盛夏副高脊线异常变化对我国气温影响及海气背景分析

利用1951—2006年全国160站盛夏（7—8月）气温资料、北半球500hPa高度场和北太平洋海温场资料,分析了盛夏西太平洋副高脊线位置异常变化对我国气温的影响及其与500hPa大气环流和北太平洋海温的关系,结果发现：盛夏副高脊线异常偏北年主要集中出现在上世纪60年代和90年代,副高脊线异常偏南年则主要集中出现在上世纪80年代;盛夏副高脊线位置与长江流域及其以北至黄河中下游以南的我国中东部广大地区气温存在着很好的正相关关系;盛夏副高脊线位置异常变化与东亚中纬度500hPa上空西风环流强弱变化密切相关,前期3月白令海至阿拉斯加地区500hPa高度场异常变化对盛夏副高脊线位置变动有着较好的指示性,前期北太平洋海温距平分布型,尤其是前期3月北亚热带海区关键区海温、加利福尼亚海区关键区海温和关键区综合海温指数对盛夏副高脊线位置异常变化具有很好的指示意义。     

盛夏副高脊线异常变化对我国气温影响及海气背景分析

利用1951—2006年全国160站盛夏（7—8月）气温资料、北半球500hPa高度场和北太平洋海温场资料,分析了盛夏西太平洋副高脊线位置异常变化对我国气温的影响及其与500hPa大气环流和北太平洋海温的关系,结果发现：盛夏副高脊线异常偏北年主要集中出现在上世纪60年代和90年代,副高脊线异常偏南年则主要集中出现在上世纪80年代;盛夏副高脊线位置与长江流域及其以北至黄河中下游以南的我国中东部广大地区气温存在着很好的正相关关系;盛夏副高脊线位置异常变化与东亚中纬度500hPa上空西风环流强弱变化密切相关,前期3月白令海至阿拉斯加地区500hPa高度场异常变化对盛夏副高脊线位置变动有着较好的指示性,前期北太平洋海温距平分布型,尤其是前期3月北亚热带海区关键区海温、加利福尼亚海区关键区海温和关键区综合海温指数对盛夏副高脊线位置异常变化具有很好的指示意义。     

西北太平洋盛夏台风频数与大尺度环流条件的关系

本文根据14年的测风资料及9年的南半球高空资料的分析,发现在南半球冬季,当南太平洋上长波槽位置偏西(170°E附近)时,澳洲东岸高空平均西风风速大;同时亚洲东岸北纬40°附近高空西风带弱或位置偏北时,相应西北太平洋上盛夏多台风活动。反之,当南太平洋上的长波槽位置偏东(155°W附近)时,澳洲东岸高空平均西风风速小;而亚洲东岸中纬地区高空西风带强或位置偏南时,西北太平洋上盛夏台风活动则比较少。      

西太平洋副热带高压位置对华北盛夏降水的影响

应用1958～2002年NCEP/NCAR 500 hPa冉分析资料,分析夏季逐日西太平洋副热带高压在110°～130°E、20°～50°N区域脊线活动情况.发现盛夏(7～8月)副高在588 dagpm以上、脊线在30°N以北的日数与华北降水有大范围正相关区,中心相关系数0.561(显著性水平为0.001).分析发现西太平副热带高压越过30°N的初日(连续3天副高脊线越过30°N的首口)早晚与华北盛夏降水量显著相关,初口与华北盛夏的平均降水量相关系数为-0.385,即副高北上早华北盛夏降水多,反之副高北上晚华北盛夏降水少.110°～130°E区域副高脊线越过30°N的日数和初日能更好地描述西太平洋副高与华北乃至我国东部盛夏降水的关系,对实际业务工作具有重要意义.     

