地球发烧 人类不安

2006年，人人都说成都的冬天一点也不冷，是个暖冬。2007年的春节，成都市民是在阳光明媚中度过的。二月份气温一路飚升，连续多日最高气温超过20℃，腊梅谢了，红梅开了，桃红了，柳绿了，春天就这么一跃提前来到了人们的身边。在经历了短暂的寒潮后，三月的天空又迎来了太阳。     

新疆春季寒害的研究

从普查资料入手,研究了新疆春季寒害的年型,得出了春寒倒春寒的系统指标.并进一步分析了春寒年、倒春寒年的分布规律.从而对全疆各地春季的农业气候条件进行了比较.着重分析了春季植棉气候条件的优劣.     

延边州雷电防护工作的现状及对策研究

一引言 以防灾减灾、为延边经济建设保驾护航为目的的雷电防护工作在延边开展得较早。上世纪80年代,首先在几个县级气象局开展了避雷针检测工作,得到了受检单位的认可,受到了各级政府的支持,赢得了人民群众的欢迎,扩大了气象部门的影响,取得了较为明显的社会经济效益。其中敦化市气象局的经验还在全州、全省做了介绍。     

福建省气象事业单位编外职工现状分析及对策

统计分析了福建省气象事业单位编外职工的现状,肯定了编外职工人员的合理使用对单位整体工作的推进起到了积极作用,同时对编外职工诸多方面存在的问题进行了探讨,并提出对策和建议。     

主编寄语

六十载风雨兼程,春华秋实。从1960年到2020年,南京信息工程大学(南信大)走过了极不平凡的、光辉灿烂的发展历程,为我国和世界大气科学的发展和人才培养做出了卓著的贡献,并写在了每个南信大人的优秀业绩中,写在了祖国的大地上,写在了人民的口碑里。这其中,倾注了无数南信大人的智慧和汗水,也成就了数万学子的理想和事业。为庆祝南信大建校60周年,《大气科学学报》决定组织出版这本特刊。     

某自动气象站雷击事故调查分析

该文介绍了一个自动气象站雷击事故调查情况,并进行了分析,指出了存在的问题,提出了整改意见。     

气象等值线矢量分析方法

气象等值线图应用广泛，以Bowyer-Watson算法的思想为基础，对已有等值线生成方法进行了优化和改进，实现了由任意离散点生成Delaunay三角网格的算法，讨论了等值线自动生成与追踪技术及等值线平滑方法的原理、不同方法间的优劣性，解决了等值线曲线化后拓扑关系的保持问题，提出了等值线端点向边界延伸的方法，探讨了等值线的填充方法，很好地解决了三角网格等值线绘制技术中的难点问题，大大提高了三角网格等值线绘制的速度和质量，最终通过编程实现了快速、客现、便捷、美观的气象等值线的给制，达到了等值线的自动分析、生成、输出的业务化需求。     

2005年6月22日～23日酷热高温天气分析预报

2005年6月22日～23日长治市出现了历史罕见的高温酷热天气,针对此次过程,本文分析了500hPa、地面天气形势的演变特征。对高温强度的分布进行了探讨,为预报高温提供了气候背景,并提出了高温天气预报的着眼点。充分应用数值预报产品、850hPa高空指标站及本站14时气温资料的高温预报指标,在21日准确及时的发布了高温预警信号,提出了御防高温的措施建议,起到了积极的防灾减灾气象保障作用。     

基于J2EE的“贵阳·农村信息化综合信息服务平台”设计

“贵阳·农村信息化综合信息服务平台”的建设,为农民提供了一个对外的信息窗口,为农村架起了信息桥梁,促进了农村信息化的发展,推进了现代化农业的发展、新农村的建设,有效地促进了农民的增收。     

浅论重大项目气候可行性论证

本文初步探讨了进行重大项目气候可行性论证的必要性,介绍了气候可行性论证的相关概念,分析了气候可行性论证的项目分类、主要论证内容、技术方法等,回顾了我国气候可行性论证工作的四个发展阶段,分析了气候可行性论证工作的现状,指出了目前存在着社会认识存在偏差,管理制度不健全,技术标准体系不完善,队伍建设有待加强四个方面的问题,并提出了相应的对策和建议。     

Attribution of twentieth century temperature change to natural and anthropogenic causes

