双台风相互作用及其影响

采用三维变分混合同化方法对双台风菲特（1323）和丹娜丝（1324）、天鹅（0907）和莫拉克（0908）进行数值模拟,并在此基础上,采用移除双台风中任一台风和增强或减弱任一台风的方法,对双台风的相互作用进行了敏感性试验。结果表明:台风丹娜丝的作用导致台风菲特路径偏南,移速偏慢;台风菲特的作用导致台风丹娜丝路径偏北,移速变化不大。双台风相互作用使台风菲特和丹娜丝强度发生变化。在台风菲特强盛阶段强度更强,减弱消亡阶段强度更弱。2013年10月6-9日我国华东地区出现的强降水主要受台风菲特影响,台风丹娜丝使降水强度增强、强降水中心位置偏南。双台风相互作用使台风天鹅移向偏南,移速偏快,但台风天鹅对台风莫拉克的移向、移速影响不大;台风天鹅路径盘旋曲折,每次移向的变化都与台风莫拉克有关;台风天鹅打转程度与台风莫拉克的强度呈正相关,双台风间存在涡度、水汽通量等的相互影响及输送机制。     

双台风生消过程涡旋能量、水汽输送相互影响的三维物理图像

重点研究“莫拉克”台风发展并登陆台湾,以及“天鹅”台风消亡阶段两者相互作用的问题。通过诊断分析发现“莫拉克”与“天鹅”移动过程存在双台风涡旋互旋、吸引与合并现象。采用双台风中心连线的垂直剖面移动坐标分析法可揭示出双台风涡度、风场三维结构,演变过程中双台风的涡度、动能强度呈反向变化关系,在双台风生消过程中,动能、位涡场分布存在显著“连体”通道特征。并揭示出双台风涡旋各自生、消过程水汽、动能可能存在的相互影响及其涡旋结构变化的内在关联。对“天鹅”消亡、“莫拉克”引发暴雨过程,采用Flexpart-WRF耦合模式模拟“质点群”轨迹,模拟结果再现了双台风生消阶段“天鹅”台风水汽“粒子群”向“莫拉克”低层气旋式输入通道,且在“莫拉克”涡旋高层反气旋式卷出的三维立体动态图像。通过剔除“天鹅”台风涡旋数值模拟试验进一步印证了“天鹅”台风趋于消弱过程其水汽、动能输送为“莫拉克”台风发展与维持做出了一定贡献。基于以上合成分析、轨迹和数值模拟技术综合分析提出了能揭示“天鹅”消亡、“莫拉克”发展过程能量、水汽输送相互影响的三维物理图像。     

台风“天鹅”对“莫拉克”台风暴雨增幅影响的模拟分析

就2009年8月台风"天鹅"对"莫拉克"台风暴雨增幅的影响问题进行客观分析,并通过WRF数值模拟试验的方式进行研究探讨.利用NCEP/NCAR客观再分析资料分析发现"莫拉克"台风从"天鹅"台风环流中获取正涡度和水汽供应,有利于其台风强度的长期维持,是造成台湾地区超强降水的重要条件之一.进一步运用WRF数值模式对剔除"天鹅"台风的敏感性试验进行诊断分析,发现"天鹅"台风向"莫拉克"台风环流中有正涡度及水汽供应,与客观分析较为一致,最终估算出"莫拉克"台风在台湾地区南部造成的超强降水中有近三成来自于"天鹅"台风的动力和水汽贡献.     

台风“莫拉克”(0908)过台湾岛缓慢西行成因分析

0908号台风"莫拉克"（Morakot）在台湾岛引发了24 h超过1000 mm的强烈降水,与其缓慢西行过岛密切相关。本文利用NCEP-GFS实时分析场资料（0.5°×0.5°）、中央气象局台风资料库关于我国台湾地面气压场资料和中尺度数值模式WRF模拟结果,分析了台风Morakot在台湾岛附近缓慢西行成因。结果表明:（1）西太平洋副热带高压减弱东退、与台风"天鹅"（Goni,0907）的"藤原效应"是Morakot在台湾岛附近移速减慢的环境因素,而台风结构变化也是其缓慢过岛西行的一个主要原因;（2）台风过岛过程中,由于地形作用,Morakot环流内诱生低压活跃,先后或同时出现在岛屿东西两侧,使台风环流出现非对称松散结构;（3）在台湾岛西侧诱生低压中心取代东侧原台风中心形成不连续路径过程中,台风经历了低层环流从分裂到重组,正垂直涡度柱从垂直到倾斜再恢复垂直的变化过程,这是Morakot过台湾岛缓慢西行的一个重要原因;（4）Morakot西行登岛过程中环境引导气流主要是偏南气流,而包含诱生低压的扰动引导气流则为偏东气流。扰动引导气流虽是小量,但其纬向分量占环境引导气流纬向分量的比率从7%增至26%,较好地指示了Morakot的西行趋势,也说明地形诱生低压导致的台风结构变化是其过岛西行和缓慢移动的一个重要原因。     

