地表反照率研究进展

地表反照率是陆面过程模式及气候模拟研究中的一个重要参数,地表反照率的变化会改变整个地气系统的能量收支平衡,并引起局地以至全球的气候变化。不同下垫面地表反照率存在明显的差异,中国区域地表反照率的空间分布也存在明显的区域差异。遥感反演地表反照率在空间上具有较高的精度,但反演结果很难直接应用于陆面过程模式。各种陆面模式对地表反照率计算主要基于陆面土地覆盖分类,包含了许多先验的预定参数,由于某些过程处理中的简化假设,从而对地表反照率的计算带来一定的误差。      

青藏高原地表月平均反照率的遥感反演

位于我国西南部的青藏高原是世界上海拔最高，地形最复杂的高原，其热力和动力作用对我国和全球气候系统的影响非常显著，而高原地表反照率是决定地表能量收支平衡十分重要的参数。本文采用卫星遥感和地理信息系统技术，应用目前国际上最先进的双向反射模型，建立了动态的地表反照率反演方法，并对1997年青藏高原地表反照率进行了反演。     

1982—2000年中国区域地表反照率时空分布特征

利用1982—2000年NOAA-AVHRR数据资料,研究了中国区域地表反照率的空间分布及其随时间的变化规律。结果表明,中国区域年均地表反照率在空间分布上有很大的差异,胡焕庸线以西地区地表反照率明显大于以东地区;年平均地表反照率呈现缓慢下降趋势,但是不同地区的变化趋势有所不同,年均地表反照率显著降低的区域主要集中在华北平原,显著增加的区域主要集中在长白山和大兴安岭北部;不同季节地表反照率存在很大的差异,冬季最大,春、夏季次之,秋季最小,且冬季平均地表反照率波动幅度比较大;不同地表覆盖的地表反照率的年际变化也存在比较显著的差异。     

利用MODIS卫星资料反演中国地区晴空地表短波反照率及其特征分析

利用MODIS地表双向反照率产品(MOD43B1),结合地表海拔高度和地表覆盖类型资料,计算并分析了中国地区晴空反照率的时空分布,以及地表反照率与地形和地表覆盖的关系.首先,利用改则自动气象站的地基观测对MODIS地表反照率进行了对比验证.验证结果表明卫星观测可以较好地反映反照率随时间的变化,MODIS地表反照率与地表实测反照率符合较好.年平均地表反照率与海拔高度有很好的相关,反照率的高值出现在高海拔山区.冬春季节,我国高海拔山区因积雪覆盖成为反照率的高值区;夏秋季节,地表反照率主要受地表土壤湿度和植被盖度的影响,沙地和沙漠地带反照率最高.最后,计算了中国典型地表类型的反照率随时间的变化,结果表明大部分地表类型的反照率具有较大的时间变化,地表反照率在春秋季节较大,夏季反照率较小.     

青藏高原MODIS地表反照率和GLASS地表反照率的对比分析

对比分析了青藏高原MODIS地表反照率产品和GLASS地表反照率产品的空间分布连续性、高质量反演结果的比例,应用青藏高原CAMP/Tibet试验期间的高精度观测数据评估了两种产品的精度,通过人工目视解译MODIS地表反射率图像并结合MODIS积雪产品分析了影响两种产品精度的原因,结果表明：1）GLASS地表反照率产品具有比MODIS地表反照率产品更好的空间分布连续性和更高的反演质量;2）绝大多数时段内两种产品都能与地面观测结果保持较好的一致性,能准确地反映地表反照率的异常变化过程;3）局地积雪是影响两种产品精度的重要因素之一;4）积雪条件下,GLASS地表反照率反演算法比MODIS地表反照率反演算法更具优势。研究结果有助于促进人们对地表反照率卫星遥感反演产品的认识,改进青藏高原地表反照率卫星遥感反演算法,提高青藏高原地表反照率卫星遥感反演结果的精度、反演质量和空间分布连续性。     

青藏高原地表反照率时空分布与统计回归计算

本文在利用NOAA/AVHRR数据反演得到1982～2000年青藏高原地区地表反照率时空分布的基础上,分析了地表反照率的时空变化及其与温度和降水之间的关系,得到地表反照率与温度和降水之间的统计方程,并用此方程计算了青藏高原地区地表反照率的时空分布。研究结果表明：青藏高原地区年均地表反照率的分布与高原自然地理带的分布特征大致吻合;地表反照率与温度和降水均有较好的相关性,相关性因下垫面植被类型的不同而有较大的差异,滞后1个月的温度和滞后2个月的降水的综合作用与地表反照率的相关性最好;月均地表反照率与温度和降水之间的二元曲线回归方程可以比较好的统计回归计算出青藏高原地区地表反照率的空间分布,该模型的系统偏差比较小,回归计算的效果比较好。     

