基于CALIPSO卫星资料的华东地区气溶胶垂直分布特征

基于2010年12月1日—2011年11月30日美国国家航空航天局云—气溶胶激光雷达与红外探测者卫星搭载的激光雷达CALIPSO的监测数据,通过分析消光后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,得到了华东地区垂直方向上气溶胶粒子的散射能力、尺度、规则程度随高度的变化及其季节变化特征。结果表明:随着高度的增加华东地区大气的散射能力减弱。整层大气不同季节粒子的形状大小不同,春季不规则、大粒径粒子所占比例与其他季节相比较大。夏季较规则、小粒径的粒子较多。各高度层的后向散射系数值分布范围为5×10-4~20×10-4 km-1·sr-1。对不同高度消光后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比随时间变化的研究表明,春季受沙尘输送的影响,0~4 km大气层中不规则大粒径粒子较多;4~8 km大气层由于所含气溶胶粒子较少,大气散射能力随季节变化不明显;而8~10 km大气层中粒子含量最少,导致大粒径粒子所占比例较高,此外该高度层在秋季不规则、大粒径粒子相对较多,冬季规则、小粒径粒子相对较多。     

沙尘暴影响下北京沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布及溯源分析

采用云-大气气溶胶激光雷达红外探索卫星观测系统(Cloud-Aerosol Lidarand Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations,CALIPSO)资料,得出了2013年3月8-11日的一次途经新疆、甘肃、内蒙古等地的沙尘暴,对造成北京的沙尘天气影响下的沙尘气溶胶的空间垂直分布图。在此基础上研究了衰减后向散射系数、退偏振比、色比等光学特性参数。结果表明:在此次沙尘暴影响下造成的北京地区沙尘天气过程中,气溶胶的退偏振比在0.1~0.4之间,色比大于0.3。3月10-11日北京地区的沙尘气溶胶分布高度从3km以下被抬升至约4km。再利用欧拉-拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道模型(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model)和NAAPS全球气溶胶模式,模拟分析了这次沙尘的来源和传输过程,表明此次沙尘起源于南疆盆地和内蒙古中西部,影响甘肃大部、内蒙古中西部、宁夏、山西北部和河北西北部、北京等地区。并用双波长迭代反演法初步反演了3月10、11日北京地区处于沙尘天气情况下的气溶胶光学厚度,分别为0.334和0.621。     

基于CALIPSO的华北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征

利用2007—2014年CALIPSO Level 2气溶胶廓线产品,统计分析了华北地区气溶胶垂直分布规律,并以2013年12月发生的一次大范围霾过程为例,探讨了霾天气中气溶胶垂直变化特征。结果表明,华北地区气溶胶消光系数(σ)随高度指数衰减,年平均标高为2.48 km;1 km以下存在σ高值层,冬季较大、春季较小,年平均为0.333km~(-1)。年平均颗粒退偏振比(Particulate Deploarization Ratio,PDR)随高度递增,变化范围为0.18~0.25;PDR春季较大,夏季较小。年平均色比(Color Ratio,CR)随高度弱增加,变化范围为0.7~0.8;春季CR随高度递减,其他季节随高度递增。华北地区近地面以污染沙尘气溶胶为主;春季以沙尘为主,夏秋季以污染沙尘为主,冬季中高层以沙尘为主,低层以污染沙尘为主。霾事件中,霾日1 km以下存在消光高值层,消光系数约为清洁日三倍。霾日PDR和CR都低于清洁日,2 km以下PDR大多小于0.2,CR以0.3~0.5为主。本地烟尘与远距离输送的沙尘相混合形成的污染沙尘是本次霾过程的主要气溶胶类型。     

西北东部霾的时空特征与天气特征研究

利用常规地面观测资料和CALIOP/CALIPSO卫星遥感资料统计分析了中国西北东部霾的多年变化以及霾事件期间气溶胶光学特性的垂直空间分布特征,并以2013年3月和11月发生在西北东部的霾天气为例分析了霾发生时大气气溶胶粒子的形状及大小的垂直分布特征、对应的天气形势和气象要素的变化。结果表明:西北东部霾日出现频率由20世纪80年代至90年代末逐渐减小,但21世纪起又明显增加;霾事件主要发生在11、12和1月。霾发生时,在对流层内霾影响最严重的区域在距地面2~4 km范围,垂直方向气溶胶后向散射系数的范围集中于0.8×10-3~2.5×10-3km-1·sr-1,且随高度增加而增大;气溶胶的体积退偏比大部分20%,气溶胶较为规则,不规则的多分布在地表向上4 km以下,随着高度的增加气溶胶不规则性减弱。色比数值大部分0.8,8~12 km气层中主要是色比为0.0~0.4的粒子。当高空受高压系统控制,地面为均压场,近地面出现逆温层时易产生霾。     