0907号热带风暴“天鹅”暴雨的数值模拟

利用新一代中尺度数值模式WRF,对登陆后滞留粤西地区近50 h并带来了暴雨以上强降水的0907号热带风暴"天鹅"进行数值模拟,取得了较好的效果。该模式成功模拟出"天鹅"的移动路径、强度和强降水分布,暴雨的中心强度与实况基本一致。利用模式输出的高分辨率结果分析研究"天鹅"的暴雨降水原因,通过改变地形高度的敏感性试验表明,沿海地区地形的抬升作用对降雨有显著的增幅作用,并且使降水分布更加不均匀。     

一次西南低涡暴雨过程的诊断分析与数值模拟

利用常规观测资料、FY-2C卫星云图、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对一次西南低涡暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,这次暴雨天气过程的主要影响系统有对流层高层南亚高压、中层低涡、低层切变线（低涡）以及台风＂天鹅＂。该过程是由3个接连发生的中尺度对流云团直接造成的,发生在西南低涡闭合涡旋范围内的非对称处。利用WRF_AR...     

Formation and Development of a Mountain-induced Secondary Center inside Typhoon Morakot(2009)

The structural evolution of Typhoon Morakot(2009) during its passage across Taiwan was investigated with the WRF model. When Morakot approached eastern Taiwan, the low-level center was gradually filled by the Central Mountain Range(CMR), while the outer wind had flowed around the northern tip of the CMR and met the southwesterly monsoon to result in a strong confluent flow over the southern Taiwan Strait. When the confluent flow was blocked by the southern CMR, a secondary center(SC) without a warm core formed over southwestern Taiwan. During the northward movement of the SC along the west slope of the CMR, the warm air produced within the wake flow over the northwestern CMR was continuously advected into the SC, contributing to the generation of a warm core inside the SC. Consequently, a well-defined SC with a warm core, closed circulation and almost symmetric structure was produced over central western Taiwan, and then it coupled with Morakot's mid-level center after crossing the CMR to reestablish a new and vertically stacked typhoon. Therefore, the SC inside Morakot was initially generated by a dynamic interaction among the TC's cyclonic wind, southwesterly wind and orographic effects of the CMR, while the thermodynamic process associated with the downslope adiabatic warming effect documented by previous studies supported its development to be a well-defined SC. In summary, the evolution of the SC in this study is not in contradiction with previous studies, but just a complement, especially in the initial formation stage.     

2009年夏季西太平洋台风路径和强度的多模式集成预报

基于TIGGE资料中的中国气象局、欧洲中期天气预报中心、日本气象厅和英国气象局等四个中心的2009年5月1日-8月31日台风预报资料,利用多模式集合平均、消除偏差集合平均和加权消除偏差集合平均等方法,对2009年8月1-31日预报期的西太平洋的台风路径和强度(中心气压)进行24～ 72 h预报时效的多模式集成预报,并对0907号台风“天鹅”和0908号台风“莫拉克”进行个例分析.结果表明:各中心对于不同时效的预报,预报技巧有明显差异.消除偏差集合平均与加权消除偏差集合平均显著地减小了预报误差,预报效果优于最好的单个中心预报和多模式集合平均.对于24 ～ 72 h预报,加权消除偏差集合平均方法始终表现出最好的预报性能.     

下投探空资料在台风莫拉克路径预报的应用试验

2009年8月7日中国大陆举行了首次利用机载下投式探空仪观测台风的试验,飞机在台风莫拉克与天鹅之间的云带相对稀薄区释放11个下投式探空仪。基于下投探空观测资料、常规探空资料和1°×1°分辨率的NCEP再分析资料,分析下投探空资料的可用性,并以下投探空资料初步分析了两台风间南海上空的风场、湿度场等大气特性;分别进行了有无以同化下投探空为初始场的GRAPES模式的模拟试验,以了解下投探空资料对台风莫拉克预报的影响作用。初步结论表明,台风天鹅与莫拉克之间的南海上空对流层中低层为深厚的西南气流,对流层低层及高层湿度小,中间层大;同化下投探空资料后,观测地区(下投探空点及其附近)800 hPa以下西南风减弱,以上加强,湿度中低层减小;有无同化下投探空资料的初值场差异随模式积分向下游传播,影响台风的环境场,改变了台风的引导气流:同化后500 hPa台风引导气流偏东、偏北分量加强,使台风的路径更接近实况路径,48 h台风路径预报误差比原来减少18%。     