基于MODIS数据地表反照率时空变化特征及影响因子研究

地表反照率表征地球表面对太阳辐射的反射能力,是影响地表辐射能量收支平衡的关键参数。本文以淮河流域为例,利用MODIS（MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）数据,采用网格趋势分析、异常变化分析、相关分析和灰色关联度分析等方法,分析了淮河流域2005～2015年地表反照率的时空变化规律,以及土地利用类型、地形因子、地表参数和气候等影响因子。结果表明:淮河流域年平均地表反照率整体呈“北高南低、东高西低”的空间分布规律,变化在0.043～0.223,平均值为 0.145。低值区主要集中于水体密集和山区丘陵地带,且标准差相对较小;高值区主要集中于流域中部及东部平原地带,且标准差较大。61.5%的区域地表反照率呈增加趋势,且存在季节性差异,夏季平均地表反照率最大,春季次之,秋季最小,冬季则由于降雪覆盖和农田利用的影响波动幅度较大。淮河流域地表反照率与归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）、地表温度、气温和降水在大部分区域呈正相关,面积占比分别达到90.23%、82.32%、85.41%和93.70%。灰色关联度分析表明,不同土地利用类型（水体除外）下年均地表反照率受各因子影响排序为:NDVI>气温>地表温度>降水,空间变化受各因子影响排序为:NDVI>降水>地表温度>气温>高程。     

GLASS、 MODIS和GlobAlbedo反照率产品在青藏高原典型高寒草地的适用性评估

地表反照率是表征陆面过程地表能量收支的关键物理参数,对于准确以及定量化地理解高原上的能量和水分循环过程有着至关重要的作用。利用黄河源区玛曲和玛多两个高寒草地站点长达8年的地表反照率观测数据,对GLASS (Global Land Surface Satellite)、MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)和GlobAlbedo地表反照率产品进行了评估与分析。结果显示,玛曲地表反照率的年际变化较小,集中在0. 16～0. 28。各遥感产品在玛曲地区精度各有不同:GlobAlbedo反照率平均比地面观测偏高0. 048;而GLASS和MODIS反照率分别偏低0. 074和0. 063。统计值表明,MODIS产品精度相对最高,其中RMSE=0. 069,R=0. 710。受积雪影响,玛多地区地表反照率年际变化较大。遥感产品中,GLASS产品精度相对较高,其中RMSE=0. 104,R=0. 598。玛曲站地表反照率值为:冬季春季秋季夏季,平均值依次为0. 25,0. 22,0. 19和0. 18。玛曲站年平均地表反照率为0. 21;玛多站为0. 25,而且季节变化较玛曲站更显著,呈现近似"U"形分布。夏季反照率最小,平均值为0. 18,秋季为0. 22,与春季较为接近,冬季平均值最大为0. 33。基于两个观测站点的对比表明,三种遥感地表反照率产品春夏季与地面观测一致性较好,秋季反照率开始增大的时间比观测早,冬季后期反照率的值明显小于地面观测。另外,GLASS和MODIS产品的差异也在秋冬季达到最大。MODIS分离雪和云的能力使其在秋冬季的表现更好。     

基于SCIATRAN模型的二氧化氮DOAS 反演敏感性试验

气溶胶和地表反照率是影响星载SCIAMACHY仪器观测数据定量遥感NO2大气柱总量的2个主要因子.文中利用高光谱分辨率大气辐射传输模型SCIATRAN,在考虑分子吸收和气溶胶多次散射影响基础上,精确模拟了气溶胶、地表反照率和NO2气体浓度变化对差分处理前后卫星反射光谱的影响,并定义影响因子f,对3个模拟参数进行综合评价.结果表明:(1)通过剔除卫星反射光谱中慢变光谱变化成分,DOAS方法明显降低了气溶胶和地表反照率对卫星反射光谱的影响;(2)差分处理前,3个模拟参数的影响强弱依次为地表反照率、气溶胶和NO2浓度;而差分处理后,3个模拟参数的影响强弱依次为NO2浓度、地表反照率和气溶胶.在影响趋势上,气溶胶和地表反照率很相似,均体现为宽带效应,在440-450 nm内有水汽强吸收和多次散射复杂相互作用导致的较大峰值;NO2浓度变化对差分处理前后的光谱都呈现气体吸收结构的影响特性;(3)由于吸收和散射相互作用等因素的影响,在基于卫星观测的差分光谱中仍然残留有气溶胶和地表反照率的误差,地表反照率约占18.6%,气溶胶约占6.2%.因此,当前SCIAMACHY遥感的NO2产品在中国区域浓度偏高,需要对气溶胶和地表反照率进行二次精细化的订正.     