宁夏典型沙尘天气条件下气溶胶分布特征研究

利用2006-2010年期间云—大气气溶胶激光雷达红外探索卫星(CALIPSO)星载激光雷达(CALIOP)数据和宁夏地区常规气象观测资料,分析研究了典型沙尘天气条件下宁夏地区大气气溶胶光学性质的分布特征。结果表明:CALIPSO资料能有效地反映宁夏地区沙尘气溶胶相关特性的垂直分布特征。在沙尘天气下,处于贺兰山背风坡海拔较高区域的沙尘可以被抬升到对流层中层以上,近地层大气中主要以粗粒子为主,不规则的非球形气溶胶随着高度的增加而增加,高层大气中以波长比在0.4~2.0之间的粗粒子为主、退偏比在0.4以上的不规则非球形气溶胶在7 km、10 km左右高度出现极大值,这与沙尘天气下湿度垂直分布廓线相一致。在晴空天气条件下,退偏比均在0.2以下,波长比主要在0.2~0.4之间,且两者出现频率随高度的变化较小。在沙尘天气下宁夏地区气溶胶光学厚度主要分布在0.60~2.00之间,晴空天气下主要分布在0.33~0.43之间。     

霾期间上海低层气溶胶微物理属性与地面相对湿度分析

用2007年1月至2010年11月美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的CALIPSO星载激光雷达资料,通过532 nm总后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,分析了上海地区霾期间低层0~2 km高度气溶胶微物理属性与地面相对湿度的关系。结果表明,当地面相对湿度为65%~80%时,后向散射系数在0~0.001 km-1·sr-1范围内出现的频率最大;当地面相对湿度为50%~65%时,后向散射系数大于0.001 km-1·sr-1的频率最大;低层大气中聚集的主要是规则气溶胶粒子,当地面相对湿度为65%~80%时,气溶胶粒子最为规则,其次为80%~95%的地面相对湿度。当地面相对湿度为50%~65%时,不规则气溶胶粒子所占比重较大;霾期间,低层大气中细粒子气溶胶均占主导地位,但随着地面相对湿度的增大,气溶胶粒子粒径逐渐增大。在地面相对湿度为80%~95%时,大颗粒气溶胶相对较多。     

利用星载和地基激光雷达分析2019年5月东亚沙尘天气过程

2019年5月中旬,中国北方出现大范围沙尘暴天气,此次天气过程持续时间较长,影响范围较大。利用星载激光雷达CALIOP（Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization）和地基激光雷达AD-NET（Asian Dust and aerosol lidar observation NETwork）数据,对此次沙尘天气过程中沙尘气溶胶的分布特征以及沙尘传输过程进行分析;利用国家气象信息中心提供的小时天气实况数据对星载激光雷达资料以及后向轨迹模型HYSPLIT（the HYbird Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory）得到的传输路径进行验证,同时结合空气质量数据分析此次天气过程对空气质量的影响;利用欧洲中心ERA-Interim再分析资料对此次沙尘天气成因进行分析。结果表明:（1）2019年5月10～16日沙尘天气主要分为两阶段,第一阶段为5月10～12日,第二阶段为13～16日。（2）通过CALIOP垂直特征层产品,发现在太平洋地区5～10 km的较高高度上,存在沙尘气溶胶,到达日本地区时,沙尘气溶胶的退偏比和色比平均值分别为0.14和1.29。（3）经过星载和地基激光雷达数据的综合分析,发现5月13～18日期间,沙尘气溶胶对日本长崎站点和韩国济州岛地基激光雷达站点的平均贡献率均值分别为42.16%和39.25%。（4）筛选了星载激光雷达经过日本和韩国站点的轨迹,对比分析两种数据的衰减后向散射系数以及表观散射比,发现两种数据的表观散射比廓线分布具有相近的变化趋势。（5）在沙尘天气期间,颗粒物浓度显著增加,PM₁₀浓度最大值超过1500 μg m?3,是国家一级浓度标准的30倍;而5月11日PM_2.5浓度在甘肃省最大,最大值达到国家一级浓度标准的7倍,14日最大值甚至达到12倍;PM₁₀与PM_2.5的浓度比值也在甘肃新疆多地达到6以上。（6）内蒙古西部的小槽的加深以及南压,使得西北冷空气稳定南下;在14日,不稳定层结加深导致沙尘天气再一次爆发。     