2007年5月8日新疆大降水过程分析

利用常规天气资料、T213资料及FY2-C卫星云图分析了2007年5月8—9日新疆强天气过程中大降水的成因。分析得出：在春季强天气典型环流背景下,500hPa两支锋区在北疆西部汇合,西南气流在此加强,增强了水汽的输送;低空700～850hPa偏东气流是本次过程水汽输送的又一通道,其建立与大降水出现的时间同步,增强了辐合上升运动;地面锋面及鞍形场中气流辐合区的位置与降水落区较为吻合;中低层强烈的垂直上升运动及水汽的辐合对大降水起到了重要作用。     

AN OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS OF A TORRENTIAL RAINSTORM IN THE WARM SECTOR OF SOUTH CHINA COASTAL AREAS

On May 20 th 2007, a brief but severe downpour rainstorm occurred in the coastal areas of Maoming and Yangjiang with rainfall of 115 mm per hour. Data from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis with 1°×1° resolution, Doppler weather radar, conventional surface observations, high-altitude radiosonde and wind profiler radar were used to analyze characteristics and contributions of synoptic scale and mesoscale systems during this torrential rainstorm. The results showed that:(1) the storm was caused by a quasi-linear mesoscale convective system(MCS) and the slow-movement of this system was the primary trigger of the torrential downpour;(2) water vapor was abundant, nearly saturated and in steady state throughout the atmosphere before the storm; intrusion of the weak dry and cold air in the middle level and a striking "dry above and wet below " structure had increased the atmospheric instability;(3) low-level southwesterly airflow from a low pressure(trough) at the Beibu Gulf provided abundant water vapor at the onset of the rainstorm; a deep dry layer was formed by dry and cold air behind the high-level trough, which facilitated latent heat release;upper-level divergence and low-level convergence circulations also provided vertical uplift for warm and moist air at the lower level;(4) Topography only played a minor role as the MCS developed and strengthened over relatively flat coastal terrain. Low level density flow induced by convection triggered new convective cell generation at the leading edge of the convective system, thereby playing a key role in the change of temperature gradient at lower layers, and resulting in strengthening atmospheric instability.     

Modulation of low-latitude west wind on abnormal track and intensity of tropical cyclone Nargis (2008) in the Bay of Bengal

Tropical cyclone (TC) Nargis (2008) made landfall in Myanmar on 02 May 2008, bringing a storm surge, major flooding, and resulting in a significant death toll. TC Nargis (2008) displayed abnormal features, including rare eastward motion in its late stage, rapid intensification before landing. Using reanalysis data and a numerical model, we investigated how a low-latitude westerly wind modulated TC Nargis’ (2008) track and provided favorable atmospheric conditions for its rapid intensification. More importantly, we found a possible counterbalance effect of flows from the two hemispheres on the TC track in the Bay of Bengal. Our analysis indicates that a strong westerly wind burst across the Bay of Bengal, resulting in TC Nargis’ (2008) eastward movement after its recurvature. This sudden enhancement of westerly wind was mainly due to the rapidly intensified mid-level cross-equatorial flow. Our results show that a high-pressure system in the Southern Hemisphere induced this strong, mid-level, cross-equatorial flow. During the rapid intensification period of TC Nargis (2008), this strong and broad westerly wind also transported a large amount of water vapor to TC Nargis (2008). Sufficient water vapor gave rise to continuously high and increased mid-level relative humidity, which was favorable to TC Nargis’ (2008) intensification. Condensation of water vapor increased the energy supply, which eventuated the intensification of TC Nargis (2008) to a category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale.     

2019年5月北京一次强降水超级单体特征及成因分析

利用地面加密站、雷达、微波辐射计和欧洲中心(ERA-interim)逐6 h等多种观测资料,对2019年5月17日北京通州区出现局地极端强降水、雷暴大风和大冰雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明：强降水超级单体是造成本次强对流天气的直接系统,雷达回波可识别出典型特征。午后在地面和超低空北京南部出现小的热低压系统,使得东南风显著加强,一方面提供了充沛的水汽,形成上干下湿的不稳定层结。另一方面,其与高空西风急流相互作用,使得垂直风切变增强,并产生垂直环流。低空逆温层长时间存在,能量不断积累,使午后雷暴爆发性增强成为可能。地面冷池出流与偏南风对峙,形成了假相当位温密集带。冷池长时间稳定维持,其前沿出现一条湿热边界层辐合线,锋生作用使得暖湿气流不断被抬升,对流系统加强并呈准静止状态。在有利的环境背景下,加之充沛的水汽供应和强烈的边界层辐合抬升,雷暴强烈发展形成强降水超级单体,随后分裂,右侧的风暴又发展为超级单体,再次经过通州东部,形成暴雨中心。     

