带周期分析因素的逐步回归方法在寒露风天气预报中的应用

提出以方差分析周期因素嵌入逐步回归建立灾害天气长期预报模型方法，应用结果表明：模型预报精度及稳定性均比单纯的周期分析或利用前期气象因子建立回归模型有明显改善。     

运城市终霜冻预报方法

对运城市终霜冻资料时间序列进行了周期分析，再利用基于预测误差平方和(PRESS)准则的逐步回归周期分析方法建立运城市终霜冻预报模型，预测终霜冻出现的日期，经检验和试报表明，该模型预测效果较好，具有实用价值。     

影响海南岛热带气旋的多层递阶周期分析长期预报模型

使用历年影响海南岛的热带气旋个数作资料样本,在经典多层递阶预报模型的基础上引进多层递阶周期分析,在时间序列自身周期显著的情况下,使用时间序列的显著周期分量取代经典模型中的自回归部份,建立影响海南岛热带气旋的多层递阶周期分析长期预报模型,合理地反映热带气旋影响海南岛的变化规律,提高预报的准确率。     

用判别指数周期预报强汛年

以信阳强汛年（６￣８月区域平均雨量≥７００ｍｍ）为对象,用判别指数法提取有效周期,并将多个有效周期相迭加,建立预报判别模型。用１９７４￣１９９３年历史资料回代,强汛年预报成功率达到７１．４％。经过１９９４￣１９９８年试用,成功地报准了强汛年（１９９６年）。     

用拟合误差分析方法制作汛期降水趋势预报

介绍了一种比较实用的寻找拟合周期的方法，并在此基础上求出相应的误差周期，然后叠加作出未来的趋势预报。文内给出了实用效果。     

用简化的周期分析法作年降水趋势预报

1概述我们常常把某些要素看成是随时间作周期变化的，时间序列上某位置的要素是该要素前期作周期性变化的结果，并以此制作中长期预报。沿用正弦波的普遍表达式：＿＿。＿，2穴＾。Rn一ZASin（n尖十o）……………………（）—“““—“““”““L””‘””“”根据各周期的长度、振幅及初位相来求Rn的值。依此，在下面提出一种简化的周期分析方法。本文把时间序列（R则用中值分为两档，按序号逐个统计符合档内各周期的个例数，选取个例数较多的周期，以个例数（或经修订）为权重系数，建立表达式R。’一Zai’R’／Zai’和R。”一Za…     

用方差分析周期及随机时间序列法作赫章6—8月总降雨量预报

用方差分析周期法对赫章县３６年６－８月总降雨量进行周期分析,得出６－８月总降雨量变化以６年主周期,７年为校正周期。然后对原序列中周期不能拟合的部分运用随机时间序列进行处理,将两种方法的值叠加作预报,效果较好。     

带周期分析因素的逐步回归方法在寒露风天气预报中的应用

提出以方差分析周期因素嵌入逐步回归建立灾害天气长期预报模型方法，应用结果表明：模型预报精度及稳定性均比单纯的周期分析或利用前期气象因子建立回归模型有明显改善。     

利用灰色周期分析预测气象要素

阐明了一种基于灰色系统理论基础的时间系列周期分析思路及其本数学模型，给出了计算方法与步骤，并根据主次周期的关联度值建立预报方程，可对气象要素进行预测。     

WAVEWATCHIII模式在渤海海浪预报的应用与检验

大连黄海、渤海海浪数值预报系统采用WAVEWATCHIII模式进行海浪预报,预报产品包括48 h内浪高、周期、浪向的逐3 h预报,并对其进行检验。结果表明：WAVEWATCHIII模式对渤海中部浪高模拟较好,浪高预报TS为71.7 %,对近岸海区浪高模拟相对差些。个例的检验表明,浪高最大值模拟较好,模拟浪高最大值出现的时间与实况基本吻合,浪高变化趋势预报也较好。AVEWATCHIII模式对两个周期个例进行检验,预报误差最低可达到0.17 s,预报效果较好。     