敦煌荒漠戈壁地区裸土地表反照率参数化研究

利用敦煌站观测资料,选取其中观测资料完整且连续性好的7个年份每年5～10月的地表净辐射四分量和土壤湿度资料,分析研究了敦煌荒漠戈壁地区裸土地表反照率与太阳高度角和表层土壤含水量之间的关系,结果表明:地表反照率与太阳高度角呈e指数关系,随太阳高度角的增大而减小,当太阳高度角大于40°时,地表反照率趋于稳定。表层土壤含水量的增大可导致地表反照率的减小,地表反照率与5 cm深土壤湿度呈线性关系。另外,建立了敦煌荒漠戈壁地区裸土地表反照率与太阳高度角和表层土壤含水量之间的双因子参数化公式,提出了一种更加适合该地区的地表反照率参数方案,并且选取2002年6～9月的实测资料对拟合的参数化公式进行模拟验证。本文所提出的地表反照率参数化方案能够很好地再现该地区裸土地表反照率的“U”型日变化特征,可准确地模拟出地表反照率的动态变化趋势。基于此参数化方案计算得到的地表反射辐射与实测值基本一致。     

长江三角洲地区地表月平均反照率的卫星遥感研究

应用NOAA-AVHRR气象卫星数据,通过近似的大气校正模型及双向反射模型,结合地理信息系统,建立了动态的反照率反演模型,并反演计算了我国长江三角洲地区1995年3～12月的地表反照率.通过对诸多影响反照率变化因子的分析显示,遥感反演结果与地表覆盖特征及气候特征基本相符.     

The impact of implementing the bare essentials of surface transfer land surface scheme into the BMRC GCM

This study describes the first order impacts of incorporating a complex land-surface scheme, the bare essentials of surface transfer (BEST), into the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre (BMRC) global atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). Land seasonal climatologies averaged over the last six years of integrations after equilibrium from the GCM with BEST and without BEST (the control) are compared. The modeled results are evaluated with comprehensive sources of data, including the layer-cloud climatologies from the international satellite cloud climatology project (ISCCP) data from 1983 to 1991 and the surface-observed global data of Warren et al., a five-year climatology of surface albedo estimated from earth radiation budget experiment (ERBE) top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiatioe fluxes, global grid point datasets of precipitation, and the climatological analyses of surface evaporation and albedo. Emphasis is placed on the surface evaluation of simulations of landsurface conditions such as surface roughness, surface albedo and the surface wetness factor, and on their effects on surface evaporation, precipitation, layer-cloud and surface temperature. The improvements due to the inclusion of BEST are: a realistic geographical distribution of surface roughness, a decrease in surface albedo over areas with seasonal snow cover, and an increase in surface albedo over snow-free land. The simulated reduction in surface evaporation due, in part, to the biophysical control of vegetation, is also consistent with the previous studies. Since the control climate has a dry bias, the overall simulations from the GCM with BEST are degraded, except for significant improvements for the northern winter hemisphere because of the realistic vegetation-masking effects. The implications of our results for synergistic developments of other aspects of model parameterization schemes such as boundary layer dynamics, clouds, convection and rainfall are discussed.     

Land Cover, Rainfall and Land-Surface Albedo in West Africa

Land surface albedo is an important variable in General Circulation Models (GCMs). When land cover is modified through anthropogenic land use, changes in land-surface albedo may produce atmospheric subsidence and reduction of rainfall. In this study we examined albedo time series and their relationships with rainfall, land cover, and population in West Africa. This particular region was selected because it has become a focal point in debates over biophysical impacts of desertification and deforestation. Our analyses revealed that albedo and rainfall were related only modestly at short time scales (monthly and annual) and that mean annual albedo values remained relatively stable from 1982–1989 over a widerange of climatic and vegetation zones in West Africa. The relationship between long-term mean rainfall and mean albedo was strong and curvilinear(r² = 0.802). The same was true for the relationship betweenpercent tree cover and mean albedo (r² = 0.659). These results suggest that long-term climate patterns, which control vegetation type and canopy structure, have greater influence on albedo than short-term fluctuations in rainfall. Our results reinforce other recent studies based on satellite data that have questioned the extent and pervasiveness of desertification in West Africa.     