100hPa环流特征与2005年梅雨异常的关系

2005年7月5日入梅,7月14日出梅,入梅晚,梅雨期短,梅雨量少,致使我国主要雨带位置不是如常年一样维持在江淮流域,而是在江南地区南部和华南地区。使用NCEP再分析资料,分析了100hPa环流特征与梅雨异常的关系。结果表明,6月份江南地区南部和华南地区多雨时期,100hPa南亚高压中心基本停留在青藏高原南部地区上空,120°E上脊线位置大致在21～26°N之间摆动,较常年同期明显偏南。7月份,高压中心位置北抬,但不够稳定;120°E上脊线位置较6月份略偏北。6—7月期间,120°E上的100hPa南亚高压脊线位置比500hPa西北太平洋高压脊线位置基本偏北5个纬度左右,100hPa南亚高压东段脊线与500hPa副高脊线南北摆动趋势一致,100hPa南亚高压东段脊线北侧附近地区相应是暴雨区位置。     

盛夏副高脊线位置的变化规律及其成因分析

本文对盛夏7月份副高脊线位置的变化规律及其成因进行了分析,结果表明:副高脊线位置具有明显的低频变化,主要振荡周期为13年左右。它的变化在东亚具有明显的遥相关结构,其影响因子主要是东亚是否存在阻塞高压,黑潮区海温是否异常,菲律宾附近对流活动的强弱以及南印度副高的强弱变化。其中,东亚是否有阻塞高压存在和黑潮区海温是否异常变化,对盛夏7月份副高脊线位置的异常偏南或偏北有十分重要的影响。     

前期太平洋海温与6～8月西太平洋副高指数的关系

使用相关分析和因子分析等方法,探讨了前期太平洋海温对主汛期副高指数的影响.相关分析发现:海温对副高各指数的影响存在季节和区域上的变化,海温变化主要影响副高的面积和强度指数,对西伸脊点的影响次之,对脊线位置的影响比对北界位置显著.从各季节海温对副高5个指数(脊线位置、北界位置、西伸脊点、面积、强度)集合整体的线性拟合能力上看,秋、冬季海温较春季效果稍好,赤道中东太平洋及北美西海岸海温对副高指数的影响较西北太平洋显著.因子分析结果发现:前期各季节海温第1公共因子主要反映了赤道中东太平洋与西太平洋海温的反相变化关系,该公共因子与主汛期副高指数相关最显著,且较好地反映海温与副高各指数的相关特点,其它公共因子与副高指数相关性均较弱.年代际变化分析表明:1970年代末以前,海温变化使La Ni?a事件易为出现、夏季副高偏弱偏东、面积偏小、位置偏北,1980年代以后则相反.     

副高与海温相互作用的时空特征分析及预报

本文分析了逐月同期西太平洋副高与太平洋海温场相互作用的时空分布特征。发现副高强弱变化与西风漂流区(35—40°N)海温呈负相关,与赤道洋流区(5°N—10°S)海温呈正相关,其相互作用的敏感区域,其经向范围主要在170—140°W之间。夏季副高脊线位置与黑潮强弱呈正相关,西伸脊点位置与黑潮区海温呈负相关,它们之间的相互影响过程可能与环境场的配置有较为密切的联系。副高对海温的滞后响应以秋冬季节较明显;相反,海温场对夏季副高强弱变化的滞后响应主要发生在非洋流区(20—25°N),以冬、春季节明显。在此基础上,为预报副高活动特征,提供了一些线索。     

热带气旋及相关天气系统对上海强梅雨的影响分析

通过对1996年和1999年上海强梅雨的分析,发现在强梅雨年的梅雨期内140°E以西的西北太平洋上无热带气旋(以下简称TC)活动,使副高脊线和梅雨锋得以持久稳定,造成长江中下游地区的长时间强(多)梅雨。研究还表明,强梅雨年的副高脊线比常年偏北1～4个纬距,梅雨量的多少与副高、西风带系统的强弱、系统稳定控制的时间长短及其系统相互作用的位置有关。     

梅雨中期预报方法的研究

本文是用天气环流分型、数理统计等方法,探索梅雨“开始期”和“梅雨期内大到暴雨”的中期预报。 经普查和分析研究发现,每年雨季来临早迟与500mb上125°—140°E间的西北太平洋副热带高压脊的季节性向北位移有很大关系,入梅该候500mb上125°—140°E间的副高平均脊线基本上是要稳定在19°—24°N纬度带内,而出梅候或次一候,副高脊线基本上要达到26°N以北。 对于早梅雨的预报应偏重于副高活动和变化,正常或迟梅雨的预报应偏重于西风带短波槽脊的调整和活动。 最后指出,上海地区梅雨期内大—暴雨天气过程的发生是与这个季节中冷暖空气活动的地域和其强度变化特点有着一定的联系,同时也与本站要素变化有关。     