敦煌沙尘气溶胶质量浓度垂直特征个例分析

针对兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站在敦煌地区的沙尘气溶胶加强观测试验,选取2012年春季自然和污染沙尘两种典型天气个例,利用激光雷达退偏观测的优势分离粗(沙尘)、细(背景气溶胶)粒子,反演并对比分析了沙尘气溶胶消光系数及质量浓度的垂直分布特征。研究发现,以4月26日为代表的自然沙尘,粒子退偏比垂直廓线均大于30%,质量浓度呈现单峰结构,1.5 km出现最大值(1 070μg·m~(-3));以4月6日为代表的污染沙尘,有明显的气溶胶分层现象,粒子退偏比介于5%～20%,沙尘质量浓度介于2～45μg·m-3;由于局地污染的影响,污染沙尘的质量消光系数(0.79m~2·g~(-1))明显大于自然沙尘(0. 48 m~2·g~(-1))。因此,为了准确评估沙尘气溶胶的质量浓度,对沙尘天气进行分类,并利用粒子退偏比有效分离沙尘气溶胶尤为重要。     

基于激光云高仪的北京沙尘气溶胶特征分析

利用激光云高仪对2015年春天北京沙尘天气过程进行连续观测,结合常规地面气象要素、能见度和PM_(10)颗粒物质量浓度变化分析了两次沙尘天气过程中浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴三类天气现象时气溶胶后向散射系数的时空分布特征,分析了云高仪后向散射系数与PM_(10)颗粒物质量浓度的相关性。结果表明:激光云高仪能够监测沙尘气溶胶粒子的时空变化,扬沙和沙尘暴期间后向散射系数随高度的增加而减小,后向散射系数在0.005 km~(-1)·srad~(-1)以上的沙尘层厚度约500 m;云高仪的近地面大气后向散射系数变化趋势与PM_(10)颗粒物浓度变化相同,10、50和100 m高度上的后向散射系数与PM_(10)颗粒物质量浓度的相关系数均在0.82以上。     

Raman激光雷达探测对流层中上部大气温度分布

介绍了一台氮分子(N2)Raman激光雷达系统.利用N2分子Raman散射和气溶胶及分子的Mie-Rayleigh散射信号,通过同时订正分子、气溶胶和臭氧的衰减,反演出对流层中上部大气密度和温度的垂直分布,其结果与常规球载无线电探空仪探测资料对比,在8～18 km范围内表现了较好的一致性.其中,二者测量的温度在9～15 km高度内相对差别小于4 K.     

Identification of Aerosol Types and Their Optical Properties in the North China Plain Based on Long-Term AERONET Data

Characterization of aerosols is required to reduce uncertainties in satellite retrievals of global aerosols and for modeling the effects of these aerosols on climate.Aerosols in the North China Plain(NCP) are complex,which provides a good opportunity to study key aerosol optical properties for various aerosol types.A cluster analysis of key optical properties obtained from Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET) data in Beijing and Xianghe during 2001-11 was performed to identify dominant aerosol types and their associated optical properties.Five dominant aerosol types were identified.The results show that the urban/industrial aerosol of moderate absorption was dominant in the region and that this type varied little with season.Urban/industrial aerosol of weak absorption was the next most common type and mainly occurs in summer,followed by that strong aerosols occurring mainly in winter.All were predominantly fine mode particles.Mineral dust(MD) and polluted dust(PD) occurred mainly in spring,followed by winter,and their absorption decreased with wavelength.In addition,aerosol dynamics and optical parameters such as refractive index and asymmetry factor were examined.Results show that the size of coarse mode particles decreased with AOD indicating the domination of external mixing between aerosols.     