Possible Sources of Forecast Errors Generated by the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Landfalling Tropical Cyclones. Part Ⅱ: Model Uncertainty

This paper investigates the possible sources of errors associated with tropical cyclone (TC) tracks forecasted using the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES). In Part I, it is shown that the model error of GRAPES may be the main cause of poor forecasts of landfalling TCs. Thus, a further examination of the model error is the focus of Part II. Considering model error as a type of forcing, the model error can be represented by the combination of good forecasts and bad forecasts. Results show that there are systematic model errors. The model error of the geopotential height component has periodic features, with a period of 24 h and a global pattern of wavenumber 2 from west to east located between 60°S and 60°N. This periodic model error presents similar features as the atmospheric semidiurnal tide, which reflect signals from tropical diabatic heating, indicating that the parameter errors related to the tropical diabatic heating may be the source of the periodic model error. The above model errors are subtracted from the forecast equation and a series of new forecasts are made. The average forecasting capability using the rectified model is improved compared to simply improving the initial conditions of the original GRAPES model. This confirms the strong impact of the periodic model error on landfalling TC track forecasts. Besides, if the model error used to rectify the model is obtained from an examination of additional TCs, the forecasting capabilities of the corresponding rectified model will be improved.     

均值生成函数的周期性延拓在回归分析中存在的问题及其改进方案

针对均值生成函数的周期性延拓在回归分析中存在的回归前提不同,预报因子是预报量的非独立表现等缺点,给出了改进方案。实例分析计算表明：新方案可以有效地消除原方案中存在的非独立虚假相关现象,从而使得筛选出周期性预报因子更加客观。基于本方案所建立的数学预报模型,具有历史拟合率与多步长预报精度基本一致的特点,是一种具有使用价值的长期预报手段,也有一定的隐含周期分辨能力。     

Chaos in a simple model of the three-dimensional, salt-dominated ocean circulation

 A simple moments model used in studying the large-scale thermally driven ocean circulation, in one hemisphere, is extended with a set of evolution equations for the basin-averaged salinity gradients. Natural formulations of the boundary conditions for the heat flux and the (virtual) salt flux are given, the latter based on the SST-evaporation feedback. Stommel’s box model result, a coexisting thermal and saline solution, is retrieved in the limit of no rotation. Including rotation in a salt-dominated setting, a steady circulation is found which bifurcates for higher Rayleigh numbers in a periodic solution which becomes chaotic through a cascade of subharmonic bifurcations. Periodic motion results from two different mechanisms. First, the stable stationary state bifurcates into a periodic solution where anomalously saline water is advected by the overturning circulation. Second, this periodic solution bifurcates into a state which is dominated, during the larger part of the cycle, by diffusion and inertia, characterized by a decreasing overturning rate, and, during the subsequent shorter part of the cycle, by rapid advection and restratification of the entire basin. The basin-averaged vertical density field is stably stratified in the steady and the periodic regimes and remains statically stable in the chaotic regime. Received: 16 July 1996 / Accepted: 29 December 1997     

The role of phase locking in a simple model for glacial dynamics

Glacial–interglacial oscillations are often described by simple conceptual models. Relatively few models, however, are accompanied by analytical solutions, though detailed analytical investigation of climate models often leads to deeper understanding of the climate system. Here we study a simple conceptual model for glacial dynamics, a simplified version of the sea-ice-switch mechanism of Gildor and Tziperman (Paleoceanography 15:605–615, 2000), and provide a detailed analytical treatment for this model. We show that when the model is forced by a simplified insolation forcing it exhibits rich dynamics and passes through a series of bifurcations before being completely phase-locked to the insolation forcing. Our model suggests that even when the glacial cycles are self-sustained, insolation forcing has a major role on the complexity of glacial cycles: (1) it is possible to obtain glacial–interglacial oscillations for a wider parameters range when the amplitude of the insolation forcing is larger; (2) in addition, the ice-volume becomes more periodic; (3) when the period of the ice-volume is minimal the ice-volume is symmetric and for larger period is more asymmetric; (4) the ice-volume can be either periodic, higher order periodic, or quasi-periodic.     