夏季东亚热带和副热带地区经向和纬向环流型的特征

根据1958年7月8—18日和1957年7月21—30日东亚低纬度的两个悬殊的环流型,分析了在这两个时期内东亚低纬度环流的各种特征。结果得出,在经向和纬向环流期间,无论北半球纬向风带的位置,长波系统的配置,副热带高压活动的情况以及赤道辐合区的分布都有着很大的不同。此外,台风活动的次数也表现有很大悬殊。其所以有如此悬殊,可以从该两时期低纬度流场的特点来说明原因。在中国大陆上,在这两个时期的天气过程也很不同,在经向环流期间,大陆上的主要雨带成东北—西南向的,而在纬向环流期间,雨带便成东西向分布,并集中在江淮流域之间。 另外,我们又研究了在这两个时期内南北半球间环流关系,从手头所掌握的资料分析结果看,两者关系相当密切。在东亚低纬度经向环流期间,南半球(特别在澳洲)也盛行经向环流,并且在澳洲附近从南半球向北半球的质量输送也最强烈;而在东亚低纬度纬向环流期间,南半球也盛行纬向环流,澳洲附近的冷空气活动不显著,越过赤道向北的质量输送也比较弱。     

Precipitation chemistry and ozone and sulfate concentrations in the ocean atmosphere observed by multi-year cruising in East Asia and West Oceania (35°N–35°S, 100–135°E) in August and September

A comprehensive study on the chemistry of deposition and the concentration of tropospheric ozone and particulate sulfate in the ocean atmosphere was carried out for the data sets in 1990’s. It is important to study the atmospheric situation over the past years as well as the latest, especially in the East Asian region where emission amount of anthropogenic air pollutants have increased year by year due to rapid economic growth. The survey was conducted for 5 years in East Asia and West Oceania (35°N–35°S, 100–135°E) in August and September in 1990’s. The purpose of the survey was to study and understand the chemistry of deposition and the concentration of tropospheric ozone and particulate sulfate in the ocean atmosphere comprehensively in one project. Rainfall over the ocean was insufficiently neutralized. Gas and aerosol over the ocean were mature, i.e., well-mixed, during the period of the transportation. The characteristic latitudinal dependence was observed in the tropospheric ozone concentration, namely, higher in the southern hemisphere and lower in the northern hemisphere (approximately 25 ppb in the 10–40°S region and 5–15 ppb in the 20–40°N region). On the other hand, high concentrations of tropospheric ozone of over 30 ppb were observed in the northern hemisphere, which was attributable to the long-range transportation. The TSP concentration was approximately under the level of 40 μg m^?3 irrespectively of the latitude; in contrast, the nss-SO₄ ^2- concentration showed a clear latitudinal dependence, i.e., higher in the northern hemisphere and lower in the southern hemisphere. The background levels of the nss-SO₄ ^2- concentration were approximately 0.5 μg m^?3 in the 10–40°S region and 2–3 μg m^?3 and 4–5 μg m^?3 in the 0–20°N and 20–40°N regions, respectively.     

2018年盛夏副热带高压极端偏北的原因分析

2018年盛夏辽宁的阶段性高温与副热带高压(简称“副高”)的极端偏北有关,利用1981—2018年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、ECMWF再分析资料和中国地面气候资料日值数据集(V3.0),主要以候的时间尺度,从大气环流异常的形成及其原因进行分析,解释了2018年盛夏副高极端偏北的原因及影响机制。结果表明：影响副高位置偏北的因素主要有三方面。一是来自欧洲上空的高压脊发展并东移,与副高断裂开的一支结合,使得副高北移;二是南半球冷空气活动,导致向北的越赤道气流加强,从而造成赤道辐合带(intertropical convergence zone,ITCZ)北移,进一步引起副高北移;三是由于青藏高原东部感热增强,其上升气流经由一候到两候的时间在辽宁和渤海地区下沉。三方面因素的共同影响造成了副高位置的极端偏北。     

