A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CHARACTERISTICS AND THERMO- DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMS OF TWO TYPES OF WARM-SECTOR HEAVY RAINFALL ALONG THE SOUTH CHINA COAST

Warm-sector heavy rainfalls along the south China coast from April to June during 2009–2014 can be divided into two main types based on their low-level circulations. Type I is the southerly pattern with meridional convergence line at the west of the Pearl River estuary, which is formed by the convergence of southeasterly, southerly, and southwesterly flows. Type II is the southwesterly pattern with a latitudinal convergence line at the east of the Pearl River estuary, which is formed by the convergence of westerly and southwesterly flows. Statistics on 6-hourly heavy rainfall events indicates that, during the afore-mentioned 6 years, there were on average 73.2 occurrences of the southerly pattern and 50.3 occurrences of the southwesterly pattern per year. After the onset of summer monsoon in the South China Sea, the occurrence frequencies of both patterns increase remarkably. The synthetic diagnosis of pattern circulation shows that, at 500 hPa, for the southerly pattern, there is a broad warm high ridge, and a temperature ridge is behind the high ridge, which causes an obvious warm advection at the high ridge area. There is no frontal region. For the southwesterly pattern, the circulation is a weak trough with a temperature trough behind it. The position of the frontal region is near Yangzi River, and the south China coast is in the warm-sector of the frontal region. At the vertical cross-section of each of the two categories of heavy rainfall, there is a strong vertical motion center stretching to 400 hPa, where the convergence layer in the rainfall region is deep and with several vertical convergence centers overlapping one another. Both types of heavy rainfalls are with abundant water vapor, accompanied with deep convective instability energy layers, and with strong release of latent heat caused by condensation of water vapor. The release of latent heat leads to the warming-up and stretching of the air column, thus strengthens deep convergence and vertical velocity upward. There is a stronger latent heat-release in the southwesterly pattern than in the southerly pattern, while in the southerly pattern, the warm advection at middle and upper levels is stronger than the latent head release. To study the thermo-dynamic development mechanisms, weather research and forecasting model (WRF) numerical simulations are made and the results show that, in the two rainstorm regions, latent heat release warms up the air column, hence significantly increase the depth and strength of the vertical velocity. Moreover, the release of latent heat strengthens convergent circulation at lower levels and weakens divergent circulation at middle levels, whose influence can be as strong as 30%–50% of the wind circulation strength of the two types of the warm-sector heavy rainfall over the south China coast, and further enhances deep convection, promoting warm-sector storm development.     

基于CMA-BJ的北京地区短时强降水预报试验

基于2019—2021年4—9月北京快速更新数值预报系统(CMA-BJ)产品以及北京地区地面气象站逐时降水实况,从表征水汽条件、热力和能量条件以及动力条件的多个物理量中筛选出在有无降水、是否强降水情形中有显著差异的物理量作为因子,采用配料法和模糊逻辑算法构建北京地区0～12 h时效逐小时短时强降水概率预报模型。以2019—2021年4—9月最优TS评分和偏差评分的概率值和组合反射率因子为确定性预报的概率阈值和消空处理阈值,运用该预报模型对2022年4—9月每日4次0～12 h预报时效北京地区短时强降水产品进行预报和检验。结果表明:北京地区短时强降水TS评分和偏差评分分别为0.104和1.341,预报效果明显优于CMA-BJ预报产品。概率预报模型能够有效提升强降水高发地区,即山前及平原地区的短时强降水预报技巧,获得较为平衡的命中率和空报率,但对山区预报技巧的提升有限。     

两类华南沿海暖区暴雨特征及热力发展机制对比研究

对2009—2014年4—6月的华南沿海暖区暴雨依据低层环流进行分类:第一类为偏南向型,即珠江口以西经向性偏南向辐合线型,由东南、偏南、西南三支气流汇合;第二类为西南向型,即珠江口以东纬向性西南向辐合线型,由偏西和西南风两支气流汇合。6小时强降水统计显示,6年中偏南向型年平均73.2次,西南向型年平均50.3次。南海夏季风爆发后,两种类型发生频数均明显增加。两类低层辐合线系统对应上层的合成特征显示,500 hPa天气形势偏南向型为宽阔暖脊,温度脊落后,有较明显的暖平流,无锋区;西南向型为弱槽,中纬度温度槽落后,锋区偏北,华南位于锋面前暖区,有弱波动。两类暴雨垂直剖面上有深厚垂直速度中心伸展到400 hPa;对应强烈的辐合层为几个垂直叠置的辐合中心;均为水汽充沛,对流不稳定能量层次深厚,有较强凝结潜热释放,造成气柱增暖拉伸,加强深厚多中心辐合及上升气流,其中西南向型凝结潜热释放更强,偏南向型中高层暖平流强于其凝结潜热释放。探讨热力发展机制的数值模拟显示,凝结潜热释放对气柱增温,大大增强暴雨区垂直速度厚度与强度,并增强暴雨区低层辐合环流,减弱中层辐散环流,其影响力达到环流强度的30%~50%,有利于维持强烈对流,促进暖区暴雨的发展。      

华南沿海暖区辐合线暴雨地形动力机制数值模拟研究

华南沿海暖区暴雨是单一暖气团降水。本文采用客观分析方法确定暖区暴雨主要影响系统为两类辐合线低值系统:偏南向辐合线与西南向辐合线;此类辐合线系统具有强烈的辐合上升层次与暖心结构,是一类强烈的暖区暴雨天气系统。偏南向辐合线多出现在粤西沿海,而西南向辐合线多出现于粤东沿岸,分别具有短时团状与持续带状两类强降水。华南沿海地区山脉河口众多,其中珠江口以西的团状云雾山正面阻挡偏南向辐合线,河口以东的带状莲花山侧面阻挡西南向辐合线。利用WRF数值模式分别研究粤东和粤西山脉对两类辐合线及其暴雨的地形影响,包括正面阻挡和侧面摩擦。结果显示,将偏南向型辐合线所遇云雾山范围地形降低80%后,因正面阻挡缺失,辐合线及其降水向北推进,雨带强度减弱,形状改变。地形的正面阻挡促使低层辐合气流迅速抬升触发强降水。降水释放的凝结潜热,又加强系统的上升运动和暖心结构强度与层厚,进而增强暴雨。填充偏南向型狭管地形的试验显示,狭管效应构成对强降水位置和强度的直接强迫影响,加之与云雾山正面阻挡配合,两项作用造成粤西暴雨频繁特征。测试粤东西南向莲花山脉对西南向辐合线的侧向阻挡与摩擦效应,通过对比莲花山两种地表粗糙度环境模拟效果,获得显著的局地垂直上升速度差,显示粤东沿海山脉的侧向摩擦不仅增强西南辐合线强度也加强垂直上升运动强度,由于西南气流的持续,山脉走向与气流的配置,维持了降雨时长及雨带范围。同时对粤西近海西南辐合气流及河口的暴雨雨带也有连带增强与维持作用。进一步地山脉地形抬升以其抬升迅速,范围集中,层次深厚,而有别于锋面气团抬升。加之近海水汽充沛,抬升后中层凝结释放的配合,增强了辐合线低值系统强度,造成暖区降水雨强远高于华南锋面降水。