A review of global stratospheric aerosol: Measurements, importance, life cycle, and local stratospheric aerosol

Stratospheric aerosol, noted after large volcanic eruptions since at least the late 1800s, were first measured in the late 1950s, with the modern continuous record beginning in the 1970s. Stratospheric aerosol, both volcanic and non-volcanic are sulfuric acid droplets with radii (concentrations) on the order of 0.1–0.5 µm (0.5–0.005 cm^− 3), increasing by factors of 2–4 (10–10³) after large volcanic eruptions. The source of the sulfur for the aerosol is either through direct injection from sulfur-rich volcanic eruptions, or from tropical injection of tropospheric air containing OCS, SO₂, and sulfate particles. The life cycle of non-volcanic stratospheric aerosol, consisting of photo-dissociation and oxidation of sulfur source gases, nucleation/condensation in the tropics, transport pole-ward and downward in the global planetary wave driven tropical pump, leads to a quasi steady state relative maximum in particle number concentration at around 20 km in the mid latitudes. Stratospheric aerosol have significant impacts on the Earth's radiation balance for several years following volcanic eruptions. Away from large eruptions, the direct radiation impact is small and well characterized; however, these particles also may play a role in the nucleation of near tropopause cirrus, and thus indirectly affect radiation. Stratospheric aerosol play a larger role in the chemical, particularly ozone, balance of the stratosphere. In the mid latitudes they interact with both nitrous oxides and chlorine reservoirs, thus indirectly affecting ozone. In the polar regions they provide condensation sites for polar stratospheric clouds which then provide the surfaces necessary to convert inactive to active chlorine leading to polar ozone loss. Until the mid 1990s the modern record has been dominated by three large sulfur-rich eruptions: Fuego (1974), El Chichón (1982) and Pinatubo (1991), thus definitive conclusions concerning the trend of non-volcanic stratospheric aerosol could only recently be made. Although anthropogenic emissions of SO₂ have changed somewhat over the past 30 years, the measurements during volcanically quiescent periods indicate no long term trend in non-volcanic stratospheric aerosol.     

The Global Distribution of Secondary Particulate Matter in a 3-D Lagrangian Chemistry Transport Model

A global 3-D Lagrangian chemistry-transport model STOCHEM is used to describe the tropospheric distributions of four components of the secondary atmospheric aerosol: nitrate, sulphate, ammonium and organic compounds. The model describes the detailed chemistry of the formation of the acid precursors from the oxidation of SO₂, DMS, NO_x, NH₃ and terpenes and their uptake into the aerosol. Model results are compared in some detail with the available surface observations. Comparisons are made between the global budgets and burdens found in other modelling studies. The global distributions of the total mass of secondary aerosols have been estimated for the pre-industrial, present day and 2030 emissions and large changes have been estimated in the mass fractions of the different secondary aerosol components.     

气溶胶对陆生植物生长的影响研究进展

陆生植物生长过程受太阳辐射、热量、水分、土壤等多重因素的影响,气溶胶粒子通过对太阳辐射的散射和吸收,并作为云凝结核和冰核,改变云的物理特性及生命期对上述环境因子产生影响,进而影响植物的生长。气溶胶的直接影响主要表现为气溶胶覆盖植物叶片,影响植物的呼吸作用、气孔导度及对阳光的利用率等;间接影响主要表现在气溶胶可降低入射太阳辐射量并降低光合作用及净初级生产力,但同时又会增加散射辐射量,增加植物可利用光合有效辐射,产生相互矛盾的结果;气溶胶还通过影响降水和气温,进一步影响植物对光、水、热的利用等方面。气溶胶对植物的生长影响以间接影响为主,直接影响较少。其次,各种大气气溶胶对植物的伤害作用超过大气气溶胶对植物生长促进作用。在人为气溶胶中,硫酸盐、黑碳及粉尘对植物生长以抑制作用为主,而氮化物中氮沉降既可以促进植物生长,含氮气溶胶形成的酸雨及光化学烟雾又会抑制植物生长。自然气溶胶中,火山气溶胶对植物生长产生的影响差异较大,沙尘总体对植物产生不利影响,而生物气溶胶及宇宙尘埃的影响研究还较少。     

中国气溶胶研究进展

结合近年来中国气溶胶研究的现状, 分别对气溶胶的基本特征、气溶胶的气候效应、沙尘气溶胶以及与气溶胶有关的其它研究等四部分内容作了总结和分析。     

Comments on ``Direct Radiative Forcing of Anthropogenic Aerosols over Oceans from Satellite Observation"

Previous observational studies have estimated anthropogenic aerosol direct radiative forcing over oceans without due consideration of cloudy-sky aerosols.However,when interaction between clouds and aerosols located below or above the cloud level is taken into account,the aerosol direct radiative forcing is larger by as much as 5 W m-2 in most mid-latitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere.     