西太平洋副高影响下柳州暴雨统计特征及环流分型研究

利用2010～2016年常规观测资料及区域自动站雨量资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,根据暴雨发生时副高脊线位置的不同,分类总结出5种环流类型及其相应降雨落区。结果表明:副高暴雨主要出现在5～7月,6月最多;华南沿海型发生的次数最多,副高控制型最少。华南沿海型、两广中北部型、副高控制型为“两槽一脊型”,两广中南部型和两广交界以东型为“多波动型”环流;两广中北部与副高控制型高原无小槽活动,其余均有短波槽活动。低层各型均在贵州一带有明显θse锋区,其南侧有西南季风气流向广西输送水汽和能量,其中华南沿海与两广交界以东型还存在副热带东南季风气流,但副高控制型季风及锋区均较弱,而近地面各型均存在辐合线,其位置与降雨落区相一致。华南沿海型副高增强比减弱时暴雨位置更偏北,强度更大,出现暴雨概率更高;两广中南部型与两广交界以东型均为副高减弱比增强时范围、强度更大;两广中北部型与副高控制型暴雨落区分散局地性强。      

Influence of the South Atlantic convergence zone and SouthAtlantic Sea surface temperature on interannual summerrainfall variability in Southeastern South America

Summary  In subtropical Argentina, Paraguay and southern Brazil, precipitation is most abundant during summer but its interannual variability is large. At this time a zone of low-level convergence, upper-level divergence, and intense convection is developed to the north of this area. This feature is known as the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) and seems to be related to the interannual variability of summer rainfall to its south. The aim of this work is to document this relationship. Reduced (increased) precipitation in southern Brazil, most of Uruguay and northeastern Argentina is associated with a strong (weak) SACZ and a northward (southward) displacement of it, while increased (reduced) rainfall occurs further south in subtropical Argentina. Also, warm (cold) SST in the region 20° S–40° S and west of 30° W is likely accompanied by a southward (northward) shift of the SACZ. Aside of this relation with the SACZ that affect on the precipitation field of Southeastern South America, the proximate Atlantic Ocean SST seems to force the precipitation over this region by other mechanisms as well. The result of this additional SST forcing is to enhance the signal of the SACZ in northeastern Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil and to oppose the SACZ effect in southern subtropical Argentina. Received July 24, 1999 Revised July 5, 2000     

2000—2021 年影响山东的北上台风分类及降水落区分析

将2000—2021年影响山东的15个台风，按大尺度环流形势进行分类，以台风登陆之后500 hPa中纬度是否存在槽进行分类，可以分为3类：（1）中纬度有槽且形成闭合中心，台风与槽结合，在山东产生暴雨以上量级的降水；（2）中纬度只有高空槽，降水范围最大；（3）中纬度无明显槽脊，降水量和降水范围最小。以西太平洋副热带高压（简称“副高”）的位置分类，可分为3类：（1）副高西伸脊点过120°E且北部边缘过40°N，台风沿副高外围移动，降水最少；（2）副高西伸脊点不过120°E且北部边缘过40°N，高空槽与副高在中国沿海交汇，降水范围广，山东降水与台风位置有关。位置偏西，降水范围大；位置偏东，降水主要集中在山东半岛地区；（3）副高西伸脊点不过120°E且北部边缘不过40°N，台风环流中心较强，降水最强。以700 hPa环流形势分类，分为3类：（1）700 hPa有高压坝，降水范围最小；（2）700 hPa无高压坝，东北地区有冷涡，山东降水量和降水范围最大；（3）700 hPa无高压坝，中纬度存在大槽，降水量均可达大暴雨量级。     

Future change of climate in South America in the late twenty-first century: intercomparison of scenarios from three regional climate models