Boreal forest and tundra ecosystems as components of the climate system

The effects of terrestrial ecosystems on the climate system have received most attention in the tropics, where extensive deforestation and burning has altered atmospheric chemistry and land surface climatology. In this paper we examine the biophysical and biogeochemical effects of boreal forest and tundra ecosystems on atmospheric processes. Boreal forests and tundra have an important role in the global budgets of atmospheric CO₂ and CH₄. However, these biogeochemical interactions are climatically important only at long temporal scales, when terrestrial vegetation undergoes large geographic redistribution in response to climate change. In contrast, by masking the high albedo of snow and through the partitioning of net radiation into sensible and latent heat, boreal forests have a significant impact on the seasonal and annual climatology of much of the Northern Hemisphere. Experiments with the LSX land surface model and the GENESIS climate model show that the boreal forest decreases land surface albedo in the winter, warms surface air temperatures at all times of the year, and increases latent heat flux and atmospheric moisture at all times of the year compared to simulations in which the boreal forest is replaced with bare ground or tundra. These effects are greatest in arctic and sub-arctic regions, but extend to the tropics. This paper shows that land-atmosphere interactions are especially important in arctic and sub-arctic regions, resulting in a coupled system in which the geographic distribution of vegetation affects climate and vice versa. This coupling is most important over long time periods, when changes in the abundance and distribution of boreal forest and tundra ecosystems in response to climatic change influence climate through their carbon storage, albedo, and hydrologic feedbacks.     

干旱区天气、气候数值模拟的研究进展

干旱区的气候模拟有着很强特殊性。气候模式是研究和探讨干旱区形成物理机制的有效手段和工具。介绍了近年来国内外干旱气候数值模拟和试验的研究与进展．总结和评述了陆面过程中地表反照率、土壤湿度、植被状况的参数化和对气候的影响．讨论和阐述陆面过程在气候模拟中的重要性。对干旱区的气候和天气灾害的数值模式模拟研究作了一些评述，并对干旱区数值模拟的有关问题进行了讨论和展望。指出干旱区陆面过程的深入研究和干旱区陆面参数的标定，是改进干旱区气候模拟的重要途径。     

AN IMPROVED LAND-SURFACE PROCESS MODEL AND ITS SIMULATION EXPERIMENT——PART Ⅰ:LAND-SURFACE PROCESS MODEL AND ITS“OFF-LINE”TESTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSES

Based on the existing land-surface schemes and models,an improved Land-surface Process Model(LPM-ZD)has been developed.It has the following major characteristics:(1)The combination of physical equations and empirical analytical formulae are used to construct the governing equations of soil temperature and moisture.Higher resolution of model level and physical equations are adopted for the upper soil layers,and for the lower soil layers,lower resolution of model level is adopted and empirical analytical formulae are used.(2)In land surface hydrological process,the sub-grid distribution of rainfall and its effects are taken into account.(3)A simple snow cover submodel has been used,which includes effects of snow cover on soil thermodynamics and hydrology,as well as albedo.By use of this model and three groups of point observation data,a series of "off-line" tests have been carried out.The simulation results indicate that land-surface process model has good performance and can well simulate diurnal and seasonal variation of land surface processes for many kinds of land surface covers(forest,grass,crops and desert) in different climate zone.The results simulated by the model are consistent with the observations.Later,by use of one group of observation data and the model,a series of sensitivity experiments have been done.It is shown that the model is much sensitive to some parameters,such as initial soil moisture,vegetation physical parameters as well as the proportion of the grid covered with rain.Therefore it is much important for land-surface process model to define these parameters as accurately as possible.     

陆面过程模式的研究进展简介

陆面过程是影响大气环流和气候变化的基本物理、生化过程之一。根据陆面过程研究的发展进程,介绍了三代陆面过程模式的不同特点和发展历程,指出在未来陆面方案中,引入光合作用和碳循环,可以更加真实地反映土壤、地表、大气、生物圈相互作用。陆面过程模式发展应该着眼于综合并且动态考虑植被类型变化、光合作用、碳循环和水循环的真实水文生化模型建立,将有效增强对气候变化的研究,提高天气预报模式的准确率。