Observation Study of Aerosol Radiative Properities over China

With a simplified radiation balance model, study is performed of aerosol direct radiation forcing in relation to its optical properties and surface reflectance, indicating that with the thickened aerosol layer the earth-atmosphere system may increase or weaken the solar radiation albedo, depending upon different combinations of aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA,ω0), asymmetry factor (g), and surface albedo (αg) rather than relying directly on the aerosol optical depth (δ), which has its value just in proportion to the changed range of albedo alone. As indicated by the model results, systematic observations of aerosol radiative properties are required to make quantitative study of aerosol direct radiative forcing. Observational research of the properties has been undertaken based on ground and space measurements over China, including ground-based sunphotometer-aerosol optical depth (AOD), nephelometer-aerosol scattering coefficients, aethalometer-aerosol absorption coefficients, and MODIS products-retrieved AOD. The satellite retrieved AOD is validated against in situ sun photometer measured AOD, indicating that for eastern China remote sensing given AODs are acceptable owing mainly to lower surface reflectance there whereas for poor vegetation in the north of China the surface reflectance may be underestimated in AOD retrieval. However, appropriate modification of the scheme of aerosol remote sensing is likely to improve the retrieval accuracy. The aerosol single scattering albedo in dry condition is around 0.80 from surface-measured scattering and absorption coefficients. It requires further studies based on more observations to improve our understanding of the issue.     

Sulfate and methanesulfonate in the maritime aerosol at Cape Grim,Tasmania

High-volume aerosol filters, exposed in maritime air masses at Cape Grim since late 1976, were analysed for excess sulfate (not of seasalt origin) and methanesulfonate. The mean concentrations (standard errors) of 2.80(0.59) and 0.176(0.027) nmole/m³ respectively are about half those reported in a recent study of aerosol samples from various locations in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Methanesulfonate concentration varied seasonally by at least an order of magnitude with a summer maximum and winter minimum. No comparable cycle was found for excess sulfate.     

辽宁地区大气气溶胶粒子的垂直分布特征

详细分析了１９９６、１９９７年春末夏初在辽宁省进行的大气气深胶飞机观测的０～５ｋｍ气深胶粒子数深度和尺度谱分布的垂直、水平变化,初步讨论了它们与温度和相对温度的关系。结果表明,混合层顶上下粒子数深度具有不同的垂直分布特征;粒子谱受不同形成机制影响,表现为多峰分布;水平方向上气溶胶粒子数浓度存在显著变化;温度层结和相对温度对气溶胶粒子的浓度和谱分布有明显影响。     

CAM3.0模式中黑碳及硫酸盐气溶胶浓度变化对东亚春季气候的影响研究

本文采用CAM3.0模式研究东亚地区各种气溶胶浓度增加后对于东亚春季各气候要素,尤其是对降水和春季风场的影响。在模式中通过分别对区域(20～50°N,100～150°E)内黑碳气溶胶浓度单独加倍、硫酸盐气溶胶浓度单独加倍、两种气溶胶浓度同时加倍的实验方法,探讨不同气溶胶浓度变化在东亚春季气候变化中的具体作用。结果表明:在春季,3种气溶胶浓度增加方式都使得东亚地区表现出降水中南部减少北部增加,低层大气西南风异常以及地面温度南部增加北部减少。通过对110～120°E的断面分析发现,硫酸盐与黑碳气溶胶在春季首先影响约800 hPa以上大气的温度并通过不同的动力机制影响东亚地区的风场,风场的改变进而导致了云量和降水在东亚北方地区增多而中南部地区减少,并最终使得地面温度表现出东亚中南部地区增温而北方地区相对降温的特征。