大气对外强迫低频遥响应的数值模拟 II:对欧亚中高纬“寒潮”异常的响应

本文通过用IAP GCM所作的数值模拟研究了欧亚大陆中高纬度地区的外强迫在全球大气中激发的响应.结果清楚表明,同赤道地区的热源强迫一样,中高纬度地区的外强迫也可以在全球大气中产生低频遥响应;通过低频波列EAP,欧亚大陆中高纬度地区的寒潮异常可以对赤道中西太平洋地区的大气运动及全球大气环流有重要影响.对30—60天振荡的强迫激发来讲,地球大气的气候基本态是极为重要的,热带大气对于全球大气的低频振荡活动具有尤为突出的作用.     

大尺度大气运动的浑沌形态

本文用一个确定的强迫耗散的八维非线性自治系统描述大尺度斜压大气的运动。在一定的热力强迫范围,流型演变显示出浑沌形态。随着热力强迫的渐变,发生了浑沌形态与周期形态之间的多次转换。在浑沌区内又清楚地显示出周期3和周期6的窗口。 流型演变的周期形态,相应于夏半年对流层上层副热带高压中心沿东西方向的周期的低频振荡。转为浑沌形态后,这种规则性的低频振荡即遭到破坏。这个副热带高压周期性东西振荡的建立与破坏的现象,与实际大气的观测事实十分相似。     

热力驱动的热带环流和系统

本文用包含热力作用和雷利摩擦的赤道β平面上线性化的浅水波方程模式,探讨热带地区热力强迫运动的一般规律及由它所驱动的热带环流和系统。通过浅水波方程的求解,我们得到了一个解析形式的热力影响函数。热力影响函数是一个指数衰减型的函数,但衰减率在东西方向是不对称的,源以东的衰减速度比源以西的衰减速度快得多。另外,热力强迫运动还与热源所处的纬度有关,热源所处的纬度越低,热力强迫运动的振幅和范围越小。最后,利用本文模式模拟和解释了热带大气中最基本的环流现象。      

对流层上层副热带高压的东西振荡

本文用低谱途径,将二层准地转模式化为一个八维的强迫耗散的非线性系统。沿南北方向除赤道与极地之间的热力强迫外,模式还包含近似描述增温的副热带大陆与其南面海洋之间热力差异的强迫参数θ_c.在θ_c的一定范围内,模式大气显示出多平衡态特征,它们分别对应于对流层上层副热带高压的东部型和西部型流型。θ_c越过临界值后,模式大气又显示出多周期态特征,它们分别对应于对流层上层副热带高压的不同形式的东西振荡。     

基本气流对热带波动传播影响的数值试验

本文研究了在各种定常基本状态下大气对位于热带及中纬度地区的定常强迫源的响应。进一步证实了东风基本气流将限制热带扰动向中高纬度的传播,从而也抑制了两半球的相互作用;西风基本气流则有利于热带波动向中纬度传播,有利于中纬度扰动通过热带向另一半球传播。赤道地区基本气流随经度的变化对罗斯贝波的传播也有重大影响,波动能量将在基本气流辐合的地区累积并向中纬度发射。因此赤道西风辐合最大的地区就是热带与中纬度相互作用以及两半球相互作用最明显的地区。应用实测风场作基本气流所进行的实验表明,冬季与夏季热带波动的传播特征,两半球相互作用的状况均有明显差异。     

大气对外强迫低频遥响应的数值模拟 I:对赤道东太平洋 SSTA的响应

本文通过在IAP-GCM上实现的数值模拟,研究了大气对赤道东太平洋地区暖SSTA的响应,着重讨论了大气遥响应的性质和演变过程. 数值模拟清楚地表明,大气对异常外源的响应主要是一种具有30—60天周期的低频遥响应.分析不同地区和不同季节这种强迫响应的30—60天低频振荡的结构及活动,可以清楚看到它与大气中实际存在着的30—60天振荡极为相似.因此也可以认为,大气对海温异常的强迫遥响应是激发产生全球大气30—60天振荡的重要机制.     

大气对外强迫低频遥响应的数值模拟 Ⅰ:对赤道东太平洋SSTA的响应

本文通过在IAP-GCM上实现的数值模拟,研究了大气对赤道东太平洋地区暖SSTA的响应,着重讨论了大气遥响应的性质和演变过程. 数值模拟清楚地表明,大气对异常外源的响应主要是一种具有30—60天周期的低频遥响应.分析不同地区和不同季节这种强迫响应的30—60天低频振荡的结构及活动,可以清楚看到它与大气中实际存在着的30—60天振荡极为相似.因此也可以认为,大气对海温异常的强迫遥响应是激发产生全球大气30—60天振荡的重要机制.     

