosol load down to ground within few hours. Aerosol size distributions showed during dust events a clear bimodality with an accumulation mode maximum at 0.24 µm and a coarse mode maximum at 0.94 μm. Conversely, we have found that during the advection of air masses from the Atlantic and continental Europe, aerosol particles were mainly located below 2 km, their optical and microphysical properties were affected by smaller changes in time and space, and were characterized by depolarization ratios rather close to those due to a pure molecular atmosphere. In this case bimodal size distributions with an accumulation mode showing two sub-modes at 0.16 μm and 0.24 μm, respectively and a coarse mode centred at 0.94 μm have also been observed.     

汾渭平原一次沙尘和人为混合空气污染过程分析

利用MODIS、OMI和CALIPSO卫星资料,结合地面环境监测数据、气象观测数据和后向轨迹模式（Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model,HYSPLIT）,对汾渭平原2018年11月23日至12月6日沙尘和人为混合空气污染过程进行分析。结果表明：11月26日至12月3日为污染最重时段,其中12月1日为霾最重时段,11月26日夜间和12月2日夜间为沙尘影响最重时段;西安、临汾和洛阳重污染持续时长分别为66 h、42 h和37 h;污染过程累计持续336 h,其中199 h的相对湿度超过50%,沙尘期间,相对湿度较小;霾过程中,西安以本地积累和西南、东北方向的外来传输作用为主,临汾以本地积累为主,洛阳以东北方向的外来传输作用为主;西安、洛阳沙尘传输方向分别为西南和西北方向,临汾受沙尘传输影响较小。霾天气时,气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）高值空间分布受地形影响较大,吸收性气溶胶指数（AAI）较低,集中在距地面1.5 km高度内污染物最多,低层以污染沙尘为主;沙尘天气时,AOD和AAI值很高,分别可达2.0和4.5以上,集中在边界层内污染物最少,低层以沙漠沙尘为主;霾沙混合天气时集中在边界层内污染物居中,低层以沙漠沙尘和污染沙尘为主。HYSPLIT显示,前一次沙尘来源于新疆,传输距离更远,高度更高,速度更快,后一次沙尘来源于内蒙古西部,在汾渭平原造成污染更重。     

Continuous Measurement of Number Concentrations and Elemental Composition of Aerosol Particles for a Dust Storm Event in Beijing

A continuous measurement of number size distributions and chemical composition of aerosol particles was conducted in Beijing in a dust storm event during 21-26 March 2001. The number concentration of coarse particles （ 〉2μm） increased more significantly than fine particles （ 〈2μm） during the dust storm due to dust weather, while the anthropogenic aerosols collected during the non-dust-storm period tended to be associated with fine particles. Elemental compositions were analyzed by using proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE）. The results show that 20 elements in the dust storm were much higher than in the non-dust-storm period. The calculated soil dust concentration during the dust storm was, on average, 251.8μg m^-3, while it was only 52.1μg m^-3 on non-dust-storm days. The enrichment factors for Mg, A1, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, C1, Cu, Pb, and Zn show small variations between the dust storm and the non-dust-storm period, while those for Ca, Ni and Cr in the dust storm were much lower than those in the non-dust-storm period due to significant local emission sources. A high concentration and enrichment factor for S were observed during the dust storm, which implies that the dust particles were contaminated by aerosol particles from anthropogenic emissions during the long-range transport. A statistical analysis shows that the elemental composition of particles collected during the dust storm in Beijing were better correlated with those of desert soil colleted from desert regions in Inner Mongolia. Air mass back-trajectory analysis further confirmed that this dust storm event could be identified as streaks of dust plumes originating from Inner Mongolia.     

Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during haze and floating dust weather in Shanghai

A comparative study on the vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during haze and floating dust weather in Shanghai was conducted based on the data obtained from a micro pulse lidar.There was a distinct difference in layer thickness and extinction coefficient under the two types of weather conditions.Aerosols were concentrated below 1 km and the aerosol extinction coefficients ranged from 0.25 to 1.50km^-1 on haze days.In contrast,aerosols with smaller extinction coefficients(0.20 0.35 km^-1) accumulated mainly from the surface to 2 km on floating dust days.The seasonal variations of extinction and aerosol optical depth（AOD） for both haze and floating dust cases were similar greatest in winter,smaller in spring,and smallest in autumn.More than 85%of the aerosols appeared in the atmosphere below 1 km during severe haze and floating dust weather.The diurnal variation of the extinction coefficient of haze exhibited a bimodal shape with two peaks in the morning or at noon,and at nightfall,respectively.The aerosol extinction coefficient gradually increased throughout the day during floating dust weather.Case studies showed that haze aerosols were generated from the surface and then lifted up,but floating dust aerosols were transported vertically from higher altitude to the surface.The AOD during floating dust weather was higher than that during haze.The boundary layer was more stable during haze than during floating dust weather.     

2011年长春市一次持续浮尘天气成因分析

利用气象探测资料和环境监测数据,采用统计分析、环流演变分析、物理量诊断以及后向轨迹法分析了长春市浮尘发生气候特征和2011年5月12日长春市出现的一次持续时间较长、污染程度较重的浮尘天气过程。结果表明：长春地区浮尘天气整体上呈波动性减少趋势,3-5月是主要发生时期;本次浮尘天气过程沙源来自蒙古国中部和内蒙古中东部,并随高空急流的输送影响东北地区,本地沙源没有补充;高空急流明显、地面风速较小、温度露点差较大、内蒙古东部辽宁省北部存在弱风区、整层大气稳定是该区域未出现沙尘暴而出现浮尘的主要原因。     

Lidar depolarization measurements for aerosol source and property studies over Chungli (24.58° N, 121.1° E)

Aerosol depolarization ratio and aerosol optical depth (AOD) were measured at Chungli (24.58° N, 121.1° E), Taiwan during the period from 2002–2004. The depolarization ratios of background aerosol have values mostly less than 0.06. The maximum AOD in the altitude range of 0.7 to 2km occurs in the summer (June–August) while between 2 and 5km, the spring (March–May) shows the maximum. The former is mainly related to strong convection and humidity; however the latter is due to anthropogenic aerosols transported from East China and Southeast Asia based on calculations of backward trajectories. This seasonal variation of AOD inferred from different transport mechanisms and aerosol compositions which are supported by the height distributions of aerosol extinction and origins.