The perturbed structure of the neutral atmospheric boundary layer over irregular terrain

The differential equations for first-order (linear) response of the planetary boundary layer are formulated for flow over periodic terrain, for variations in both surface roughness and terrain elevation. A simple second-order closure model of the turbulence is used, and Coriolis forces are neglected. Flow over a periodic terrain produces corresponding periodic structure in all meteorological fields above the surface. The periodic structure consists of two components. The first is very nearly evanescent with height. It corresponds to the motion that would be observed were the atmosphere inviscid. The second component, introduced by turbulent viscosity, exhibits a phase variation with height in addition to a decay in amplitude. W.K.B. [Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin] approximations for the two components are developed, and the coupling between the components is discussed. The formulation for calculating solutions by numerical integration is developed, including specification of appropriate boundary conditions. Calculations are presented in a companion paper.Wave Propagation Laboratory.Environmental Science Group.     

热带大气周期性振荡相图结构与南北半球中纬度热力强迫效应的相关关系

本文根据反映热带大气运动的动力系统数学模型,将热带大气周期性振荡产生条件归纳为动力系统相图椭圆型结构形成问题.本文强调了南北半球中纬度冷暖空气活动对赤道地区热力结构的强迫效应,探讨了此类赤道地区外界热力强迫对热带大气运动周期性振荡形成的作用.本文还讨论了与非周期运动相关的动力系统相图椭圆型结构破坏问题及其相图抛物型、双曲型构成前提条件,并研究了各类相图几何图形特征点与大气运动状态的联系.本文研究还表明,南北半球中纬度冷暖空气活动即使属非周期扰动,若满足动力系统相图椭圆型条件,也可引起赤道地区的高频或低频周期性振荡.     

广西降水量序列的气候变化模型

通过对广西1916年以来的年、季降水量序列进行分析,初步建立了广西降水序列的周期迭加模型、正弦波模型和均生函数模型.     

逐步回归自相关分析

作者从时间序列的自相关分析出发，提出了一种适于回归统计分析的生成预报因子的简单方法，建立起自相关预报模型。实例计算表明，此方法不仅预报精度较高，而且在对周期性相关因子的选择上具有等同的统计、检验前提，避免了一般方法因周期长度不同而带来统计，检验差异的影响。因而得到的回归因子较客观，真实。另外，还具有一定的分析时间序列隐含周期的能力。     

Stochastic Modeling of the Van Lake Monthly Level Fluctuations in Turkey

Summary  Planning, design, construction and operation of lakeshore structures require information about the future likely extremes of the lake levels at a given risk percentage. Alternative future likely synthetic sequences can be numerically generated provided that the underlying generating mechanism of the lake level fluctuation phenomenon is identified. Simple linear and periodic nonlinear models are used for modeling the deterministic part in the lake level records. Linear trend is eliminated from the original lake level historic data by regression line technique. The nonlinear part needs two stages for its identification. First Fourier series is applied to model interannual periodicities in the lake level fluctuation series and then monthly standardization procedure is applied for seasonal periodic nonlinear component modeling. A second order Markov model is found suitable for the remaining stochastic parts. The application of the methodology is presented for the Lake Van monthly level data in eastern Turkey. Suitable models are identified and their parameters are estimated for trend, periodic and stochastic parts. Likely, synthetic lake levels are generated by the stochastic model and hence lake level extreme values are depicted for the next 2, 6, 12, 24, 60 and 120 months with risk calculations. Such risk calculations take into account the stochastic characteristics of the lake level fluctuations only. The deterministic parts as linear trends and periodicities are added to the stochastic extreme events for the actual simulation of the lake levels. The model presented in this paper is not for time prediction of future lake levels but rather for the simulation of possible equally likely extreme lake level value occurrences over any desired future period. Received April 22, 1998/Revised July 28, 1999