热带低层大气30～60天低频动能的年际变化与ENSO循环

利用NCEP再分析资料,通过统计相关及合成分析研究了热带大气季节内振荡(ISO)的年际变化与ENSO循环之间的关系.结果表明,热带大气季节内振荡(也称30～60天低频振荡)的年际变化在热带中西太平洋地区最强.在ElNino成熟之前的春夏季,热带西太平洋的30～60天振荡异常活跃,其动能明显增加且逐渐东移;在E1Nino成熟以后,热带西太平洋大气30～60天低频振荡迅速减弱.与这种加强的30～60天振荡相伴随,在赤道北侧为异常的气旋式环流,赤道地区出现偏西风异常.相反,在LaNina成熟之前的春夏季,热带西太平洋大气30～60天振荡偏弱.进一步的分析还发现,东亚冬季风的年际变化是引起热带大气30～60天振荡的年际变化的主要机制:强东亚冬季风导致热带西太平洋积云对流加强,从而引起热带西太平洋大气30～60天振荡加强;相反,对应于弱的东亚冬季风,热带西太平洋地区积云对流偏弱,大气30～60天振荡偏弱.作者的资料分析还证实,热带大气30～60天低频振荡的年际变化,作为一种外强迫,对ElNino的形成起着十分重要的作用.     

关于热带大气低频振荡的一个简单模式与数值模拟

本文首先从观测事实分析了热带大气的低频振荡现象，然后从理论上加以研究。为此，本文建立了一个包括触发热源和CISK机制的三维线性模式，用此模式讨论了热带大气低频振荡的性质、结构、传播和动力学机制。从模式的计算结果得到了周期为30d左右以大约9 m/s的速度向东传播的低频振荡现象，这种振荡为Kelvin波型的响应和向西传播的Rossby波型的响应的结合。计算还表明，这种振荡的周期与触发热源的周期关系不大，这说明了热带大气的低频振荡是大气自身的固有振荡，它是大尺度运动与对流凝结加热相互作用的结果。     

赤道移动性热源激发的大气强迫波和亚洲夏季风40—50天振荡

本文利用P－σ混合坐标系的五层原始方程模式研究了赤道移动性对流热源激发的大气强迫波和亚洲夏季风40－50振荡的关系。数值试验表明由Wave－CISK机制引起的移动性热源在沿赤道东移过程中可以引起亚洲夏季风环境、降水、赤道东－西纬向环流、季风经向环流和越赤道气流的位相振荡现象，其振荡周期与移动热源的移动速度有关。模拟结果进一步表明热带、付热带大气对赤道移动热源的响应可以激发出东传的Kelvinr波和东传的Rossby波，引起纬向差值气流和和戏向差值气流垢东传现象，以及扰动的北传现象。本文最后还讨论了东传的大气强迫波通过Walker环流和Hadley环流的影响而引起亚洲夏季风的40－40天振荡的机制。     

热带和中高纬地区季节内振荡的特征及其动力学诊断

使用5年低阶全球谱模式资料,对中高纬大气和热带大气季节内振荡的动力学性质和传播特征进行了诊断研究。分析发现模式再现了大气中季节内振荡在热带和中高纬地区的传播特性以及它们之间的差异。热带大气30—60天振荡在速度势场上表现为纬向—波结构和行波特性,而在散度风场上反映了赤道西太平洋—印度洋东西向偶极子型的振荡。中高纬大气30—60天振荡表现为定常波位相和振幅的变化,即波包络的传播特征。它与中高纬地区遥相关型的转换有关,通过遥相关位相和振幅的变化,不仅完成了热带和中高纬地区之间以及热带不同区域之间的能量输送,而且通过这种能量输送过程把南、北半球中高纬地区季节内振荡联系起来。      

东西风廓线特征与大气运动平衡态定常波的相关关系及共振条件的研究

本文采用简化数学模型探讨了东、西风廓线特征与外源强迫下大气环流平衡态定常波结构的相关关系。文中采用实际观测资料研究了西风廓线特征与大气环流型季节特征之间的联系。研究表明,西风廓线冬、夏季节差异与中、高纬度西风槽“冬三夏四”波数差气候特征有关,且低纬强东风切变可作为赤道东风波周期振荡成因之一。冬夏西风廓线季节特征可导致大地形强迫效应、海陆加热因子影响作用的显著季节差异。研究还揭示了大气环流型优势波转换的基流特征影响效应,并导出了流场与纬向加热强迫源共振状态的西风廓线特征函数与临界曲线。     