Improving the extreme rainfall forecast of Typhoon Morakot (2009) by assimilating radar data from Taiwan Island and mainland China

This study examined the impact of an improved initial field through assimilating ground-based radar data from mainland China and Taiwan Island to simulate the long-lasting and extreme rainfall caused by Morakot (2009). The vortex location and the subsequent track analyzed through the radial velocity data assimilation (VDA) are generally consistent with the best track. The initial humidity within the radar detecting region and Morakot’s northward translation speed can be significantly improved by the radar reflectivity data assimilation (ZDA). As a result, the heavy rainfall on both sides of Taiwan Strait can be reproduced with the joint application of VDA and ZDA. Based on sensitivity experiments, it was found that, without ZDA, the simulated storm underwent an unrealistic inward contraction after 12-h integration, due to underestimation of humidity in the global reanalysis, leading to underestimation of rainfall amount and coverage. Without the vortex relocation via VDA, the moister (drier) initial field with (without) ZDA will produce a more southward (northward) track, so that the rainfall location on both sides of Taiwan Strait will be affected. It was further found that the improvement in the humidity field of Morakot is mainly due to assimilation of high-value reflectivity (strong convection) observed by the radars in Taiwan Island, especially at Kenting station. By analysis of parcel trajectories and calculation of water vapor flux divergence, it was also found that the improved typhoon circulation through assimilating radar data can draw more water vapor from the environment during the subsequent simulation, eventually contributing to the extreme rainfall on both sides of Taiwan Strait.     

台风暴雨数值预报中ATOVS资料的变分同化试验

利用ATOVS卫星辐射率资料和NCEP资料,采用中尺度数值模式WRF(V3.3)及其同化系统WRF-3DVar,设计了几组同化试验方案,对由0908号台风"莫拉克"导致的台湾南部2009年8月8—9日特大暴雨过程进行数值预报。结果表明,直接同化ATOVS辐射率资料对初始温度场、湿度场和风场均有较明显的改善,其中连续循环同化试验的改善效果最显著,同化后初始场增加了暴雨中心上空对流不稳定性,同时风场也表现出更强的低层辐合、高层辐散的中尺度特征。对比不同的辐射率资料发现,同化MHS资料对湿度场改进效果较好,同化AMSUA资料对温度场和风场改进效果较好,同时同化MHS和AMSUA资料改进效果整体上要好于前两者。在对降水预报定量检验中,同化试验的整体评分要高于控制试验,特别是降水临界值超过300 mm后评分提高最为显著。连续循环同化试验对这次台风暴雨的预报与实况最为接近。     

INTERACTIONS OF MULTIPLE TYPHOONS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL VORTICITY

Three typhoons, Goni, Morakot and Etau which were generated in Western Pacific in 2009, are successfully simulated by the WRF model. The horizontal and vertical vorticity and their interaction are analyzed and diagnosed by using the simulation results. It is shown that their resultant vectors had a fixed pattern in the evolution process of the three typhoons: The horizontal vorticity converged to the tropical cyclone (TC) center below 900 hPa level, flowed out from it at around 900 to 800 hPa, and flowed in between 800 hPa and 700 hPa. If multiple maximum wind speed centers showed up, the horizontal vorticity converged to the center of the typhoon below the maximum wind speed center and diverged from the TC center above the maximum wind speed center. At low levels, the three typhoons interacted with each other through vertical circulation generated by the vortex tube. This circulation was mainly generated by the eastward or westward horizontal vorticity vectors. Clouds and precipitation were generated on the ascending branch of the vertical circulation. The vortex tubes often flowed toward the southwest of the right TC from the northeast of the left TC. According to the full vorticity equation, the horizontal vorticity converted into the vertical vorticity near the maximum wind speed center below 850 hPa level, and the period of most intense conversion was consistent with the intensification period of TC, while the vorticity advection was against the intensification. The vertical vorticity converted into the horizontal vorticity from 800 hPa to 600 hPa, and the wind speed decreased above the maximum wind speed region at low levels.     