  We analyse possible causes of twentieth century near-surface temperature change. We use an “optimal detection” methodology to compare seasonal and annual data from the coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model HadCM2 with observations averaged over a range of spatial and temporal scales. The results indicate that the increases in temperature observed in the latter half of the century have been caused by warming from anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases offset by cooling from tropospheric sulfate aerosols rather than natural variability, either internal or externally forced. We also find that greenhouse gases are likely to have contributed significantly to the warming in the first half of the century. In addition, natural effects may have contributed to this warming. Assuming one particular reconstruction of total solar irradiance to be correct implies, when we take the seasonal cycle into account, that solar effects have contributed significantly to the warming observed in the early part of the century, regardless of any relative error in the amplitudes of the anthropogenic forcings prescribed in the model. However, this is not the case with an alternative reconstruction of total solar irradiance, based more on the amplitude than the length of the solar cycle. We also find evidence for volcanic influences on twentieth century near-surface temperatures. The signature of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo is detected using annual-mean data. We also find evidence for a volcanic influence on warming in the first half of the century associated with a reduction in mid-century volcanism. Received: 24 January 2000 / Accepted: 20 April 2000     

Climate change in Hungary during the twentieth century according to Feddema

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Climate change in Hungary during the twentieth century is analyzed using Feddema’s original scheme suitable for global scale applications (F-GS) and...     

A diagnosis of twentieth century temperature records at West Lafayette,Indiana

A diagnostic study of 80 yrs(1901–80) of surface temperatures collected at West Lafayette, Indiana, has been found to be in tune with the global trend and that for the eastern two-thirds of the United States, namely, cold at the turn of the century, warming up to about 1940, and then cooling to present. The study was divided into two cold periods (1901–18, 1947–80) and a warm period (1919–46), based on the distribution of annual mean temperature. Decadal mean annual temperatures ranged from 10 °C in period I to 12.2 °C in period II, to 9.4 °C during the present cold period. Themean annual temperature for the 80 yr ranged from the coldest of 8.7 °C in 1979 to the warmest of 13.6 °C in 1939. Thedaily mean temperature for the entire 80-yr ranged from -4.7 °C on 31 January to 25.1 °C on 27 July. Thecoldest daily mean was -26.7 °C on 17 January, 1977, and thewarmest daily mean was 35 °C on 14 July, 1936. The range of values for thedaily mean maximum temperatures was -.2 °C on 31 January to 31.4 °C on 27 July. Corresponding values for thedaily mean minimum are -9.2 °C on 31 January and 18.7 °C on 27 July. The all-time extreme temperatures are -30.6 °C on 26 February, 1963 and 43.9 °C on 14 July, 1936. Climatic variability has been considered by computing the standard deviations of a) the daily mean maximum and minimum temperature per year, and b) the daily mean maximum and minimum temperatures for each day of the year for the 80-yr period. These results have shown that there is more variability in the daily mean maximum per year than in the daily mean minimum, for each year of the 80-yr period. Also the variability for both extremes has been greater in each of the two cold periods than in the warm period. Particularly noticeable has been theincrease in the variability of the daily mean minima per year during the current cooling trend. Further, it has been determined that the variability in the daily mean maxima and minima for each day of the year (based on the entire 80 yrs is a) two times greater in the winter than in the summer for both extremes, and b) about the same for each in the summer, greater for daily maximum in the spring and fall, but greater for the daily minimum during the winter. The latter result is undoubtedly related to the effect of snow cover on daily minimum temperatures. An examination of daily record maximum and minimum temperatures has been made to help establish climatic trends this century. For the warm period, 175 record maxima and 68 record minima were set, compared to 213 record minima and 105 record maxima during the recent cold period. For West Lafayette, the present climatic trend is definitely one of extreme record-breaking cold. Evidence has also been presented to show the substantial increases in snowfall amounts in the lee regions of the Great Lakes during the present cold period, due to the lake-induced snow squalls associated with cold air mass intrusions. The possible impact of the cooling trend on agricultural activities has also been noted, due to a reduced growing season.     

Snow contribution to springtime atmospheric predictability over the second half of the twentieth century

A set of global atmospheric simulations has been performed with the ARPEGE-Climat model in order to quantify the contribution of realistic snow conditions to seasonal atmospheric predictability in addition to that of a perfect sea surface temperature (SST) forcing. The focus is on the springtime boreal hemisphere where the combination of a significant snow cover variability and an increasing solar radiation favour the potential snow influence on the surface energy budget. The study covers the whole 1950?C2000 period through the use of an original snow mass reanalysis based on an off-line land surface model and possibly constrained by satellite snow cover observations. Two ensembles of 10-member AMIP-type experiments have been first performed with relaxed versus free snow boundary conditions. The nudging towards the monthly snow mass reanalysis significantly improves both potential and actual predictability of springtime surface air temperature over Central Europe and North America. Yet, the impact is confined to the lower troposphere and there is no clear improvement in the predictability of the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Further constraining the prescribed snow boundary conditions with satellite observations does not change much the results. Finally, using the snow reanalysis only for initializing the model on March 1st also leads to a positive impact on predicted low-level temperatures but with a weaker amplitude and persistence. A conditional skill approach as well as some selected case studies provide some guidelines for interpreting these results and suggest that an underestimated snow cover variability and a misrepresentation of ENSO teleconnections may hamper the benefit of an improved snow initialization in the ARPEGE-Climat model.     