Medium-range oscillations of synoptic systems in summer

Using summer data of seven years (1973 to 1979), the authors investigated the medium-range oscillations of the parameters which represent the circulation and synoptic scale systems of tropical atmosphere in the area between 30oE and 130oW and the parameters in the area of the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, with more attention paid to the interannual steadiness of parameters with periodic oscillation. Though the parameters investigated are as many as 148, only a few have been found to have medium-range oscillations of which the interannual variability is relatively small. These oscillation systems are characterized by regional distribution. Relations among those parameters with annually steady oscillations have also been investigated.     

热带大气的主要振荡形式及其与厄尔尼诺现象的联系

二十年代初和八十年代初Walker和陈烈庭分别提出南方涛动(SO)和北方涛动(NO)的概念。八十年代末,符淙斌等从全球热带角度考察所谓北方涛动的存在及其与经典南方涛动的关系,结果证实了赤道两c侧反相气压振荡现象的存在,还发现低层大气中湿度、稳定度、云量、海面温度和海流等方面也存在类似于SO、NO的甚低频振荡现象,并把这种现象看作是热带海洋—大气系统的一个整体。除气压场外并不存在以赤道为对称的分支现象,从而提出了“低纬度涛动(LLO)”的概念。本文通过对全球热带地区几个主要等压面高度场及海温场EOF展开的头几个主要特征向量场的分析,发现热带低空大气具有东、西向振荡的特点(即低纬度涛动现象),而高空大气则以高低纬度之间的振荡为主,显示出与低空大气不同的特征。此外,E1Nino现象对高低空大气的影响程序和强度也不尽相同。     

DIAGNOSTIC STUDY FOR INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION OF THE MIDDLE-HIGH LATITUDES IN A LOW RESOLUTION GLOBAL SPECTRAL MODEL

In this paper, five-year simulated data from a low-resolution global spectral model with triangular trunca-lion at wavenumber 10 are analyzed in order to study dynamical features and propagation characteristics ofintraseasonal oxillations over the mid-latitudes and the tropical atmosphere. The simulations show that thereis the 30-50 day periodic oscillation in the low-resolution spectral model without non-seasonal external forcing,and spatial scale of the intraseasonal oscihations is of the globe .Further analysis finds that propagation charac-ters of intraseasonal oscillations over the mid-latitudes and the tropics are different. The 30-50 day oscillationover the tropics exhibits structure of the velocity potential wave with wavenumber 1 in the latitudinal and thecharacter of the traveling wave eastward at speed of 8 longitudes/day. However, the 30-50 day oscillationsin mid-latitude atmosphere exhibit phase and amplitude oscillation of the standing planetary waves and theyare related to transform of teleconnection patterns over the mid-latitudes. The energy is not only transferredbetween the tropics and the middle-high latitudes, but also between different regions over the tropics. Based on the analysis of 5-year band pass filtered data from a 5-layer global spectral model of Jow-ordetwith truncated wavenumber l0,investigation is done of the source of intraseasonal oscillations in the extratropicalmodel atmosphere and its mechanism. Results show that (1) the convective heat transferred eastward alongthe equator serves as the source of the intraseasonal oxillation both in the tropical and the extratropical atmos--phere; (2) the velocity-potential wave of a zonal structure of wavenumber 1 gives rise to oxillation in divergentand convergent wind fields of a dipole-form as seen from the equatorial Indian Ocean to the western Pacificduring its eastward propagation, thus indicating the oscillation in the dipole-form heat soure:e/sink pattertl; (3)the tropical heat-source oscillation is responsible for the variation in phase and intensity of the extratropicalstationary wave train, and the interaction between the oscillating low-frequency inertial gravity and stationaryRossby modes that are probably mechanisms for the oscillations ip the middle-high latitudes.     

