六角柱冰晶的光散射函数的计算

六角柱冰晶是卷云中粒子的基本形态。本文着重讨论了利用作者已发展的模式,对有吸收的红外波段冰晶的散射矩阵的计算结果。对比了可见光的计算结果,也对比了长六角柱、扁六角柱以及球状、旋转椭球状冰晶的散射。发现吸收的影响主要造成冰晶的侧向和后侧向散射能量减小以及因折射和多次内反射引起的晕峰和“雨虹峰值”减弱。不同形状冰晶的散射函数虽然总的情况颇一致,但与六角柱冰晶相比,球状冰晶的侧向散射较弱,而椭球状冰晶则表现出后向和后侧向散射较弱。这些特征无疑地都将影响激光探测卷云和光传输过程。     

对流层与平流层大气气溶胶粒子的若干散射特性

本文应用Ｍｉｅ散射理论，采用简洁方案计算了ＩＡＭＡＰ提出的大气气溶胶主要粒子的散射效率因子及散射相函数，结果表明，大颗粒的散射能力以７５％硫酸液滴最强，其次是水滴，冰晶，沙尘性粒子；小粒子的散射能力仍以７５％硫酸滴最强，其次是沙尘性粒子，小颗粒相函数的前向后向基本对称；大粒相函数随Ｘ值增大而不对称加大；折射率实部不同，则相函数最小值出现在不同的散射角，折射率虚部较大的煤烟，相函数起伏较小，约在１０     

冰云短波辐射特性参数化

该文对卷云和高层云分别构造了15种冰晶尺度分布，3种云高和云厚，总共30种冰水含量、90种冰水程长模式。对尺度小于与大于30 μm的冰晶粒子的单次散射特性分别用表面积等效冰球Mie理论和射线光学理论进行计算。采用delta-Eddington法计算了在4种不同地面反射率下冰云的多重散射辐射传输特性，提出了冰云辐射特性的参数化公式，指出参数化公式可以用于气候模式或大气环流模式。     

不同环境温度下冰云粒子的单次散射参量

本文提出了直接Stokes参量变换的射线追踪方案,优化了作者过去建立的求解六角冰晶粒子散射的射线追踪模式.在冰晶有吸收(折射指数为复数)的情况下,新模式采用了有效折射指数处理粒子内的非单色折射波.其次,新模式还引入了有效单次散射参量,消除了来自几何透射线的前向δ散射效应.最后,根据不同环境温度下的冰云中冰晶粒子的粒径谱分布,本文计算了粒径谱积分平均的3D随机取向六角冰晶粒子的单次散射参量.文中给出的冰晶粒子单次散射参量的数值,对研究冰云辐射特性将有一定参考价值.     

近红外波段凝结核性质对雨滴散射特性的影响

用M ie散射理论,在已知大气气溶胶粒子的折射率基础上,计算并讨论大气气溶胶以及在其上凝结形成的雨滴的散射相函数、散射效率因子等散射特性。结果表明,对流层中气溶胶粒子的散射能力依次为水滴,冰晶,海洋性粒子,沙尘性粒子,水溶性粒子,煤烟。对于在可溶性核上凝结形成的雨滴,海洋性核的散射能力强于水溶性核的散射能力。由不可溶性核凝结形成雨滴的散射能力依次为煤烟核、冰晶核和沙尘性核。纯水雨滴的散射能力介于沙尘性核和冰晶核之间,强于海洋性核。该结论可以为光学测雨仪器在不同地区条件下的参数设置提供依据。     

六角形冰晶的94 GHz毫米波后向散射特性的模拟计算分析

利用离散偶极子近似法(DDA),研究了等效半径Re在0.8 mm范围内的柱状和片状冰晶在不同空间取向、温度和尺度比时,对94 GHz雷达发射的水平偏振波产生的后向散射,并讨论了等效雷达反射率因子Ze随粒子谱中值直径及冰水含量的变化。结果表明,温度对后向散射效率的影响较低,空间取向对后向散射效率的影响与粒子大小和形状有关。当雷达波垂直指向天顶,在冰晶粒子等效半径Re0.8 mm时,水平取向冰晶的后向散射效率比随机取向大,粒子越偏离球形,差别基本上越大;在同一取向时,粒子越偏离球形,后向散射效率基本上越大。在一定冰水含量下,取向、形状和冰晶谱的形状参数对Ze的影响和粒子谱中值直径有关;对于垂直指向的雷达,如果将六角形冰晶等效为等体积球形冰晶,当粒子较大(0.4 mmRe0.8 mm)时,其Ze将被低估。     