Global SST influence on twentieth century NAO variability

Recent studies have suggested that sea surface temperature (SST) is an important source of variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Here, we deal with four basic aspects contributing to this issue: (1) we investigate the characteristic time scales of this oceanic influence; (2) quantify the scale-dependent hindcast potential of the NAO during the twentieth century as derived from SST-driven atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) ensembles; (3) the relevant oceanic regions are identified, corresponding SST indices are defined and their relationship to the NAO are evaluated by means of cross spectral analysis and (4) our results are compared with long-term coupled control experiments with different ocean models in order to ensure whether the spectral relationship between the SST regions and the NAO is an intrinsic mode of the coupled climate system, involving the deep ocean circulation, rather than an artefact of the unilateral SST forcing. The observed year-to-year NAO fluctuations are barely influenced by the SST. On the decadal time scales the major swings of the observed NAO are well reproduced by various ensembles from the middle of the twentieth century onward, including the negative state in the 1960s and part of the positive trend afterwards. A six-member ECHAM4-T42 ensemble reveals that the SST boundary condition affects 25% of total decadal-mean and interdecadal-trend NAO variability throughout the twentieth century. The most coherent NAO-related SST feature is the well-known North Atlantic tripole. Additional contributions may arise from the southern Pacific and the low-latitude Indian Ocean. The coupled climate model control runs suggest only the North Atlantic SST-NAO relationship as being a true characteristic of the coupled climate system. The coherence and phase spectra of observations and coupled simulations are in excellent agreement, confirming the robustness of this decadal-scale North Atlantic air–sea coupled mode.     

Probable causes of late twentieth century tropospheric temperature trends

We assess the most probable causes of late twentieth century (1960–1994) tropospheric temperature changes. Optimal detection techniques are used to compare observed spatio-temporal patterns of near-surface and tropospheric temperature change with results from experiments performed with two different versions of the Hadley Centre climate model. We detect anthropogenic forcings, particularly well-mixed greenhouse-gases, with a less certain sulfate aerosol cooling influence. More limited evidence exists for a detectable volcanic influence. Our principal results do not depend upon the choice of model. Both models, but particularly HadCM3, appear to overestimate the simulated climate response to greenhouse gases (especially at the surface) and volcanoes. This result may arise, at least in part, due to errors in the forcings (especially sulfate) and technical details of our approach, which differs from previous studies. We use corrected and uncorrected versions of the radiosonde record to assess sensitivity of our detection results to observational uncertainties. We find that previous corrections applied to the radiosonde temperature record are likely to have been sub-optimal in only taking into account temporal consistency. However, the choice of corrected or uncorrected version has no systematic effect upon our main conclusions. We show that both models are potentially internally consistent explanations of observed tropospheric temperatures.     

High-resolution modelling of the Antarctic surface mass balance, application for the twentieth, twenty first and twenty second centuries

About 75 % of the Antarctic surface mass gain occurs over areas below 2,000 m asl, which cover 40 % of the grounded ice-sheet. As the topography is complex in many of these regions, surface mass balance modelling is highly dependent on horizontal resolution, and studying the impact of Antarctica on the future rise in sea level requires physical approaches. We have developed a computationally efficient, physical downscaling model for high-resolution (15 km) long-term surface mass balance (SMB) projections. Here, we present results of this model, called SMHiL (surface mass balance high-resolution downscaling), which was forced with the LMDZ4 atmospheric general circulation model to assess Antarctic SMB variability in the twenty first and the twenty second centuries under two different scenarios. The higher resolution of SMHiL better reproduces the geographical patterns of SMB and increase significantly the averaged SMB over the grounded ice-sheet for the end of the twentieth century. A comparison with more than 3200 quality-controlled field data shows that LMDZ4 and SMHiL reproduce the observed values equally well. Nevertheless, field data below 2,000 m asl are too scarce to efficiently show the added value of SMHiL and measuring the SMB in these undocumented areas should be a future scientific priority. Our results suggest that running LMDZ4 at a finer resolution (15 km) may give a future increase in SMB in Antarctica that is about 30 % higher than by using its standard resolution (60 km) due to the higher increase in precipitation in coastal areas at 15 km. However, a part (～15 %) of these discrepancies could be an artefact from SMHiL since it neglects the foehn effect and likely overestimates the precipitation increase. Future changes in the Antarctic SMB at low elevations will result from the competition between higher snow accumulation and runoff. For this reason, developing downscaling models is crucial to represent processes in sufficient detail and correctly model the SMB in coastal areas.