广西近50年暴雨日数变化的小波分析

利用1951—2005年广西降水资料,使用Morlet小波分析方法分析了暴雨和大暴雨日数的年际变化,结果表明均具有明显的周期变化规律特征,都存在着2、4、8、14年周期振荡信号,其中2年周期振荡信号最强,其次为4,8,14年,各周期信号分布的时间区域略有差异。广西暴雨日数变化总趋势为逐渐增多,在1990年代进入高峰期。影响广西暴雨发生的主要天气系统为热带气旋、西南低涡、低空急流、高空槽,其中热带气旋、西南低涡是广西特大暴雨发生的主要原因。     

Short timescale air-sea coupling in the tropical deep convective regime

Summary The relationship between surface rainfall rate and sea-surface temperature (SST) over tropical cloudy areas is revisited, and associated air-sea interaction processes are investigated based on hourly grid simulation data over cloudy areas from a two-dimensional coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model. A cloud-weighted data analysis shows that surface evaporation flux decreases with increasing SST and is one order of magnitude smaller than the residual between moisture convergence and condensation, playing a negligible role in moisture budget. Moisture convergence determines the surface rainfall rate by determining vapor condensation and deposition rates. Ocean mixed-layer thermal budget shows that the atmospheric surface flux is a major process responsible for SST variation while thermal advection and thermal entrainment play a secondary role. The results indicate that atmospheric impacts on the ocean are important whereas oceanic impacts on the atmosphere are not, in the tropical air-sea system, on short timescales. Thus, the relationship between surface rainfall rate and SST over tropical cloudy areas is not physically important. Further estimates indicate that the surface evaporation flux and residual between moisture convergence and condensation could have the same order of magnitude in daily-mean moisture budget.     

Hydrodynamic Instability of the Periodic System of Updrafts and Downdrafts in the Atmosphere

The linear hydrodynamic instability of the spatially periodic system of updrafts and downdrafts in a stably stratified atmosphere is studied. Such formulation of the problem is used to simulate the cloud systems observed in the atmosphere, when the zones of updrafts correspond to clouds and those of downdrafts correspond to intercloud intervals. A rather unexpected conclusion was made that the consideration of turbulent viscosity and thermal conductivity of the atmosphere as well as of radiative cooling leads to the instability at the Richardson numbers exceeding the critical value of 1/8 for the nondissipative case.     

赤道不稳定波海气相互作用的数值模拟分析

赤道不稳定波(tropical instability waves)存在于热带东太平洋赤道附近, 通常于每年的春末夏初出现, 以约0.6 m/s速度向西传播, 波周期为20～40天左右, 波长约为1000～2000 km。本文利用一个全球高分辨率海气耦合模式对赤道不稳定波在赤道附近的热量输送进行分析, 表明赤道不稳定波产生指向赤道的热通量, 从而部分抵消了热带东太平洋地区由Ekman辐散和温度平流导致的强冷却效应, 维持热带地区的热量平衡。其对赤道冷舌区的增暖作用可以消除和减弱气候模式中热带东太平洋地区的系统性冷偏差, 能使冷舌的强度和分布得到合理的改善, 对气候模式的改进和发展具有潜在贡献。赤道不稳定波还可以改变赤道海洋上空低层大气层结稳定度, 导致近地层强的风场辐合辐散, 并进一步影响大气混合层的温度、 风场等气象要素。模拟分析结果还表明, 赤道不稳定波对大气强迫产生二次响应, 改变赤道上空逆温层的垂直位移和逆温强度。研究赤道不稳定波对热带海洋气候及其海气相互作用机理的理解具有重要意义。     

Dynamics of the Tropical Middle Atmosphere: A Tutorial Review*

Abstract

The general circulation of the tropical stratosphere, mesosphere and lowermost thermosphere is discussed at a tutorial level. Observations of the quasi‐biennial and semiannual oscillations by both in situ and satellite techniques are first reviewed. The basic dynamics controlling the zonal‐mean component of the circulation are then discussed. The role of radiative diabatic cooling in constraining the zonal‐mean circulation in the middle atmosphere is emphasized. It is shown that the effectiveness of this radiative constraint is reduced at low latitudes, allowing for the sustained mean flow accelerations over long periods of time characteristic of the quasi‐biennial and semiannual oscillations in the tropics.

The current view is that the dominant driving for the equatorial mean flow accelerations seen in the middle atmosphere derives from vertically‐propagating waves. This process is illustrated here in its simplest context, i.e. the Plumb (1977) model of the interaction of monochromatic internal gravity waves with the mean flow (based on earlier work of Lindzen and Holton, 1968; Holton and Lindzen, 1972). It is shown that the dynamics illustrated by this simple model can serve as the basis for an explanation of the quasi‐biennial oscillation.

The paper then describes some of recent developments in the theory of the quasi‐biennial and semiannual oscillations, including aspects related to the interaction between tropics and midlatitudes in the middle atmosphere. The paper concludes with a discussion of the effects of the long period dynamical variations in the tropical circulation on the chemical composition of the stratosphere.