卷云中粒子的密度变化对可见光波段能量传输的影响

本文讨论了卷云冰晶粒子的密度随其尺度大小的变化。及其对折射指数的影响。对该变化所导致的粒子的光散射参数的变化进行了计算。采用Monte Carlo模式，根据观测到的冰晶粒子的数密度，使用不同的粒子密度分布，计算了卷云对0.55 μm波长的入射光的反射和透射率。结果表明，不同的粒子密度假设会导致一定的差别，但卷云中粒子的密度变化对可见光波段能量传输的影响非常小，可忽略不计。     

不同形状冰晶权重假定对冰云光学和辐射特性的影响

在BCC_RAD辐射传输模式和包含多形状冰晶粒子的冰云光学性质参数化方案的基础上,详细分析了不同冰晶粒子权重选取对冰云光学和辐射特性的影响。结果显示,不同形状冰晶粒子权重的选取对长波带平均消光系数、单次散射比、不对称因子和短波带平均不对称因子均有较大的影响。冰晶粒子权重选取对长波辐射通量有很大影响:对长波向下辐射通量,权重选择不同可在云底处造成高达10.50 W/m2的差别;对长波向上辐射通量,权重选择不同可在云顶处造成高达15.05 W/m2的差别。冰晶粒子权重选择对短波辐射通量也存在较大影响:对短波向下辐射通量,权重选择不同可在云底处造成高达12.48 W/m2的差别;对短波向上辐射通量,权重选择不同可在云顶处造成高达10.23 W/m2的差别。冰晶粒子权重选择对长波加热率影响较大,在云顶处和云底处分别可达1.31和-2.06 K/d。研究表明,不同形状冰晶粒子权重的选取对冰云光学性质和辐射计算均有较大的影响,在长波区间尤其明显。      

对非球形冰晶94 GHz云雷达后向散射和衰减的研究

针对94 GHz毫米波云雷达的数据处理,基于离散偶极子近似法(DDA)计算了几种非球形冰晶的后向散射及衰减效率,探讨了不同冰云模型下冰云的雷达反射率因子(Z_e)和衰减系数(k)及冰水含量(IWC,记作W)的关系。结果表明:(1)形状对冰晶的散射及衰减效率与粒子大小有关。(2)在实际的冰云中,将六角形冰晶和椭圆冰晶看做同体积的球形粒子将低估其衰减和后向散射。将聚合物冰晶看做等体积球形,将高估其后向散射及衰减,子弹花冰晶的后向散射与同体积的球形相比有减小也有增大,但是衰减比同体积球形的小。(3)冰云模型对Z_e-k、Z_e-W关系具有较大影响,假设滴谱相同的条件下,得到了具体冰云模型下对应Z_e-k、Z_e-W关系的系数。这些探讨为我国W波段云雷达的数据处理提供了参考。     

非球形气溶胶粒子散射特性及其等效Mie散射误差分析

为分析形状对气溶胶粒子散射特性的影响,采用T矩阵法计算了0.633μm波段(自然光)不同种类、形状的气溶胶单粒子与体散射的散射相函数,并讨论了气溶胶粒子形状畸变与等效Mie散射误差的变化规律。结果表明:粒子形状畸变对气溶胶粒子散射能量空间分布影响较大。对于单粒子,各散射角上的等效Mie散射误差并不随粒子形状畸变程度单调变化。从相对误差量级上看,形状畸变对180°散射的影响强于0°,对35°的散射影响相对较弱。对于两种非球形粒子等效方法,等表面积法优于等体积法。不同类型的非球形气溶胶粒子体散射存在显著差异,沙尘性与海洋性的等效Mie散射误差明显大于煤烟性与可溶性粒子;对于同一种气溶胶,形状的改变对侧向与后向散射影响显著,对前向散射影响不大。     

Calculation on the light scattering function of hexagonal ice crystals

Hexagonal ice crystal is a basic form of the particles in cirrus. The emphasis in this paper is on discussing the computational results of scattering phase matrices for infrared absorptive band by making use of the model developed by the authors. Comparisons have been made between infrared and visible light as well as between hexagonal columns and plates and equivalent spheriods and spheres. It is found that the effects of light absorption on phase function may cause the decreases of scattering energy in side direction and the directions near backscattering, and weaken halo and rainbow peaks which are induced by the refractions and internal reflections. There is a general agreement in the phase functions for ice crystals with different shapes. However, the scattering intensity in side direction for spheres and in backward and backside directions for spheroids is weaker as compared with hexagons. It is believed that these features would, doubtless, have influences on the detection of cirrus by laser and radiation transfer in the atmosphere.     