一次季风潮爆发引致的区域性大暴雨过程分析

利用气象观测资料、卫星云图、雷达图以及其它物理量等,对2012年6月21至23日区域性暴雨天气过程进行分析,得出如下结论：这次暴雨过程发生在热带气旋东北移及南海季风槽北抬的背景下,沿海西南急流是这次大暴雨的直接影响系统;这次过程水汽主要来源是南海,降水主要发生在水汽通量大值中心的右边及右前方,本次大暴雨降水强弱与水汽通量、急流及地形等有极为吻合的对应关系.     

Effects of surface flux parameterization on the numerically simulated intensity and structure of Typhoon Morakot (2009)

The effects of surface flux parameterizations on tropical cyclone(TC) intensity and structure are investigated using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF-ARW) modeling system with high-resolution simulations of Typhoon Morakot(2009).Numerical experiments are designed to simulate Typhoon Morakot(2009) with different formulations of surface exchange coefficients for enthalpy(C_K) and momentum(C_D) transfers,including those from recent observational studies based on in situ aircraft data collected in Atlantic hurricanes.The results show that the simulated intensity and structure are sensitive to C_K and C_D,but the simulated track is not.Consistent with previous studies,the simulated storm intensity is found to be more sensitive to the ratio of C_K/C_D than to C_K or C_D alone.The pressure-wind relationship is also found to be influenced by the exchange coefficients,consistent with recent numerical studies.This paper emphasizes the importance of C_D and C_K on TC structure simulations.The results suggest that C_D and C_K have a large impact on surface wind and flux distributions,boundary layer heights,the warm core,and precipitation.Compared to available observations,the experiment with observed C_D and C_K generally simulated better intensity and structure than the other experiments,especially over the ocean.The reasons for the structural differences among the experiments with different C_D and C_K setups are discussed in the context of TC dynamics and thermodynamics.     

台风"莫拉克"路径诊断分析和模拟

利用客观分析资料和数值模拟方法分析了0908号台风"莫拉克"穿越台湾岛前后在路径上出现的北翘、西折现象以及进入台湾海峡后移动异常缓慢的原因.结果表明:①台风靠近台湾岛后西太平洋副高减弱东撤,引导气流明显减弱,台风减速;台风进入台湾海峡后,北侧高压带的断裂和随后的重新连接加强是其路径偏北转向和移动缓慢的主因.②"莫拉克"...     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CHARACTERISTICS AND THERMO- DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMS OF TWO TYPES OF WARM-SECTOR HEAVY RAINFALL ALONG THE SOUTH CHINA COAST

Warm-sector heavy rainfalls along the south China coast from April to June during 2009–2014 can be divided into two main types based on their low-level circulations. Type I is the southerly pattern with meridional convergence line at the west of the Pearl River estuary, which is formed by the convergence of southeasterly, southerly, and southwesterly flows. Type II is the southwesterly pattern with a latitudinal convergence line at the east of the Pearl River estuary, which is formed by the convergence of westerly and southwesterly flows. Statistics on 6-hourly heavy rainfall events indicates that, during the afore-mentioned 6 years, there were on average 73.2 occurrences of the southerly pattern and 50.3 occurrences of the southwesterly pattern per year. After the onset of summer monsoon in the South China Sea, the occurrence frequencies of both patterns increase remarkably. The synthetic diagnosis of pattern circulation shows that, at 500 hPa, for the southerly pattern, there is a broad warm high ridge, and a temperature ridge is behind the high ridge, which causes an obvious warm advection at the high ridge area. There is no frontal region. For the southwesterly pattern, the circulation is a weak trough with a temperature trough behind it. The position of the frontal region is near Yangzi River, and the south China coast is in the warm-sector of the frontal region. At the vertical cross-section of each of the two categories of heavy rainfall, there is a strong vertical motion center stretching to 400 hPa, where the convergence layer in the rainfall region is deep and with several vertical convergence centers overlapping one another. Both types of heavy rainfalls are with abundant water vapor, accompanied with deep convective instability energy layers, and with strong release of latent heat caused by condensation of water vapor. The release of latent heat leads to the warming-up and stretching of the air column, thus strengthens deep convergence and vertical velocity upward. There is a stronger latent heat-release in the southwesterly pattern than in the southerly pattern, while in the southerly pattern, the warm advection at middle and upper levels is stronger than the latent head release. To study the thermo-dynamic development mechanisms, weather research and forecasting model (WRF) numerical simulations are made and the results show that, in the two rainstorm regions, latent heat release warms up the air column, hence significantly increase the depth and strength of the vertical velocity. Moreover, the release of latent heat strengthens convergent circulation at lower levels and weakens divergent circulation at middle levels, whose influence can be as strong as 30%–50% of the wind circulation strength of the two types of the warm-sector heavy rainfall over the south China coast, and further enhances deep convection, promoting warm-sector storm development.