Regional climate change projections for the last half of the twenty-first century have been produced for South America, as part of the CREAS (Cenarios REgionalizados de Clima Futuro da America do Sul) regional project. Three regional climate models RCMs (Eta CCS, RegCM3 and HadRM3P) were nested within the HadAM3P global model. The simulations cover a 30-year period representing present climate (1961–1990) and projections for the IPCC A2 high emission scenario for 2071–2100. The focus was on the changes in the mean circulation and surface variables, in particular, surface air temperature and precipitation. There is a consistent pattern of changes in circulation, rainfall and temperatures as depicted by the three models. The HadRM3P shows intensification and a more southward position of the subtropical Pacific high, while a pattern of intensification/weakening during summer/winter is projected by the Eta CCS/RegCM3. There is a tendency for a weakening of the subtropical westerly jet from the Eta CCS and HadRM3P, consistent with other studies. There are indications that regions such of Northeast Brazil and central-eastern and southern Amazonia may experience rainfall deficiency in the future, while the Northwest coast of Peru-Ecuador and northern Argentina may experience rainfall excesses in a warmer future, and these changes may vary with the seasons. The three models show warming in the A2 scenario stronger in the tropical region, especially in the 5°N–15°S band, both in summer and especially in winter, reaching up to 6–8°C warmer than in the present. In southern South America, the warming in summer varies between 2 and 4°C and in winter between 3 and 5°C in the same region from the 3 models. These changes are consistent with changes in low level circulation from the models, and they are comparable with changes in rainfall and temperature extremes reported elsewhere. In summary, some aspects of projected future climate change are quite robust across this set of model runs for some regions, as the Northwest coast of Peru-Ecuador, northern Argentina, Eastern Amazonia and Northeast Brazil, whereas for other regions they are less robust as in Pantanal region of West Central and southeastern Brazil.     

夏季太平洋低纬地区季风环流与信风环流一种可能的连接机制

北半球夏季太平洋低纬地区的平均经向环流,西部(150°E以西)为季风环流;中部和东部(170°W以东)为信风区的Hadley环流;150°E—170°W之间为季风环流与信风环流的连接区或过渡区。连接季风环流与信风环流的水平环流系统,在高层为太平洋中部热带对流层高层槽(TUTT),低层为强大的太平洋副热带高压。太平洋中部高空槽区就是季风环流与信风环流的连接区或过渡区。本文分析了高空槽的流场结构,并根据各层水平环流和各经度带的垂直环流给出了太平洋低纬地区的三维气流分布示意图。      

南半球环流异常与我国夏季旱涝分布关系及其影响机制

利用1951—2000年NCEP/NCAR风场和高度场再分析资料及全国160站降水量资料, 采用奇异值分解、相关和合成分析方法, 研究6—8月南半球500 hPa高度、高低层纬向风距平差异常 (Δu₈₅₀-Δu₂₀₀) 与我国夏季旱涝分布的关系及其影响机制。结果表明:当500 hPa澳大利亚高压脊偏强及西南太平洋热带地区高低层纬向风距平差为负值时, 来自南半球冷空气活动偏弱, 有利于西北太平洋副热带高压位置偏南, 热带季风偏弱, 我国夏季雨带偏南。反之, 当澳大利亚高压脊偏弱及西南太平洋热带地区高低层纬向风距平差为正值时, 我国北方降水偏多。同时, 定义了澳大利亚冬季风指数, 指出澳大利亚冬季风强年和弱年影响我国夏季旱涝分布异常的水汽输送型式不同。     

The biogeophysical effects of extreme afforestation in modeling future climate

Afforestation has been deployed as a mitigation strategy for global warming due to its substantial carbon sequestration, which is partly counterbalanced with its biogeophysical effects through modifying the fluxes of energy, water, and momentum at the land surface. To assess the potential biophysical effects of afforestation, a set of extreme experiments in an Earth system model of intermediate complexity, the McGill Paleoclimate Model-2 (MPM-2), is designed. Model results show that latitudinal afforestation not only has a local warming effect but also induces global and remote warming over regions beyond the forcing originating areas. Precipitation increases in the northern hemisphere and decreases in southern hemisphere in response to afforestation. The local surface warming over the forcing originating areas in northern hemisphere is driven by decreases in surface albedo and increases in precipitation. The remote surface warming in southern hemisphere is induced by decreases in surface albedo and precipitation. The results suggest that the potential impact of afforestation on regional and global climate depended critically on the location of the forest expansion. That is, afforestation in 0°–15°N leaves a relatively minor impact on global and regional temperature; afforestation in 45°–60°N results in a significant global warming, while afforestation in 30°–45°N results in a prominent regional warming. In addition, the afforestation leads to a decrease in annual mean meridional oceanic heat transport with a maximum decrease in forest expansion of 30°–45°N. These results can help to compare afforestation effects and find areas where afforestation mitigates climate change most effectively combined with its carbon drawdown effects.