双偏振雷达对一次水凝物相态演变过程的分析

联合利用3 GHz双偏振雷达RHI探测数据和温度廓线数据, 建立了云粒子相态反演的模糊逻辑算法, 算法采用Beta型成员函数, 成员变量包括:水平反射率因子、线性退偏比、差分反射率及温度0℃,-40℃对应高度, 反演出的相态包括毛毛雨、雨、低密度干冰晶、高密度干冰晶、湿冰晶、干霰、湿霰、小冰雹、大冰雹、雨夹雪和液态云滴等11种, 并利用雷达的连续探测数据对一次层状云降水过程中水凝物相态的演变情况进行了分析, 得到如下结果:初始阶段层状云相态呈现分层结构, 从上至下依次为高密度干冰晶、湿冰晶和液态云滴; 初始阶段云体中的回波大值区核心区域为大的冰相粒子, 其余部分为液态粒子; 在初始到成熟阶段演变中, 回波大值区上部液态粒子逐步向冰相转化; 消散阶段云中零度层亮带逐步消失, 零度层以上云粒子结构呈现高密度干冰晶包裹湿冰晶的情况。关键词:双偏振雷达; 模糊逻辑; 水凝物相态反演; 层状云降水过程; 水凝物相态演变     

Supercell simulations with simple ice parameterization

Summary A three-dimensional cloud model derived from the Klemp-Wilhelmson model has been used to perform simulations of a right-moving supercell with the purpose of testing the effects of terminal velocity of precipitation on the storm dynamics. The model has no ice variables and computes a fall velocity for condensed water. We simulate one of the effects of ice presence, without including phase transition, by reducing the fall velocity of the precipitation in the coldest cloud layers. The reduction of precipitation terminal velocity is shown to have a strong influence on supercell dynamics and to be responsible for nearly all the improvements in the simulation of supercells that are obtained with full ice microphysics. This includes the transition to tornadic phase, which is sharper than in the case of a pure rain supercell. The vertical component of vorticity is seen to increase at all levels, as observed in real storms, instead of just at the surface as is common in simulations with no ice phase.Our results indicate the primary importance of terminal fall speed among the effects due to the presence of ice.With 13 Figures     

CICE海冰模式中反照率相关参数对北极海冰模拟的影响

国家气候中心气候系统模式BCC_CSM2.0最新耦合了美国Los Alamos国家实验室发展的海冰模式CICE5.0,为试验模式中与反照率相关参数的敏感性及其对模拟结果的影响,提高模式对北极海冰的模拟能力,选取海冰模式中3个主要参数进行了敏感性试验。利用以BCC_CSM2.0耦合框架为基础建立的海冰-海洋耦合模式,选取CORE资料为大气强迫场开展试验,试验的3个参数分别为冰/雪表面反射率、雪粒半径和雪粒半径参考温度。结果表明,参数取值的不同对北极海冰的模拟有显著的影响,优化后的取值组合极大提高了模式的模拟能力,主要表现在:（1）改善了对北极冬季海冰厚度的模拟,海冰厚度增大,与观测资料更为吻合;（2）显著提高了对北极夏季海冰密集度的模拟能力,从而模拟的北极海冰范围年际循环与观测更为一致。参数取值的优化改进了模式对海冰反照率的模拟,进而影响了冰面短波辐射的吸收和海冰表层的融化,最终提高了模式对海冰密集度和厚度的模拟效果。      

SCATTERING PHASE MATRICES OF ICE CRYSTALS WITH HEXAGONAL PRISM AND TRIANGULAR PYRAMID FORM—A VECTOR RAY TRACING METHOD

The work presented previously by the authors(Cai and Liou,1982)has been extended in this paper.By making use of our improved model the calculations on scattering phase matrices of hexagonal prismice crystals(HPIC)have been conducted for monodisperse and polydisperse systems.Compared with themodel of Cai and Liou,the required computational quantity is decreased by about two orders of magni-tude and the errors of results are less for the new model.Meanwhile,the scattering phase matrices of triangularpyramid ice crystals(TPIC)are also computed in the paper,and the comparison between the scatterings of thetwo forms of ice crystals is performed.     

The quantitative growth law of ice crystals and its new model

An improved new wedge-shaped chamber of ice thermal diffusion has been used to get a more complete and overall growth law of ice crystals. Based on more than 4,000 data, a quantitative growth law of ice crystals in an ice supersaturation and temperature field has been presented. A new method for quantitatively indicating the form of different kinds of ice crystals has been suggested. The growth rates of ice crystals at different tempera-tures and ice supersaturations have been studied. A quantitative comparison of static and dynamic experiments for ice crystal growth has also been presented. Finally, the author gives new models of ice crystal growth law in temperature-ice supersaturation or vapor density excess field.     

An Algorithm for Detecting Ice Cloud at Different Altitudes by Combining Dual CrIS Full Spectrum Resolution CO2 Channels

Using infrared sensors to detect ice clouds in different atmospheric layers is still a challenge. The different scattering and absorption properties of longwave and shortwave infrared channels can be utilized to fulfill this purpose.In this study, the release of Suomi-NPP Cross-track Infrared Sounder(Cr IS) full spectrum resolution is used to select and pair channels from longwave(～ 15 μm) and shortwave(～4.3 μm) CO_2 absorption bands under stricter conditions, so as to better detect ice clouds. Besides, the differences of the weighting function peaks and cloud insensitive level altitudes of the paired channels are both within 50 h Pa so that the variances due to atmospheric conditions can be minimized. The training data of clear sky are determined by Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite(VIIRS) cloud mask product and used to find the linear relationship between the paired longwave and shortwave CO_2 absorption channels. From the linear relationship, the so-called cloud emission and scattering index(CESI) is derived to detect ice clouds. CESI clearly captures the center and the ice cloud features of the Super Typhoon Hato located above 415 h Pa. Moreover, the CESI distributions agree with cloud top pressure from the VIIRS in both daytime and nighttime in different atmospheric layers.     

Model studies on the effect of nitric acid vapour on cirrus cloud activation

The effect of elevated nitric acid concentrations on cloud particle number concentrations and sizes of mixed phase cirrus cloud (containing both supercooled liquid and frozen ice particles) is studied using a detailed multicomponent condensation model. Our model calculations suggest that high nitric acid volume mixing ratios (VMRs), corresponding to upper tropospheric measurements, can increase the ice crystal number concentrations substantially especially in the case of freezing of non-activated solution droplets (as opposed to freezing of supercooled cloud droplets). This is due to increased droplet sizes caused by nitric acid absorption and the resulting uptake of water.     

六棱柱和三棱锥冰晶的散射相矩阵——一种矢量射线追踪方法

本文发展了作者过去的工作(Cai-Liou),利用改进后的数值模式对六角柱冰晶(匀谱和非匀谱)的散射相矩阵进行了计算,所需计算量比Cai-Liou的约小二个量级,且本文的数值模式的结果误差较小。同时,对三棱锥冰晶的散射相矩阵,本文也进行了计算,并与六角冰晶的结果进行了比较。     

基于常规气象资料的小时标准冰厚模型及验证

在综合考虑雨凇和雾凇积冰增长以及热力融冰和升华脱冰的基础上,建立了一个基于常规气象资料的小时标准冰厚模型。模拟2008年和2013年浙江省两次严重电网覆冰灾害期间的标准冰厚,并用事故线路调查资料、电线积冰观测站和模拟导线拉力监测点的观测资料进行验证分析。结果显示:事故线路的最大标准冰厚观测值与模拟值相关关系达到0.01显著性水平,电线积冰观测站的日标准冰厚观测值与模拟值的平均绝对偏差小于0.6 mm,模拟导线拉力监测点的小时标准冰厚模拟值与观测值的决定系数为0.8093,均方根误差为0.8 mm。说明模型比较准确地描述了天气过程对电线积冰的影响,能够较好地反映标准冰厚的空间分布规律和时间变化特征。